Infobox Film name State s Evidence image statesevidence.jpg caption director Benjamin Louis writer Mark Brown starring Douglas Smith actor Douglas Smith , br Alexa Vega , br Majandra Delfino , br Kris Lemche , br Cody McMains , br Drew Tyler Bell distributor Terra Entertainment released 7 November 2006 small USA small runtime 89 Minute min language English State s Evidence is an independent film created in 2004 and released in 2006, film director directed by Benjamin Louis and starring Douglas Smith actor Douglas Smith , Alexa Vega , Majandra Delfino , Kris Lemche , Cody McMains , and Drew Tyler Bell . Plot summary When 16 year old Scott Byers decided to bring a camcorder to school, none of his schoolmates ever imagined what was to come. Only Scott s five closest friends and followers have the insight on his master plan. He is on a quest for the ultimate thrill, as he documents the day s events, anticipating the grand finale Scott plans to commit suicide on camera. His friends become fascinated by his idea and decide to join the action for various reasons home problems, romance and even boredom. They pull behind their leader and set out to make history. The rush is instantaneous. Emotions run wild. Pressure mounts as shocking details are revealed. The search for the final adventure takes an unexpected turn down a dark road. This journey turns out to be much more than what Scott and his friends had ever anticipated. The film is shot in Blair Witch Project style handheld. Created in 2004, State s Evidence travelled around the film festival circuits until it was picked up by distributor Terra Entertainment, and released on DVD on November 7th, 2006. External links official http www.stateevidence1.com imdb title id 0378804 name State s Evidence http www.terra ent.com TERRA Entertainment Distributor Category 2004 films Category American films pt State s Evidence ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 To turn state s evidence is when an Suspect accused or convicted criminal testifies as a witness for the state against his associates or accomplices. Turning state s evidence is occasionally a result of a change of heart or feelings of guilt, but more often is done in response to a generous offer from the prosecution, such as a reduced sentence or a favorable location for serving time. In particularly high profile or dangerous cases such as organized crime trials including other federal crime s trials, the witness may be offered immunity from prosecution even if he has committed serious crimes himself, up to and including murder. The state may also offer the witness a place in the witness protection program , giving them a new identity so they need not fear retaliation from their former accomplices. In the United Kingdom , the term is to turn Queen s or King s Evidence , both of which still mean the same thing. Famous cases class wikitable style text align center Witness Testified against Charge s Received for testimony Sammy Gravano Salvatore Sammy The Bull Gravano , mob hit man John Gotti racketeering witness protection, full immunity Frank Curly Lino of the Bonanno crime family Ron Filocomo murder of Sonny Black Napolitano ? Edward J. O Hare Easy Eddie O Hare , mobster Al Capone tax evasion According to some sources, Who date March 2009 his son Butch s admission to the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis Harry Orchard , mass murderer William Big Bill Haywood assassination of former governor of Idaho Frank Steunenberg ? Jimmy Leibrant, accessory to murder Karla Faye Tucker murder of Jerry Lynn Dean full immunity James Jordan , Klansman and accessory to murder 18 other Klansmen including Neshoba County deputy Cecil Price Mississippi civil rights ... boss no death penalty See also Plea bargain DEFAULTSORT Turn State s Evidence Category Informal legal ... State Penitentiary Wayne DuMond , rapist various acquaintances murder pardoned by Gov. Mike Huckabee ... more details
Other uses2 Evidence Unreferenced date May 2007 Evidence in its broadest sense includes everything that is used to determine or demonstrate the truth of an assertion. Giving or procuring evidence is the process ... evidence, to demonstrate an assertion s truth. Evidence is the currency by which one fulfills the Legal burden of proof burden of proof . Many issues surround evidence, making it the subject of much discussion and disagreement. In addition to its subtlety, evidence plays an important role in many academic disciplines, including Scientific evidence science and evidence law law , adding to the discourse surrounding it. An important distinction in the field of evidence is that between circumstantial evidence and direct evidence , or evidence that suggests truth as opposed to evidence that directly ... of proof is the burden of providing sufficient evidence to shift a conclusion from an oppositional ... bears the burden of proof must present sufficient evidence to move the conclusion to their own position. The burden of proof must be fulfilled both by establishing positive evidence and negating oppositional evidence. There are two primary burden of proof considerations The question of on whom the burden ... and quality of evidence and the nature of the point under contention. Some common degrees ... . Conclusions from evidence may be subject to criticism from a perceived failure to fulfill the burden of proof. Problems in evidence The theory of evidence is a field wrought with dispute. Many of these disputes ... salient question of evidence is how, if, and what, one can know. Or, in other words, the question is to what extent is it even possible to fulfill the burden of proof. This is the question of evidence s limits. Some believe all evidence to be circumstantial evidence circumstantial , denying the possibility of direct evidence . To help deal with this problem, many fields have found it useful to talk about levels of evidence and certainty, particularly the field of law. Evidence in science Main ... more details
