statin to be marketed. Statins or HMG CoA reductase inhibitors are a class of drug used to lower ... preparations of a statin and another agent&mdash such as ezetimibe simvastatin , sold as Vytorin&mdash ... exercise, before statin use is considered statins or other pharmacologic agents may then be recommended ... considerably by studies such as the Heart Protection Study HPS , which showed preventative effects of statin ... in 2006, using only a statin at high dose, achieved lower than usual target calculated LDL values ... V, Wolski K, Goormastic M, Tuzcu E title Effect of very high intensity statin therapy on regression ... name Klein2006 cite journal author Klein BE, Klein R, Lee KE, Grady LM title Statin use and incident ... in blood pressure with statins results from the UCSD Statin Study, a randomized trial journal Arch ... CL, Walsh PC, Platz EA title Association of statin use with pathological tumor characteristics and prostate ... Statin Image Brand name Derivation Metabolism ref Safety of Statins Focus on Clinical Pharmacokinetics ... colspan 7 Statin Equivalent Dosages LDL Reduction approx. Atorvastatin Fluvastatin Lovastatin Pravastatin ... Golomb BA, Evans MA title Statin adverse effects a review of the literature and evidence for a mitochondrial ... Silva MA, Swanson AC, Gandhi PJ, Tataronis GR title Statin related adverse events a meta analysis ... of real world adverse effects &ndash for example, the statin cerivastatin was withdrawn from the market .... ref name GolombEvans2008 Some patients on statin therapy report myalgia s, ref name tws06oct01 cite ... statin safety efficacy trials. Two randomized clinical trials found cognitive issues while two did ... Some Docs in Denial About Statin Side Effects . Doc News . ref A Danish case control study published in 2002 suggested a relation between long term statin use and increased risk of nerve damage or polyneuropathy ... pmid 12011277 pages 1333 1337 laysummary http www.usatoday.com money markets 2002 08 19 statin x.htm ... Sternberg title Statin side effect rare, but be aware publisher USA TODAY year 2008 url http www.usatoday.com ... more details
The discovery of HMG CoA HMG CoA 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors, called statin s, was a breakthrough ... WP430 highlight HMGCR Statin drug design The ideal statin should have the following properties ... equivalents Relatively prolonged duration of effect. One of the main design objectives of statin ... pmid 9509899 doi 10.1016 S0165 6147 97 01147 4 issue 1 ref The statin pharmacophore Image Statin.JPG thumb 300px Fig 1. The statin pharmacophore The essential structural components of all statins are a dihydroxyheptanoic acid unit and a ring system with different substituent s. The statin pharmacophore ... substrate HMG CoA and the mevaldyl CoA transition state intermediate Figure 1 . The statin pharmacophore ... 560 year 2005 url http www.ajpe.org aj6904 aj690477 aj690477.pdf format PDF ref Differences in statin ... of metabolic transformation and elminination div style float right width 315px div Image Statin final.JPG thumb right Fig.2 Lovastatin, a type 1 statin Image Fluvastatin.jpg thumb right Fig.3 Fluvastatin, a type 2 statin Statins have sometimes been grouped into two groups of statins according to their structure ... Johann title Structural Mechanism for Statin Inhibition of HMG CoA Reductase journal Science Magazine ... Decahydronaphthalene decalin ring structure that resemble the first statin ever discovered, mevastatin ... cerivastatin has a pyridine based ring structure. HMGR statin binding site Image HMGR binding ... name Istvan 2002 cite journal last Istvan first Eva S. title Structural mechanism for statin inhibition ... to orientation and bonding interactions that form between the statin and the HMGR enzyme. ref ... group on rosuvastatin makes it the statin that has the greatest number of bonding interactions .... The activity of each statin is dependent on the binding affinity of the compound for the substrate ..., which results in a tighter binding to the enzyme. The newest statin, rosuvastatin has a unique ... were able to screen for compounds with high screening scores. In addition to the conventional statin ... more details
