just called thymidine. Thymidine is listed as a chemical teratogen. ref The following list of chemicals ..., 7th Ed., by N. Irving Sax and Richard J. Lewis. ref Modified analogs of thymidine Iododeoxyuridine ... cycle . tritium Tritiated thymidine is commonly used in cell proliferation assays. The thymidine is incorporated ... thymidine analog that is often used for the detection of proliferating cells in living tissues ... ca Timidina de Desoxythymidin es Timidina fr D soxythymidine it Timidina lt Timidinas nl Thymidine ... more details
enzyme Name thymidine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.4 CAS number 9030 23 3 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 4 GO code 0009032 image width caption In enzymology , a thymidine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.4 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction thymidine phosphate math rightleftharpoons math thymine 2 deoxy alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are thymidine and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are thymine and 2 deoxy alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . Thymidine phosphorylase is involved and used in the diagnosis of mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy MNGIE . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is thymidine phosphate deoxy alpha D ribosyltransferase . Other names in common use include pyrimidine phosphorylase , thymidine orthophosphate deoxyribosyltransferase , animal growth regulators, blood platelet derived endothelial cell , growth factors , blood platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor , deoxythymidine phosphorylase , gliostatins , pyrimidine deoxynucleoside phosphorylase , and thymidine phosphate deoxy D ribosyltransferase . This enzyme participates in 3 metabolism metabolic pathways purine metabolism , pyrimidine metabolism , and bladder cancer . Structural studies As of late 2007, 6 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1AZY , PDB link 1OTP , PDB link 1TPT , PDB link 1UOU , PDB link 2J0F , and PDB link 2TPT . References reflist 1 cite journal author FRIEDKIN M, ROBERTS D date 1954 title The enzymatic synthesis of nucleosides. I. Thymidine phosphorylase in mammalian tissue journal ... M and Seidenberg J date 1964 title Deoxyribosyl transfer. I. Thymidine phosphorylase and nucleoside ... pyrimidine deoxyribosyltransferase activity of three partially purified thymidine phosphorylases journal ... more details
enzyme Name thymidine triphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.39 CAS number 37367 74 1 IUBMB EC number 3 6 1 39 GO code 0050339 image width caption In enzymology , a thymidine triphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.39 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction dTTP H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math dTDP phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are dTTP and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are dTDP and phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is dTTP nucleotidohydrolase . Other names in common use include thymidine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase , dTTPase , and deoxythymidine 5 triphosphatase . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Dahlmann N date 1982 title Human serum thymidine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase purification and properties of a new enzyme journal Biochemistry. volume 21 pages 6634&ndash 9 pmid 6297538 doi 10.1021 bi00269a004 issue 26 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.6.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name Thymidine kinase EC number 2.7.1.21 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 21 CAS number 9002 06 6 GO code 0004797 image 2B8T.png width caption Crystal structure of a tetrameric protein tetramer of thymidine ... in complex with thymidine space filling model , carbon white, oxygen red, nitrogen blue . ref name ... Structure of the substrate complex of thymidine kinase from Ureaplasma urealyticum and investigations ... Thymidine kinase image width caption Pfam PF00265 Pfam clan CL0023 InterPro IPR001267 SMART PROSITE ... Name Thymidine kinase 1 Thymidine kinase 1, soluble caption image width HGNCid 11830 Symbol Thymidine ... 