about the Unix document processing system the command in BASIC TROFF Distinguish Trough disambiguation lowercase troff is a document processing system developed by AT&T for the Unix operating system. History troff can trace its origins back to a text formatting computer program program called RUNOFF ... troff , for typesetter roff . As such, the name troff is pronounced IPA en ti .r f rather than IPA en tr f . With troff came nroff they were actually almost the same program , which was for producing ... troff did, and ignored the commands which were not applicable e.g. typeface font changes . Unfortunately, Ossanna s troff was written in PDP 11 assembly language and produced output specifically for the CAT ..., before this could be done, Ossanna died. So, Brian Kernighan took on the task of rewriting troff ... to read and translate to the appropriate printer codes. Also, this new version of troff called ditroff for device independent troff had several extensions, which included drawing functions. It was described in a Bell Labs Computing Science Technical Report entitled A Typesetter independent TROFF ... by many modern troff clones like GNU groff . The troff collection of tools was eventually called Documenter ... the maintenance, although Brian Kernighan continued to improve troff on his own. There are thus currently four variants of the original Bell Labs troff An ancient variation from Bill Joy , still shipped ... Software Solutions USL Troff, Plan 9 from Bell Labs Plan 9 edition Use of troff and family was reduced somewhat in the 1990s, but it is still being used quite extensively. While troff has been supplanted ... versions of AT&T troff are available under various open source licenses. Features troff features ... formatters, troff can position characters arbitrarily on a page, even overlapping them, and has ... of tables, diagrams, and mathematics. Inputs to troff are plain text files that can be created by any text editor. Extensive troff macros macro packages have been created for various document styles. A typical ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The troff typesetting system includes sets of commands called macros that are run before starting to process the document. These macros include setting up page headers and footers, defining new commands, and generally influencing how the output will be formatted. The command line argument for including a macro set is m name , which has led to many macro sets being known as the base filename with a leading m . The standard macro sets, with leading m are man for creating Unix manual manual pages mdoc redesign of man for semantically annotated Unix manual manual pages me for creating research papers mm for creating memorandum s ms for creating books, reports, and technical documentation DEFAULTSORT Troff Macro Category Troff macro ... more details
chess notation Infobox chess player playername Kayden William Troff image caption Kayden at the Igor Ivanov Memorial birthname Kayden William Troff country USA birth date 1998 birth place death date death place title 2009 North American Youth Champion under age 12, Utah State Chess Champion 2009 at Game ... William Troff born 1998 is a Utah chess player who won the silver medal in the 12 under section ... he had learned to play by watching his father Daniel Troff teach and play against his brothers. ref ... first Susan ref When Troff turned six, his father decided to have him tutored by Grandmaster ... accessdate 2009 02 04 ref In December 2007, at age eight, Troff was named to the United ... troff earned all american honor.html accessdate 2009 02 04 ref On December 14, 2008, he won second ... On January 24, 2009, Troff won the Utah Speed chess Speed Chess Championship ref http www.uschess.org ... chess master and also the Utah player with the highest quick chess rating. On March 14, 2009, Troff ..., the tournament director dubbed Kayden Utah s Mozart of Chess. Troff scored 11th 12th in the World ... tournament. The Troff family runs a popular http tntchesscamp.blogspot.com TNT Chess Camp in the Salt ... High School championship tournament. This October 20 30, Troff won the silver medal in Greece, with 9 ... chess Fritz Tony Chen Kayden Troff Expert Series 2, 28.03.2009 Queen s Pawn D00 1.d4 d5 2.Nc3 Nf6 ... game features Troff s victory over Vetoshko Volodymyr in the 2010 World Youth Championships. Troff ... main.uschess.org content view 10982 365 ref Vetoshko Volodymyr Kayden Troff WYCC Open U12 Portos Carras ... Chess Federation ratings enter Troff into search box http extras.sltrib.com tribphoto gallery.asp?ID 79807&GID Daily&Pubdate 2007 12 01 The Salt Lake Tribune Today in Photos feature on Troff Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Troff, Kayden William ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1998 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Troff, Kayden William ... more details