Akira Endo is the name of Akira Endo biochemist born 1933 , Japanese biochemist whose work on fungi and cholesterol led to the development of the highly successful class of statin drugs Akira Endo conductor , Japanese American music conductor hndis name Endo, Akira DEFAULTSORT Endo, Akira ... more details
The ASTEROID trial was a clinical trial published in 2006 that shows the effects of statin s drugs that inhibit the enzyme HMG CoA reductase on atherosclerosis . Employing intravascular ultrasound IVUS , they showed regression of the atherosclerotic plaques in response to a high dose of rosuvastatin ref Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, Libby P, Raichlen JS, Ballantyne CM, Davignon J, Erbel R, Fruchart JC, Tardif JC, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Cain V, Wolski K, Goormastic M, Tuzcu EM ASTEROID Investigators. Effect of very high intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis the ASTEROID trial. JAMA 2006 295 1556 65. DOI 10.1001 jama.295.13.jpc60002 PMID 16533939. ref References references Category Clinical trials Category 2006 in science ... more details
Drugbox type combo image Niacinstr.png image2 Lovastatin.png component1 Niacin class1 n a component2 Lovastatin class2 Statin CAS number ATC prefix C10 ATC suffix BA01 PubChem DrugBank pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US Rx only legal status routes of administration Oral Niacin lovastatin tradename Advicor is a drug combination used for the treatment of dyslipidemia . It is a combination of niacin and the statin drug lovastatin best known as Mevacor in the U.S. . The combination preparation is marketed by Abbott Laboratories It was approved by the FDA on December 17, 2001. Dosage The combination is available as tablets containing . ref cite web url http www.rxlist.com cgi generic advicor ids.htm title Advicor package insert, How Supplied section accessdate 2008 03 15 format work ref 500 mg 20 mg 750 mg 20 mg 1000 mg 20 mg 1000 mg 40 mg References Reflist External links http www.advicor.com Advicor website Statins cardiovascular drug stub Category Hypolipidemic agents Category Combination drugs ... more details
Drugbox type combo image Niacinstr.png image2 Simvastatin.svg component1 Niacin class1 n a component2 Simvastatin class2 Statin CAS number ATC prefix ATC suffix PubChem DrugBank pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US Rx only legal status routes of administration Oral Simcor Abbott Laboratories Abbott is a drug combination of the statin drug Simvastatin and an extended release form of niacin used for the treatment of dyslipidemia . It was approved by the FDA on February 15, 2008. ref Cite web url http www.drugs.com newdrugs abbott receives fda approval simcor niaspan simvastatin novel combination medicine comprehensive 846.html title Drugs.com, Abbott Receives FDA Approval for Simcor Niaspan simvastatin , a Novel Combination Medicine for Comprehensive Cholesterol Management accessdate 2008 03 15 work ref References Reflist Statins Cardiovascular drug stub Category Hypolipidemic agents Category Combination drugs ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Monascus purpureus image image size regnum Fungus Fungi divisio Ascomycota classis Eurotiomycetidae ordo Incertae sedis familia Monascaceae genus Monascus species M. purpureus binomial Monascus purpureus binomial authority Went , 1895 Monascus purpureus syn. M. albidus , M. anka , M. araneosus , M. major , M. rubiginosus , and M. vini zh s wiktionary wiktionary wiktionary t p h ng q j n , lit. red yeast is a species of mold that is purplish red in color. It is also known by the names ang khak rice mold , corn silage mold , maize silage mold , and rice kernel discoloration . This fungus is most important because of its use, in the form of red yeast rice , in the production of certain fermented foods in China . However, discoveries of cholesterol lowering statin s produced by the mold has prompted research into its possible medical uses. It produces a number of statins . The naturally occurring lovastatins and analogs are called monacolins K, L, J, and also occur in their