2.7.1.21 Chromosome 17 Arm q Band 23.2 LocusSupplementaryData 25.3 protein Name Thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial ... NM 004614 UniProt O00142 PDB ECnumber 2.7.1.21 Chromosome 16 Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Thymidine kinase is an enzyme , a phosphotransferase a kinase 2 deoxythymidine kinase, ATP thymidine 5 phosphotransferase, EC number 2.7.1.21 . ref name pmid3939993 cite journal author Kit S title Thymidine ... function of thymidine kinase journal Biochem. Soc. Trans. volume 25 issue 1 pages 303 8 year ... genetic information for expression of viral thymidine kinases. Thymidine kinase catalyses the reaction Thd ATP TMP ADP where Thd is thymidine deoxythymidine , Adenosine triphosphate ATP is energy rich adenosine 5 triphosphate, Thymidine monophosphate TMP is deoxythymidine 5 phosphate and Adenosine diphosphate ADP is adenosine 5 diphosphate. Thymidine kinases have a key function in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic ... of degradation of DNA from food and from dead cells. Thymidine kinase is required for the action ... . History The incorporation of thymidine in DNA was demonstrated around 1950. ref name pmid14824173 ... cite journal author Bollum FJ, Van Potter R title Incorporation of thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid ... of deoxyribonucleic acid by extracts of mammalian cells. IV. The phosphorylation of thymidine ... 10.1016 0006 3002 60 91430 X url ref Classification Two different classes of thymidine kinases have ... more details
chembox ImageFile DTMP chemical structure.png ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 365 07 1 PubChem 1139 SMILES MeSHName Thymidine monophosphate Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 10 sub H sub 15 sub N sub 2 sub O sub 8 sub P MolarMass 322.209 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Deoxythymidine monophosphate , also known as 5 thymidylic acid , thymidylate , TMP , or less commonly, dTMP , is a nucleotide that is found in DNA . It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine . TMP consists of a phosphate Functional group group , the pentose sugar deoxyribose , and the nucleobase thymine . As a substituent , it takes the form of the prefix thymidylyl . See also Nucleoside Nucleotide DNA RNA Oligonucleotide External links Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides Category Nucleotides biochem stub ca Timidilat es Timidilato fr Thymidine monophosphate nl Thymidinemonofosfaat ja sr Timidin monofosfat zh ... more details
chembox ImageFile dTDP chemical structure.png ImageSize 197 IUPACName 2R,3S,5R 3 hydroxy br 5 5 methyl 2,4 dioxopyrimidin br 1 yl oxolan 2 yl methyl phosphono hydrogen phosphate OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 1861 44 5 PubChem 164628 SMILES CC1 CN C O NC1 O C H 2C C H C H O2 COP O O OP O O O O MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 10 sub H sub 16 sub N sub 2 sub O sub 12 sub P sub 2 sub MolarMass 402.19 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Deoxythymidine diphosphate , abbreviated TDP , is a nucleotide . It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine . TDP consists of the pyrophosphate Functional group group , the pentose sugar ribose , and the nucleobase thymine . clear See also Nucleoside Nucleotide DNA RNA Oligonucleotide Thymidine diphosphate glucose dTDP glucose External links Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides Category Nucleotides biochem stub ca Difosfat de timidina nl Thymidinedifosfaat ja sr Timidin difosfat zh ... more details
enzyme Name ADP thymidine kinase EC number 2.7.1.118 CAS number 82114 39 4 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 118 GO code 0047628 image width caption In enzymology , an ADP thymidine kinase EC number 2.7.1.118 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ADP thymidine math rightleftharpoons math AMP thymidine 5 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine diphosphate ADP and thymidine , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine monophosphate AMP and thymidine 5 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ADP thymidine 5 phosphotransferase . Other names in common use include ADP dThd phosphotransferase , and adenosine diphosphate thymidine phosphotransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Falke D, Labenz J, Brauer D, Muller WE date 1982 title Adenosine diphosphate thymidine 5 phosphotransferase, a new enzyme activity, associated with the Herpes simplex virus induced deoxypyrimidine kinase journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 708 pages 99&ndash 103 pmid 6293576 issue 1 enzyme stub Kinases Category EC 2.7.