CAT was a Phototypesetting phototypesetter developed by Graphic Systems . It was used by early electronic typesetting programs, most notably troff , which was developed by Joe Ossanna Joe F. Ossanna at Bell Labs . Category Typesetting Compu hardware stub ... more details
lowercase title tbl Part of the troff suite of Unix document layout tools, tbl is a preprocessor that formats Table information tables . Like the main troff program, tbl uses command lines interspersed with data to be printed. Because of the nature of tabular data having rows and columns, tbl commands also intraline delimiters for fields and to indicate where to draw lines. First a line starting with .TS , followed by full table options such as center to center the table on a line or box to draw a box around it boxes in tbl are drawn with overlapping hyphens and underscores there were no line drawing commands at the time of creation. Disjoint edges can be observed upon close inspection Fact date February 2007 . Succeeding lines set up the formatting of each cell in the table with one character flags, such as c to center data in its cell, hyphen s to draw horizontal rules, vertical bar s to draw vertical rules, and caret s to span cells vertically. The last formatting ends a Full stop period indicate cell data follows. The data comes next, one line per row, with tab s by default separating cells. Finally a line containing just .TE ends the table. This is just a summary of tbl syntax, which can vary in small details from implementation to implementation. GNU troff Groff software groff , Heirloom troff, and mandoc contain tbl implementations. See also troff groff software mandoc TBL External links http www.uwm.edu cgi bin IMT wwwman?topic tbl 1 &msection UNIX man page for tbl 1 http plan9.bell labs.com 10thEdMan tbl.pdf L.L.Cherry, M.E.Lesk. Tbl A Program to Format Tables Category Troff tbl ... more details
forum. http troff.org troff.org gives background and examples of troff, including the GNU ... groff resources.html Links to groff resources GNU Category GNU Project software Category Troff ... more details
lowercase title nroff nroff short for new roff is a Unix text formatting computer program program it produces output suitable for simple fixed width computer printer printers and computer terminal terminal windows. It is an integral part of the Unix help system, being used to format man page s for display. It was a descendant of the RUNOFF program from Compatible Time Sharing System CTSS , the first computerized text formatting program, and is a predecessor of the Unix troff document processing system. There is also a free software version of nroff in the Groff software groff package. nroff was written by Joe Ossanna . The Minix operating system, among others, uses a clone of nroff called cawf by Vic Abell, based on awf, the Amazingly Workable Formatter designed in awk by Henry Spencer . These are not full replacements for the nroff troff suite of tools, but are sufficient for display and printing of basic documents and manual page s. In addition, a simplified version of nroff is available in Ratfor source code form as an example in the book Software Tools by Brian Kernighan and P.J. Plauger . See also Troff External links http www.netadmintools.com html 7roff.man.html roff Concepts and history of roff typesetting http www.isc.org index.pl? sources utils text awf.php source code for Henry Spencer s AWF http www.quut.com berlin ms troff.html troff nroff quick reference http www.fnal.gov docs products ups ReferenceManual html manpages.html Introduction to creating and formatting man pages Category Troff unix stub cs Nroff es Nroff it Nroff ... more details
lowercase refer refer is a program for managing bibliographic references, and citing them in troff documents. It is implemented as a troff preprocessor . refer was written by Mike Lesk Mike E. Lesk at Bell Laboratories ref Michael Lesk. Some applications of inverted indexes on the Unix system. In UNIX Programmer s manual Supplementary Documents , volume 2. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, seventh edition, 1982. Also available online http plan9.bell labs.com 7thEdMan ref in or before 1978, and is now available as part of most Unix like operating systems. A free reimplementation exists as part of the groff software groff package. refer works with a reference file , a text file where the author lists works to which she might want to refer to. One such reference to an article in a journal in this case might look like A Brian W. Kernighan A Lorinda L. Cherry T A System for Typesetting Mathematics J J. Comm. ACM V 18 N 3 D March 1978 P 151 157 K eqn The author then can refer to it in her troff document by listing keywords which uniquely match this reference . kernighan cherry eqn . refer sees little use today, primarily because troff itself is not used much for longer technical writing that might need software support for reference and citation management. Citations reflist 3 See also Comparison of reference management software External links http www.kohala.com start troff v7man refer refer.ps Some Applications of Inverted Indexes on the UNIX System PostScript http publib.boulder.ibm.com infocenter pseries topic com.ibm.aix.doc cmds aixcmds4 refer.htm AIX man page for refer 1 Category Troff Refer Category Reference management software Refer Category Bibliography file formats compu lang stub ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE eqn Part of the troff suite of Unix document layout tools, eqn is a preprocessor that formats equations for printing. A similar program, neqn , accepted the same input as eqn, but produced output tuned to look better in nroff . The eqn program was created in 1974 by Brian Kernighan and Lorinda Cherry . The input language used by eqn allows the user to write mathematical expressions in much the same way as they would be spoken aloud. The eqn language is similar to the mathematical component of TeX , which appeared several years later, but is simpler and less complete. An independent compatible implementation of the eqn preprocessor has been developed by GNU as part of groff , the GNU version of troff. Syntax examples Here is how some of the examples from http meta.wikimedia.org wiki Help Formula would be written in eqn with equivalents in TeX for comparison class wikitable TeX eqn formula nowiki a 2 nowiki a sup 2 math a 2 math nowiki sum k 1 N k 2 nowiki sum from k 1 to N k sup 2 math sum k 1 N k 2 math See also troff References Brian W. Kernighan and Lorinda L. Cherry. A System for Typesetting Mathematics , Communications of the ACM 18 1975 , 151&ndash 157. External links http www.kohala.com start troff v7man eqn eqn2e.ps Typesetting Mathematics, User s Guide Second Edition http www.uwm.edu cgi bin IMT wwwman?topic neqn 1 &msection UNIX man page for neqn 1 Category Troff eqn Unix stub ... more details
The Unix System ISBN 0 201 13791 7 is a book by Stephen R. Bourne it was the first widely available general introduction to the Unix operating system . It included some historical material on Unix, as well as material on using the system, editing, the software tools concept, C programming using the Unix API , data management with the shell and awk , and typesetting with troff . DEFAULTSORT Unix System Category Computer books compu book stub ... more details
unreferenced date May 2009 Joseph F. Ossanna December 10, 1928 November 28, 1977 , received his Bachelor of Engineering from Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan , in 1952. He was a member of the Technical Staff of the Bell Labs Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey Murray Hill , New Jersey . He was actively engaged in the software design of Multics Multiplexed Information and Computing Service , a general purpose operating system used at Bell. He also authored the first version of troff for Unix . He died of a massive heart attack while in the hospital, recovering from a previous heart attack. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Ossana, Joe ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Ossana, Joe Category 1928 births Category 1977 deaths Category Unix people Category Troff Category Wayne State University alumni compu bio stub de Joseph Ossanna fr Joseph Ossanna ... more details
MakeIndex is a computer program which provides a sorted index information technology index from unsorted raw data. MakeIndex can process raw data output by various programs, however, it is generally used with LaTeX and troff . MakeIndex was written around the year 1986 by Pehong Chen in the C programming language C programming language and is free software . Six pages of documentation titled MakeIndex An Index Processor for LaTeX by Leslie Lamport are available on the web and dated 17 February 1987. See also xindy References Wikibooks http en.wikibooks.org wiki LaTeX Indexing LaTeX Indexing Pehong Chen and Michael A. Harrison http mirror.ctan.org indexing makeindex paper ind.pdf Index preparation and processing distributed with MakeIndex Leslie Lamport http tex.loria.fr bibdex makeindex.pdf MakeIndex an index processor for LaTeX Frank Mittelbach et al., The LaTeX Companion, Addison Wesley Professional, 2nd edition , 2004, ISBN 0 201 36299 6 Category Free software programmed in C Category Free TeX software Category Troff Category Indexing de MakeIndex nl MakeIndex ... more details