hydroxyl acid forms along with dehydroxymonacolin and compactin mevastatin . The prescription drug lovastatin , identical to monacolin K, is the principal statin produced by Monascus purpureus. Only the open ring hyroxyl acid form is pharmacologically active. The related fungi Monascus ruber and Monascus pilosus are also used in industrial applications. See also Portal Fungi Medicinal mushrooms Red yeast rice External links http www.indexfungorum.org Names SynSpecies.asp?RecordID 235390 Index Fungorum page synonyms http www.indexfungorum.org Names NamesRecord.asp?RecordID 235390 Index Fungorum page general http www.behrbonn.com monascub.htm Monascus purpureus page http www.umm.edu altmed ConsSupplements RedYeastRicecs.html Website about medicinal use of Monascus purpureus DEFAULTSORT Monascus Purpureus Category Eurotiomycetes Eurotiomycetes stub de Monacolin es Monascus purpureus ja ... more details
elevated C reactive protein with a statin , Endocrine Today , 1 December 2008 ref The study s authors ... name infopage The company saw an increase in its share of the U.S. statin drug market following the November ... by those urging caution before expanding indications for statin treatment. ref cite journal author ... JUPITER to Earth A statin helps people with normal LDL C and high hs CRP, but what does it mean? journal ... more details
the cholesterol content of bile, they increase the risk for gallstone s. In combination with statin ..., leading to renal failure . A powerful statin drug, cerivastatin Lipobay , was withdrawn because of this complication. The less lipophilic statin s are less prone to cause this reaction, and are probably ... cardiology 2004 June Pdf 034.pdf ref See also Statin References reflist Major drug groups Lipid modifying ... more details
the use of statin s in the prevention of cardiovascular disease . While there have been concerns ... of lung disease was found, an initial concern with statin drugs, and simvastatin did not decrease ... more details
The assessment and plan abbreviated A P ref name urlUW Internal Medicine Residency Program cite web url http depts.washington.edu uwmedres policies handbook patient docu.htm title UW Internal Medicine Residency Program format work accessdate 2009 04 10 ref is a component of an admission note . Assessment includes a discussion of the differential diagnosis and supporting history and exam findings. The plan is typically broken out by problem or system. Each problem should include brief summary of the problem, perhaps including what has been done thus far orders for medications, labs, studies, procedures and surgeries to address the problem. problems are commonly derived from chief complaint history of present illness review of systems rarely, these should have been picked up and incorporated as new chief complaints during the interview physical exam rarely, these should have been picked up and incorporated as new chief complaints during the exam social history, including counseling for smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug use family history medications may indicate problems that need to be addressed in the treatment of the other problems, such as dyslipidemia controlled with a statin. References reflist Medical records Category Medical terms ... more details
In pharmacology , pleiotropy is when a drug has actions other than those for which the agent was specifically developed. ref name Davignon cite journal author Davignon J title Beneficial cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins journal Circulation volume 109 issue 23 Suppl 1 pages III39 43 year 2004 month June pmid 15198965 doi 10.1161 01.CIR.0000131517.20177.5a url ref It may include adverse effect s which are detrimental ones, ref name Davignon but is often used to denote additional beneficial effects. ref name rang cite book author Rod Flower Humphrey P. Rang Maureen M. Dale Ritter, James M. title Rang & Dale s pharmacology publisher Churchill Livingstone location Edinburgh year 2007 pages isbn 0 443 06911 5 oclc doi accessdate ref For example, statin s primarily are HMG CoA reductase inhibitor to decrease cholesterol synthesis, but also have the beneficial effects of, for example, being antioxidant s and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque s. ref name Davignon See also Adverse effect References reflist Category Pharmacology ... more details