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name AMP thymidine kinase EC number 2.7.1.114 CAS number 60440 28 0 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 114 GO code 0047667 image width caption In enzymology , an AMP thymidine kinase EC number 2.7.1.114 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction AMP thymidine math rightleftharpoons math adenosine thymidine 5 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine monophosphate AMP and thymidine , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine and thymidine 5 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is AMP thymidine 5 phosphotransferase . This enzyme is also called adenylate nucleoside phosphotransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Falke D, Labenz J, Brauer D, Muller WE date 1982 title Adenosine diphosphate thymidine 5 phosphotransferase, a new enzyme activity, associated with the Herpes simplex virus induced deoxypyrimidine kinase journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 708 pages 99&ndash 103 pmid 6293576 issue 1 cite journal author Falke D, Nehrbass W, Brauer D, Muller WE date 1981 title Adenylic acid deoxythymidine 5 phosphotransferase evidence for the existence of a novel herpes simplex virus induced enzyme journal J. Gen. Virol. volume 53 pages 247&ndash 55 pmid 6267178 doi 10.1099 0022 1317 53 2 247 issue Pt 2 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
PBB geneid 7083 Thymidine kinase 1, soluble gene name TK1 , is a human thymidine kinase . ref cite web title Entrez Gene Thymidine kinase 1, soluble url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ... updates. PBB Summary section title summary text Interactions Thymidine kinase 1 has been shown ... D Y authorlink coauthors Chang Z F year 2001 month Jun. title Interaction of human thymidine kinase ... WP1601 highlight Thymidine kinase 1 References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further ... in the promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene required for the G1 S regulated transcription ... Sadava D, Bernard B title Transition from cytosolic to mitochondrial thymidine kinase during development ... Co purification of thymidylate kinase and cytosolic thymidine kinase from human term placenta by affinity ... of the human thymidine kinase gene. journal Gene volume 52 issue 2 3 pages 267 77 year 1987 pmid 3301530 ... thymidine kinase. Purification and physical characterization of the enzyme from HeLa cells journal ... JA, Kelly TJ title Genetic analysis of the human thymidine kinase gene promoter journal Mol. Cell ... HD, Deininger PL title Human thymidine kinase gene molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence ... title Localization and ordering of acid alpha glucosidase GAA and thymidine kinase TK1 by fluorescence ... phosphorylation of human thymidine kinase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 273 issue 20 pages 12095 ... JF, Kristensen T, et al. title Valine, not methionine, is amino acid 106 in human cytosolic thymidine ... author Huang DY, Chang ZF title Interaction of human thymidine kinase 1 with p21 Waf1 journal Biochem ... 1221910 cite journal author Fujiwaki R, Hata K, Moriyama M, et al. title Clinical value of thymidine ... Thymidine kinase in epithelial ovarian cancer relationship with the other pyrimidine pathway enzymes ... detection of cytosolic thymidine kinase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in breast cancer journal ... sequence of thymidine kinase 1 in breast and colorectal cancer journal Int. J. Biol. Markers volume ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Herpes TK Name Thymidine kinase from herpesvirus image PDB 1kim EBI.jpg width caption Structure of thymidine kinase from herpesvirus. ref name pmid9715911 cite journal author Champness JN, Bennett MS, Wien F, et al. title Exploring the active site of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase by X ray crystallography of complexes with aciclovir and other ligands journal Proteins volume 32 issue 3 pages 350 61 year 1998 month August pmid 9715911 doi 10.1002 SICI 1097 0134 19980815 32 3 350 AID PROT10 3.0.CO 2 8 url ref Pfam PF00693 InterPro IPR001889 SMART PROSITE SCOP 1kin TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB3 1e2p B 56 330 PDB3 1e2j B 56 330 PDB3 1vtk 56 330 PDB3 1of1 B 56 330 PDB3 1e2l A 56 330 PDB3 1e2k A 56 330 PDB3 1p7c A 56 330 PDB3 1e2m B 56 330 PDB3 1ki6 A 56 330 PDB3 1e2h B 56 330 PDB3 3vtk 56 330 PDB3 1e2n A 56 330 PDB3 1e2i B 56 330 PDB3 2vtk 56 330 PDB3 1osn C 19 299 PDB3 1p72 A 32 309 PDB3 1p75 B 32 309 PDB3 1p73 D 32 309 PDB3 1p6x A 32 309 Thymidine kinase from herpesvirus is a protein family sub family of thymidine kinase s. ref name pmid7552712 cite journal author Brown DG, Visse R, Sandhu G, Davies A, Rizkallah PJ, Melitz C, Summers WC, Sanderson MR title Crystal structures of the thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus type 1 in complex with deoxythymidine and ganciclovir journal Nat. Struct. Biol. volume 2 issue 10 pages 876 81 year 1995 month October pmid 7552712 doi 10.1038 nsb1095 876 url issn ref Its presence in herpesvirus infected cells is used to activate a range of antivirals against herpes infection , and thus specifically target the therapy towards infected cells only. Such antivirals include Purine analogue s of guanine Aciclovir , Famciclovir , Ganciclovir , Penciclovir , Valaciclovir , Valganciclovir Vidarabine Pyrimidine analogue s of uridine Idoxuridine , Trifluridine Brivudine References Reflist DNA antivirals Category Protein domains protein stub ... more details