wiktionary refer referral Refer can mean Referral business To refer a person is to personally recommend, endorse, and pass them to a qualified professional or service that can serve their need, often including informing both parties of said recommendation and or endorsement. Referral medicine To refer a patient is to transfer their care from one clinician to another Commit motion , a Motion parliamentary procedure motion in parliamentary procedure Refer software , the troff preprocessor for citations REFER , Rede Ferrovi ria Nacional , the Portuguese rail network manager Referral, a form of Instant replay Cricket instant replay in cricket HTTP referrer , from the point of view of an internet webpage or resource, the address of the webpage of the resource which links to it. Other Reference Referral marketing disambig ... more details
A document processor is a document preparation system that superficially resembles a word processor . However, the emphasis in a document processor is on the arrangement of the document s components, ref What is a http www.lyx.org WhatIsLyX document processor ? ref not the formatting of the characters that compose it. The available tools are not just typical document elements paragraphs, lists, headers the primary attraction of a document processor is the ability to program documents with powerful conditional automatic formatting rules to create structured document s, which allow large numbers of similar elements to be generated and reformatted for different media with little human effort. Examples of document processors include programs like Parametric Technology Corporation PTC Arbortext , Adobe Systems Adobe FrameMaker , LyX , BroadVision QuickSilver formerly Interleaf , and Syntext Serna . Examples of markup language s used for non graphical document processing include SGML XML , LaTeX and troff . See also Desktop publishing References references DEFAULTSORT Document Processor Category Technical communication tools ... more details
Bell Unix Tenth Edition Unix , also known as Version 10 Unix or V10 , was the last version of the Research Unix operating system developed and used internally at Bell Labs . Released in 1989 , it was the successor of Version 9 Unix V9 . There was no V11 Unix development at Bell Labs was discontinued in favor of Plan 9 from Bell Labs Plan 9 . Novelties in V10 included graphics typesetting tools designed to work with troff , a C programming language C Interpreter computing interpreter , animation programs, and several tools later found in Plan 9 the mk software Mk build tool and the rc shell . V10 was the basis for Douglas McIlroy and Jonathan Reeds IX operating system IX multilevel security multilevel secure operating system. External links http www.cs.bell labs.com 10thEdMan Unix Tenth Edition Manual Unix like Category Bell Labs Unices Category Discontinued operating systems Unix stub ... more details
, license, and clean reimplementation. Furthermore, mandoc has built in support for the old troff tbl ... Distribution BSD Operating Systems , it poorly handles older troff macros such as man and me . This makes it a poor fit for GNU Linux distributions, which primarily use the man troff macros for their manual ... more details
For the American town Roff, Oklahoma lowercase title roff roff was the first Unix text formatting computer program , also the most important application run on the first machine specifically purchased to run UNIX, and a predecessor of the nroff and troff document processing systems on Unix. It was a Unix version of the runoff program runoff text formatting program from Multics , which was a descendant of RUNOFF for Compatible Time Sharing System CTSS the first computerized text formatting application . The first UNIX version was a transliteration of the BCPL version of runoff into PDP 7 assembly, for the prototype UNIX on the PDP 7, circa 1970. When the first PDP 11 was acquired for UNIX in late 1970 a PDP 11 20 , the justification cited to management for the funding required was that it was to be used as a word processing system, and so roff was quickly transliterated again, into PDP 11 assembly, in 1971. Dennis Ritchie notes that the ability to rapidly modify roff because it was locally written software to provide special features needed by the Bell Labs Patent department was an important factor in leading to the adoption of UNIX by the Patent department to fill their word processing needs. This in turn gave UNIX enough credibility inside Bell Labs to secure the funding to purchase one of the first PDP 11 45s produced it was on that machine that UNIX evolved into the system that later took the computer science world by storm. Citation needed date November 2009 See also nroff troff Groff software groff Sources D. M. Ritchie, The Evolution of the UNIX Time sharing System AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, Vol. 63, No. 8, October 1984 External links http www.netadmintools.com html 7roff.man.html roff Concepts and history of roff typesetting Category Typesetting software digital typography stub es Roff fr Roff ja Roff ... more details