. Iatrogenic causes Statin s cause myalgia and cramps among other possible side effects, including substantially ... Grady J title Professional athletes suffering from familial hypercholesterolaemia rarely tolerate statin ... 10 25 in a typical statin using population. ref cite journal author Bruckert E, Hayem G, Dejager S, Yau C, B gaud B title Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high dosage statin therapy ... 403 14 year 2005 pmid 16453090 doi 10.1007 s10557 005 5686 z ref ref cite journal title Statin induced ... KM ref In some cases, adverse effects disappear after switching to a different statin however, they should .... Coenzyme Q10 supplementation can be helpful to avoid some statin related adverse effects, but currently .... ref cite journal author Lamperti C, Naini AB, Lucchini V, et al. title Muscle coenzyme Q10 level in statin ... more details
Drugbox type combo image Amlodipine.png image2 Lipitor.png component1 Amlodipine class1 Calcium channel blocker component2 Atorvastatin class2 Statin ChemSpiderID 7987512 InChI 1 C33H35FN2O5.C20H25ClN2O5 c1 21 2 31 30 33 41 35 25 11 7 4 8 12 25 29 22 9 5 3 6 10 22 32 23 13 15 24 34 16 14 23 36 31 18 17 26 37 19 27 38 20 28 39 40 1 4 28 20 25 18 15 11 27 10 9 22 23 12 2 16 19 24 26 3 17 18 13 7 5 6 8 14 13 21 h3 16,21,26 27,37 38H,17 20H2,1 2H3, H,35,41 H,39,40 5 8,17,23H,4,9 11,22H2,1 3H3 t26 ,27 m1. s1 smiles Clc1ccccc1C2C C O OC C N C C2 C O OCC COCCN C.O C O C C H O C C H O CCn2c c c c2c1ccc F cc1 c3ccccc3 C O Nc4ccccc4 C C C InChIKey PEAJXAZCGDWDGS CNZCJKERBU StdInChI 1S C33H35FN2O5.C20H25ClN2O5 c1 21 2 31 30 33 41 35 25 11 7 4 8 12 25 29 22 9 5 3 6 10 22 32 23 13 15 24 34 16 14 23 36 31 18 17 26 37 19 27 38 20 28 39 40 1 4 28 20 25 18 15 11 27 10 9 22 23 12 2 16 19 24 26 3 17 18 13 7 5 6 8 14 13 21 h3 16,21,26 27,37 38H,17 20H2,1 2H3, H,35,41 H,39,40 5 8,17,23H,4,9 11,22H2,1 3H3 t26 ,27 m1. s1 StdInChIKey PEAJXAZCGDWDGS CNZCJKERSA N CAS number ATC prefix C10 ATC suffix BX03 PubChem 9811759 DrugBank pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US Rx only legal status routes of administration Oral The drug combination atorvastatin amlodipine trade names Caduet in the United States US and Envacar elsewhere is a medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration FDA for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia high cholesterol and hypertension high blood pressure . It is a fixed dose combination drug containing the calcium channel blocker amlodipine and the statin atorvastatin . It is being marketed by the pharmaceutical company Pfizer . ref cite web url http www.fda.gov Safety MedWatch SafetyInformation ucm202933.htm format PDF title CADUET amlodipine besylate atorvastatin calcium Tablets month February year ... more details
It is used alone or in conjunction with statin s in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia ... increases the serum level of statins. Therefore, a lower dose of statin is generally necessary ... that fenofibrate be given in the morning and the statin at night. Mode of action Fenofibrate is a fibric ... with fenofibric acid plus a statin atorvastatin, rosuvastatin or simvastatin improved HDL and triglyceride levels significantly better than statin monotherapy and improved LDL levels better than fenofibric ... commenced taking statin drugs during the trial, which in turn might affect the results of the study itself. After an adjustment was done for this statin drop in, the relative risk reductions were 19 ... pain and very rarely rhabdomyolysis . This risk is increased when used together with Statin statins ... therapy with fenofibrate and a statin. Thus, there is an increasing body of evidence that fenofibrate statin combination therapy is safe and effective at managing dyslipidemia in patients ... more details
target. For statin resistant or statin sensitive populations that are characterized by low ... due to the challenges of statin dose toxicity, cholesterol absorption inhibitors have emerged as a new ... more details