Chembox ImageFile Thymidine diphosphate glucose.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName nowiki nowiki 2 R ,3 S ,5 R 3 hydroxy 5 5 methyl 2,4 dioxopyrimidin 1 yl oxolan 2 yl methoxy oxidophosphoryl 2 R ,3 R ,4 S ,5 S ,6 R 3,4,5 trihydroxy 6 hydroxymethyl oxan 2 yl hydrogen phosphate OtherNames TDP glucose dTDP glucose Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 2196 62 5 PubChem 25202390 SMILES CC1 CN C O NC1 O C H 2C C H C H O2 COP O O OP O O O C H 3 C H C H C H C H O3 CO O O O O Section2 Chembox Properties C 16 H 26 N 2 O 16 P 2 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Thymidine diphosphate glucose often abbreviated dTDP glucose or TDP glucose is a nucleotide linked sugar consisting of thymidine diphosphate deoxythymidine diphosphate linked to glucose . It is the starting compound for the syntheses of many deoxysugar s. ref name Liu cite journal doi 10.1146 annurev.biochem.71.110601.135339 author Xue M. He and Hung wen Liu title Formation of unusual sugars Mechanistic studies and biosynthetic applications journal Annu Rev Biochem volume 71 issue pages 701 754 year 2002 pmid 12045109 ref Biosynthesis DTDP glucose is produced by the enzyme glucose 1 phosphate thymidylyltransferase and is synthesized from dTTP and glucose 1 phosphate . Pyrophosphate is a byproduct of the reaction. Uses within the cell DTDP glucose goes on to form a variety of compounds in nucleotide sugars metabolism . Many bacteria utilize dTDP glucose to form exotic sugars that are incorporated into their lipopolysaccharide s or into secondary metabolites such as antibiotics . During the syntheses of many of these exotic sugars, dTDP glucose undergoes a combined oxidation reduction reaction via the enzyme dTDP glucose 4,6 dehydratase , producing dTDP 4 keto 6 deoxy glucose. ref name Liu ref name Reeves cite journal author Samuel G, Reeves P title Biosynthesis of O antigens genes and pathways involved in nucleotide sugar precursor synthesis and O antigen ... more details
Summary 3d model of a thymidine triphosphate molecule. Created by Michael Str ck mstroeck on date of upload. Released under the GFDL. Licensing GFDL self with disclaimers migration relicense ... more details
enzyme Name dTDP 4 amino 4,6 dideoxy D glucose transaminase EC number 2.6.1.33 CAS number 9023 19 2 IUBMB EC number 2 6 1 33 GO code 0019179 image width caption lowercase In enzymology , a dTDP 4 amino 4,6 dideoxy D glucose transaminase EC number 2.6.1.33 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction dTDP 4 amino 4,6 dideoxy D glucose 2 oxoglutarate math rightleftharpoons math dTDP 4 dehydro 6 deoxy D glucose L glutamate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are dTDP 4 amino 4,6 dideoxy D glucose and 2 oxoglutarate , whereas its two product chemistry products are dTDP 4 dehydro 6 deoxy D glucose and L glutamate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically the transaminases , which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is dTDP 4 amino 4,6 dideoxy D glucose 2 oxoglutarate aminotransferase . Other names in common use include thymidine diphospho 4 amino 4,6 dideoxyglucose aminotransferase , thymidine diphospho 4 amino 6 deoxyglucose aminotransferase , thymidine diphospho 4 keto 6 deoxy D glucose transaminase , thymidine diphospho 4 keto 6 deoxy D glucose glutamic transaminase , and TDP 4 keto 6 deoxy D glucose transaminase . This enzyme participates in nucleotide sugars metabolism . It employs one cofactor biochemistry cofactor , pyridoxal phosphate . References reflist 1 cite journal author Matsuhashi M, Strominger JL date 1966 title Thymidine diphosphate 4 acetamido 2,6 dideoxyhexoses. 3 Purification and properties of thymidine diphosphate 4 keto 6 deoxy D glucose transaminase from Escherichia coli strain B journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 241 pages 4738&ndash 44 pmid 5332731 issue 20 transferase stub Category EC 2.6.1 Category Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Thymidylate kin Name Thymidylate kinase Pfam PF02223 InterPro IPR000062 PROSITE PDOC01034 PDB PDB 1e2d PDB 1e2e PDB 1e2f PDB 1e2g PDB 1e2q PDB 1e98 PDB 1e99 PDB 1e9a PDB 1e9b PDB 1e9c Thymidylate kinase EC number 2.7.4.9 dTMP kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of Thymidine monophosphate thymidine 5 monophosphate dTMP to form thymidine 5 diphosphate dTDP in the presence of ATP and magnesium ATP thymidine 5 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math