Refimprove date March 2010 Image English4.gif thumb right Cover of The Unix Programming Environment , 1984 The Unix Programming Environment is a book written by Brian W. Kernighan and Rob Pike , both of Bell Labs . It is considered an important and early document of the Unix operating system . Often considered the Bible By whom date March 2010 , it is considered the most authoritative work on Unix. Citation needed date March 2010 It was first published in 1984 by Prentice Hall . The book starts off with an introduction to Unix for beginners. Next, it goes into the basics of the Unix File System file system and Unix shell shell . The reader is led through topics ranging from the use of Filter Unix filters , to how to use C programming language C for programming robust Unix applications, and the basics of grep , sed , make Unix make , and AWK programming language awk . The book closes with a tutorial on making a programming language parser with yacc and how to use troff with Troff macro ms and mm to format documents, the preprocessors tbl , eqn , and pic language pic , and making man pages with the man macro set . The appendices cover the Ed text editor ed editor and the abovementioned programming language, named Hoc programming language hoc , which stands for high order calculator . The book is perhaps most valuable for its exposition of the Unix philosophy of small cooperating tools with standardized inputs and outputs, a philosophy that also shaped the end to end philosophy of the Internet. Citation needed date March 2010 It is this philosophy, and the Unix architecture architecture based on it , that has allowed open source projects to be assembled into larger systems such as Linux , without explicit coordination between developers. The book was written before ANSI C was first drafted, therefore the programs in the book are nonstandard and follow C programming language K.26R C K&R style . However, the source code available on the book s website has been updated fo ... more details
Lowercase xindy is a flexible indexing program Clarify date February 2010 by Joachim Schrod. It supports indexing for a variety of programs, including LaTeX and troff , and produces complex indices of the data. xindy is cited as one of the most widely used indexing programs for LaTeX. ref cite book chapterurl http proquest.safaribooksonline.com 0201362996 ch11 chapter Chapter 11 Index Generation title The LATEX Companion Second Edition url http proquest.safaribooksonline.com 0201362996 first Frank last Mittelbach coauthors et al. isbn 0 201 36299 6 date April 22, 2004 accessdate 2007 12 03 publisher Addison Wesley Professional ref Unlike MakeIndex , xindy features non English language support. ref cite book chapterurl http proquest.safaribooksonline.com 0201362996 ch11 chapter Chapter 11.3. xindy An alternative to MakeIndex title The LATEX Companion Second Edition url http proquest.safaribooksonline.com 0201362996 first Frank last Mittelbach coauthors et al. isbn 0 201 36299 6 date April 22, 2004 accessdate 2007 12 03 publisher Addison Wesley Professional ref See also MakeIndex References cite web url http www.tug.org teTeX tetex texmfdist doc latex tex refs xindy.html title Chapter 7. xindy work References for TeX and Friends, Revision 0.3.8 first Michael last Wiedmann date 2004 10 29 accessdate 2007 12 03 publisher TeX Users Group TUG Reflist External links http www.xindy.org XINDY web site Category Free TeX software Category Troff Category Indexing software stub ... more details
wiktionary trough Trough may refer to Trough economics , the lowest turning point of a business cycle Trough food , a container for compound feed animal feed syn manger Trough geology , a long depression less steep than a trench Trough meteorology , an elongated region of low atmospheric pressure Trough physics , the lowest point on a wave Langmuir Blodgett trough , a laboratory instrument Trough depression , a term describing someone in a depression Trough structure , aka Deep Trough, corrugated metal element to stiffen metal plates. Commonly used to longitudinally stiffen the interior of steel bridge sections. Trough pharmacology , the minimum or trough concentration Cmin of a drug observed after its administration and just prior to the administration of a subsequent dose in a multiple dosing study. Battle of the Trough 1756 in West Virginia See also Trow troff The component tropho in a scientific word means feeding , often feeding and growing disambig de Trog nl Trog ja simple Trough sk Trog uk ... more details