Afd merge to Statin Mevalonate inhibition 07 June 2009 date June 2009 POV date June 2009 Cleanup jargon date June 2009 Mevalonate inhibition is used to define the effects of medicines based on HMG CoA reductase enzyme inhibitor s to control the products of the mevalonate pathway . This term addresses the effects of long term restriction of mevalonate production in cell membranes by the inhibition of the membrane attached enzyme HMG CoA reductase . Such inhibitors are also known as the statins . They exert their effect at the very beginning of the mevalonate pathway, the location of this key reductase step, and thereby reduce the de novo availability of a range of terpenoid and steroid products in cell membrane . The consequences of long term statin use are classified below according to the depletion of a mevalonate product, ref Buhaescu I & Izzedine H. Mevalonate pathway a review of clinical and therapeutical implications. Clin. Biochem. 2007 40 pp. 575 584 ref e.g. de novo membrane cholesterol ... A year 2008 month title Statin adverse effects a review of the literature and evidence for a mitochondrial ... of statin side effects and very strongly associated them with CoQ10 depletion. A direct causative biochemical ... of CoQ10 in statin medication both filed in 1990. ref name Brown MS. Coenzyme q 1990 ref name ... Q10 use recommendation in all statin drug labeling. journal Life Extension Foundation Magazine doi ... Duane Graveline MD MPH title The Statin Damage Crisis publisher location year 2009 pages isbn 9781424338696 ... Selenoprotein Only recently have selenoproteins been discovered and the effects of statin use to blockade ... Nuclear factor kappa B NF B The benefit of statin drugs in cardiovascular disease control is in their ability ... might be mediated by such statin inhibition of NF B . Repoerted improvement in atherosclerosis ... ref References Reflist 2 Further reading Cite book author Duane Graveline MD MPH title The Statin ... oclc doi Cite book author Duane Graveline MD MPH title Statin Drugs Side Effects and the Misguided ... more details
Hypolipidemic agents , or antihyperlipidemic agents , are a diverse group of pharmacology pharmaceuticals that are used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia s. They are called lipid lowering drugs LLD or agents. Classes of hypolipidemic drugs There are several classes of hypolipidemic drugs. They may differ in both their impact on the cholesterol profile and adverse effects. For example, some may lower the bad cholesterol low density lipoprotein LDL more so than others, while others may preferentially increase high density lipoprotein HDL , the good cholesterol . Clinically, the choice of an agent will depend on the patient s cholesterol cholesterol profile , http hp2010.nhlbihin.net atpiii calculator.asp?usertype prof cardiovascular risk , and the Liver function test liver and Creatinine clearance kidney functions of the patient, evaluated against the balancing of risks and benefits of the medications. In the United States, this is guided by the evidence based medicine evidence based guideline from the National Cholesterol Education Program NCEP Adult Treatment Panel III ATPIII . Established statin s are particularly well suited for lowering LDL, the cholesterol with the strongest links to cardiovascular diseases. In studies using standard doses, statins have been found to lower LDL C by 18 to 55 , depending on the specific statin being used. There is a risk of severe muscle damage myopathy & rhabdomyolysis with statins. fibrate s are indicated for hypertriglyceridemia . Fibrates typically lower triglycerides by 20 to 50 . Level of the good cholesterol HDL is also increased. Fibrates may decrease LDL, though generally to a lesser degree than statins. Similar to statins, there is a risk of severe muscle damage myopathy & rhabdomyolysis with fibrates. niacin , like fibrates, is also well suited for lowering triglycerides by 20 50 . It may also lower LDL by 5 25 and increase HDL by 15 35 . Niacin may cause hyperglycemia , and may also cause hepatotoxicity liver damage . ... more details
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