ADP thymidine 5 diphosphate Thymidylate kinase is an ubiquitous enzyme of about 25 Kd and is important in the dTTP synthesis pathway for DNA synthesis. The function of dTMP kinase in eukaryotes comes from the study of a cell cycle mutant, cdc8, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Structural and functional analyses suggest that the cDNA codes for authentic human dTMP kinase. The mRNA levels and enzyme activities corresponded to cell cycle progression and cell growth stages. ref name PUB00016913 cite journal author Li C, Huang SH, Tang A, Drisco B, Zhang SQ, Seeger R, Jong A title Human dTMP kinase gene expression and enzymatic activity coinciding with cell cycle progression and cell growth journal DNA Cell Biol. volume 13 issue 5 pages 461 471 year 1994 pmid 8024690 doi 10.1089 dna.1994.13.461 ref Subfamilies Predicted thymidylate kinase, TKRP1 InterPro IPR014505 Human proteins containing this domain DTYMK See also Thymidine kinase Thymidylate synthase References reflist InterPro content IPR000062 DEFAULTSORT Thymidylate Kinase Category Protein families protein stub ... more details
enzyme Name galactose 1 phosphate thymidylyltransferase EC number 2.7.7.32 CAS number 9023 25 0 IUBMB EC number 2 7 7 32 GO code 0047342 image width caption In enzymology , a galactose 1 phosphate thymidylyltransferase EC number 2.7.7.32 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction dTTP alpha D galactose 1 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math diphosphate dTDP galactose Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are dTTP and alpha D galactose 1 phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are diphosphate and dTDP galactose . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing nucleotide groups nucleotidyltransferase s . The systematic name of this enzyme class is dTTP alpha D galactose 1 phosphate thymidylyltransferase . Other names in common use include dTDP galactose pyrophosphorylase , galactose 1 phosphate thymidylyl transferase , thymidine diphosphogalactose pyrophosphorylase , thymidine triphosphate alpha D galactose 1 phosphate , and thymidylyltransferase . This enzyme participates in nucleotide sugars metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Pazur JH and Anderson JS year 1963 title Thymidine triphosphate alpha D galactose 1 phosphate thymidylyltransferase from Streptococcus faecalis grown on D galactose journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 238 pages 3155&ndash 3160 pmid 14085355 Category EC 2.7.7 Category Enzymes of unknown structure enzyme stub ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2008 chembox ImageFile dTMP chemical structure.png ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 365 07 1 PubChem 1139 SMILES MeSHName deoxyThymidine monophosphate Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 10 sub H sub 15 sub N sub 2 sub O sub 8 sub P MolarMass 322.209 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Deoxythymidine monophosphate , also known as 5 thymidylic acid and abbreviated dTMP , is a nucleotide that is found in DNA . It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine . dTMP consists of the phosphate Functional group group , the pentose sugar ribose , and the nucleobase deoxythymine . See also Nucleoside Nucleotide DNA RNA Oligonucleotide External links Nucleic acids Category Nucleotides biochem stub fr Thymidine monophosphate ja ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A Theta structure is an intermediate structure formed during the DNA replication replication of a circular DNA molecule prokaryote DNA , two replication fork s can proceed independently around the DNA ring and when viewed from above it resembles the Greek letter theta . Originally discovered by John Cairns biochemist John Cairns , it led to the understanding that in this case bidirectional DNA replication could take place. Proof of the bidirectional nature came from providing replicating cells with a pulse of tritium Analytical chemistry tritiated thymidine , quenching rapidly and then autoradiograph ing. Results showed that the radioactive thymidine was incorporated into both forks of the theta structure, not just one, indicating synthesis at both forks, in opposite directions around the loop. DEFAULTSORT Theta Structure Category DNA replication Molecular biology stub ... more details