About the motion picture written by Doug and Scott Gordon MD and distributed by National Lampoon RoboDoc Infobox Software name ROBODoc logo caption screenshot developer Frans Slothouber latest release version 4.99.41 latest release date 06 Feb 2011 operating system Linux , Microsoft Windows Windows , Mac OS , Solaris operating system Solaris genre Documentation generator license GNU General Public License website http www.xs4all.nl rfsber Robo index.html ROBODoc Homepage ROBODoc is a documentation tool similar to Javadoc and licensed under the GPL . It is used to extract application programming interface API documentation from source code . It can be used with any language that supports comments and works by extracting specially formatted headers. These are then reformatted into HTML , DocBook , Troff TROFF , ASCII , LaTeX , Portable Document Format PDF , or Rich Text Format RTF . It can be used to document any programming artifact, such as classes, functions, tests, makefile entries, etc. ROBODoc works with C programming language C , C , Fortran , Perl , shell script s, Assembly language Assembler , DCL , DB C , Tcl Tk , Forth programming language Forth , Lisp programming language Lisp , COBOL , Occam programming language Occam , BASIC Basic , HTML , Clarion programming language Clarion , and any other language that supports comments. History The first version of ROBODoc was written by Jacco van Weert in 1995. ROBODoc was inspired by the Autodocs program that was available on the Amiga . Autodocs produced ASCII output only. Jacco created a version that created output in Amigaguide format. This made it possible to create hyperlinks between the various documentation parts. Example A typical ROBODoc header source lang c f Robodoc RB Panic 2.0d SYNOPSIS void RB Panic char cause, char add info FUNCTION Prints an error message. Frees all resources used by robodoc. Terminates program. INPUTS cause pointer to a string which describes the cause of the error. add info pointe ... more details
Dennis Ritchie , the first book on C The pic language pic typesetting language for troff The eqn typesetting language for troff , along with Lorinda Cherry The Practice of Programming , with Rob Pike ... was created. AT&T Computing Science Technical Report 100 ditroff , or device independent troff , which allowed troff to be used with any device The m4 computer language m4 macro processing language, with Dennis ... more details
Principles of Compiler Design , by Alfred Aho and Jeffrey D. Ullman , is a classic textbook on compiler s for computer programming language s. It is often called the Dragon Book computer science dragon book because its cover depicts a knight and a western dragon dragon in battle the dragon is green, and labelled Complexity of Compiler Construction , while the knight wields a lance labeled LALR parser generator . The book may be called the green dragon book to distinguish it from its successor, Aho, Sethi & Ullman s Compilers Principles, Techniques, and Tools , which is the red dragon book because the dragon on its cover is red. The second edition of Compilers Principles, Techniques, and Tools added a fourth author, Monica S. Lam , and the dragon became purple hence becoming the purple dragon book. The back cover offers a humorously different viewpoint on the problem the dragon is replaced by windmills, and the knight is Don Quixote . Principles of Compiler Design is now rather dated, but when it came out in 1977, it was hailed for its practical bent it included treatments of all compilation phases, with sufficient algorithmic detail that students could build their own small compilers in a semester. The book was published by Addison Wesley , ISBN 0 201 00022 9. The acknowledgments mention that the book was entirely typeset at Bell Labs using troff on the Unix operating system , which at that time had been little seen outside the Labs. See also Dragon Book computer book stub Category 1977 books Category Compiler construction Category Computer science books Category Addison Wesley books es Principles of Compiler Design it Principles of Compiler Design ... more details
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