Image HAT Selection.png thumb 300px right HAT selection depicted by a plasmacytoma thymidine kinase mutant fused with a mortal splenic B cell . Otheruses Hat disambiguation HAT Medium hypoxanthine aminopterin thymidine medium is a selection medium for mammalian cell culture, which relies on the combination of aminopterin, a drug that acts as a powerful folate metabolism inhibitor by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase , with hypoxanthine and thymidine , which are intermediates in DNA synthesis a purine derivative and a deoxy nucleoside , respectively. The trick is that aminopterin blocks DNA De novo synthesis de novo synthesis , which is absolutely required for cell division to proceed, but hypoxanthine and thymidine provide cells with the raw material to evade the blockage the salvage pathway , provided that they have the right enzymes , which means having functioning copies of the genes that encode them. The enzyme dihydrofolate reductase , which produces tetrahydrofolate THF by the reduction of dihydrofolate, is specifically blocked by aminopterin. THF, acting in association with specific protein s, can receive single carbon units that are then transferred to specific targets. One of the important targets for cellular reproduction is thymidylate synthase , which creates thymidine monophosphate TMP from deoxyuridine monophosphate dUMP . By additional phosphorylation reactions, TMP can be used to make thymidine triphosphate TTP , one of the four nucleotide precursors that are used by DNA polymerases to create DNA . Without the THF required to convert dUMP, there can be no TTP, and DNA synthesis cannot proceed, unless TMP can be produced from another source. The alternative source is that thymidine present in HAT medium can be absorbed by the cells and phosphorylated by thymidine kinase TK into TMP. The synthesis of IMP, precursor to GMP and GTP also requires THF, and also can be bypassed. In this case hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase HGPRT reacts hypoxanthine ... more details
enzyme Name dTDP 4 amino 4,6 dideoxygalactose transaminase EC number 2.6.1.59 CAS number 72560 97 5 IUBMB EC number 2 6 1 59 GO code 0019180 image width caption lowercase In enzymology , a dTDP 4 amino 4,6 dideoxygalactose transaminase EC number 2.6.1.59 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction dTDP 4 amino 4,6 dideoxy D galactose 2 oxoglutarate math rightleftharpoons math dTDP 4 dehydro 6 deoxy D galactose L glutamate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are dTDP 4 amino 4,6 dideoxy D galactose and 2 oxoglutarate , whereas its two product chemistry products are dTDP 4 dehydro 6 deoxy D galactose and L glutamate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically the transaminases , which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is dTDP 4,6 dideoxy D galactose 2 oxoglutarate aminotransferase . Other names in common use include thymidine diphosphoaminodideoxygalactose aminotransferase , and thymidine diphosphate 4 keto 6 deoxy D glucose transaminase . It employs one cofactor biochemistry cofactor , pyridoxal phosphate . References reflist 1 cite journal author Oashi H, Matsuhashi M, Matsuhashi S date 1971 title Thymidine diphosphate 4 acetamido 4,6 dideoxyhexoses. IV Purification and properties of thymidine diphosphate 4 keto 6 deoxy D glucose transaminase from Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 246 pages 2325&ndash 30 pmid 4928644 issue 8 transferase stub Category EC 2.6.1 Category Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name pyrimidine deoxynucleoside 2 dioxygenase EC number 1.14.11.3 CAS number 9076 89 5 IUBMB EC number 1 14 11 3 GO code 0047080 image width caption In enzymology , a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside 2 dioxygenase EC number 1.14.11.3 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 deoxyuridine 2 oxoglutarate O sub 2 sub math rightleftharpoons math uridine succinate CO sub 2 sub The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 2 deoxyuridine , 2 oxoglutarate , and oxygen O sub 2 sub , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are uridine , succinate , and carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2 oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2 deoxyuridine,2 oxoglutarate oxygen oxidoreductase 2 hydroxylating . Other names in common use include deoxyuridine 2 dioxygenase , deoxyuridine 2 hydroxylase , pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2 hydroxylase , thymidine 2 dioxygenase , thymidine 2 hydroxylase , thymidine 2 oxoglutarate dioxygenase , and thymidine dioxygenase . It has 2 cofactor biochemistry cofactors iron , and Ascorbate . References reflist 1 cite journal author Bankel L, Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S date 1972 title Thymidine 2 hydroxylation in Neurospora crassa journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 247 pages 6128&ndash 34 pmid 4265566 issue 19 cite journal author Stubbe J date 1985 title Identification of two alpha ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenases in extracts of Rhodotorula glutinis catalyzing deoxyuridine hydroxylation journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 260 pages 9972&ndash 5 pmid 4040518 issue 18 cite journal author Warn Cramer BJ, Macrander LA, Abbott MT date 1983 title Markedly different ascorbate dependencies of the sequential alpha ketoglutarate dioxygenase react ... more details
Image Schema ARNt 448 658.png thumb Transfer RNA The T arm or T loop is a specialized region on the tRNA molecule which acts as a special recognition site for the ribosome to allow a tRNA ribosome complex to form during the process of protein biosynthesis . The T arm has two components to it the T stems and the T loop. There are two T stems of five base pairs each. T stem 1 is from 49 53 and T stem 2 is from 61 65. The T loop is also often known as the T C arm due to the presence of thymidine , pseudouridine and cytidine residues. tRNA is the only RNA species that contains the nucleoside thymidine. Organisms with T loop lacking tRNA exhibit a much lower level of aminoacylation and elongation factor EF Tu EF Tu binding than in organisms which have the native tRNA. In Mammalian DNA , telomeric repeat binding factor 2 or TRF2 has been found to remodel linear telomeric DNA into large T loops. References Griffith Jack D. et al. Mammalian Telomeres End in Large Duplex Loop. 1999. Cell Press. 97 503 514 DEFAULTSORT T Arm Category RNA Category Protein biosynthesis ... more details
enzyme Name thymidylate 5 phosphatase EC number 3.1.3.35 CAS number 9026 80 6 IUBMB EC number 3 1 3 35 GO code 0050340 image width caption In enzymology , a thymidylate 5 phosphatase EC number 3.1.3.35 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction thymidylate H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math thymidine phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are thymidylate and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are thymidine and phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on phosphoric ester monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is thymidylate 5 phosphohydrolase . Other names in common use include thymidylate 5 nucleotidase , deoxythymidylate 5 nucleotidase , thymidylate nucleotidase , deoxythymidylic 5 nucleotidase , deoxythymidylate phosphohydrolase , and dTMPase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Aposhian HV, Tremblay GY date 1966 title Deoxythymidylate 5 nucleotidase. Purification and properties of an enzyme found after infection of Bacillus subtilis with phage SP5C journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 241 pages 5095&ndash 101 pmid 4958986 issue 21 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.1.3 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 1890 Thymidine phosphorylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TYMP gene . ref name pmid1590793 cite journal author Usuki K, Saras J, Waltenberger J, Miyazono K, Pierce G, Thomason A, Heldin CH title Platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor has thymidine phosphorylase activity journal Biochem Biophys Res Commun volume 184 issue 3 pages 1311 6 year 1992 month Jun pmid 1590793 pmc doi 10.1016 S0006 291X 05 80025 7 ref ref name pmid11733540 cite journal author Spinazzola A, Marti R, Nishino I, Andreu AL, Naini A, Tadesse S, Pela I, Zammarchi E, Donati MA, Oliver JA, Hirano M title Altered thymidine metabolism due to defects of thymidine phosphorylase journal J Biol Chem volume 277 issue 6 pages 4128 33 year 2002 month Feb pmid 11733540 pmc doi 10.1074 jbc.M111028200 ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box ..., ECGF1 is also known as thymidine phosphorylase and as gliostatin. The ECGF1 gene contains 10 exons spanning more than 4.3 kb. Thymidine phosphorylase activity of ECGF1 in leukocytes from mitochondrial ... that loss of function mutations in thymidine phosphorylase cause MNGIE. ref cite web title Entrez ... journal author Yang Q, Yoshimura G, Mori I, et al. title Thymidine phosphorylase and breast carcinoma ... cell growth factor thymidine phosphorylase in A431 cells. journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta volume ... cell growth factor thymidine phosphorylase, substrate, and products in a three dimensional ... doi pmc 1858429 cite journal author Nishino I, Spinazzola A, Hirano M title Thymidine phosphorylase ... JG, McNiff JM, et al. title Expression and localization of thymidine phosphorylase platelet derived ... MI, et al. title Thymidine phosphorylase expression in normal and hyperplastic endometrium ... of microsomal cytochrome P450 and cytosolic thymidine phosphorylase in 5 fluorouracil formation from ... doi cite journal author Kojima H, Shijubo N, Abe S title Thymidine phosphorylase and vascular endothelial ... more details
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