Infobox television show name On the Evidence image show name 2 caption genre Legal drama format creator developer writer Barry Morgan director Bryn Matthews creative director presenter starring judges voices narrated Ken Haslam theme music composer opentheme endtheme composer country CAN language English language English channel CBC Television first run first aired 21 June 1975 last aired 15 September 1977 num seasons 3 num episodes status list episodes executive producer producer David Pears editor location cinematography camera runtime 60 minutes company distributor picture format audio format preceded by followed by related website production website Use dmy dates date March 2011 On the Evidence is a Television in Canada Canadian legal drama television series which aired on CBC Television from 1975 to 1977. Premise This series presented dramatisations of court trials, some of which were based on real cases. Judges, lawyers and court clerks were portrayed by Canadian Bar Association members while actors played the accused and the witnesses. Some studio audience members were chosen to form the jury. The proceedings were recorded over two hours then condensed for the hour long broadcast. ref name CCF cite web url http www.broadcasting history.ca programming television programming popup.php?id 410 first John last Corcelli date April 2002 title On the Evidence publisher Canadian Communications Foundation accessdate 7 May 2010 ref Scheduling This hour long series was broadcast as follows times in North American Eastern class wikitable Day Time colspan 2 Season run Notes Saturday 10 00 p.m. 21 June 1975 30 August 1975 Tuesday 8 00 p.m. 25 May 1976 17 August 1976 Thursday 10 00 p.m. 28 July 1977 15 September 1977 Monday to Friday 1 00 p.m. 2 July 1979 6 August 1979 rebroadcast Friday 11 45 p.m. 28 April 1980 12 September 1980 rebroadcast References reflist External links cite web url http www.film.queensu.ca CBC Obs.html first Blaine last Allan title On the Evidence publisher ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 Evidence law Demonstrative evidence is evidence in the form of a Depiction representation of an object. This is, as opposed to, real evidence , testimony , or other forms of evidence used at trial . Examples Examples of demonstrative evidence include Photography photos , x .... See Federal Rules of Evidence 901, 902, and 1001 1004 for an example from United States law. Other examples of demonstrative evidence include case specific medical exhibits, colorized diagnostic films, general anatomy and surgery exhibits. These forms of demonstrative evidence are commonly used as a personal injury lawyer resource. Demonstrative evidence with dramatic impact can maximize the value ... mistakes or summarize injuries suffered by an individual. These examples of demonstrative evidence ... presentations. History Before photographs and other demonstrative evidence, lawyer s relied on purely testimonial or substantive evidence. Melvin Belli and Earl Rogers helped change that by introducing more demonstrative evidence. Citation needed date January 2008 Scientific evidence emerged in the 1960s ... jurisprudence , demonstrative evidence, like any other kind of evidence must be relevant . At this point the proponent of the demonstrative evidence can either try to get the evidence admitted into the official record of the case or can choose to use the evidence as merely a prop. If the proponent of the evidence wants to have the evidence included in the official record of the case, the proponent will first ask for the evidence to be marked by the court for identification purposes. After the evidence is marked for identification, the proponent of the demonstrative evidence must lay a foundation . It is at this time that the relevancy of the demonstrative evidence is usually challenged. Laying of a foundation explains how the demonstrative evidence relates to the facts of the case and establishes the evidence s authenticity. Once the foundation is laid, the proponent may ask to officially ... more details
otheruses2 Evidence globalize Eng date February 2011 Refimprove date December 2006 Evidence law When ... favour. The law must ensure certain guidelines are set out in order to ensure that evidence presented to the court can be regarded as trustworthy. The law of evidence governs the use of testimony ... American tradition, but not only that tradition, have long regarded evidence as being of central importance to the law. In every jurisdiction based on the English common law tradition, evidence must conform to a number of rules and restrictions to be admissible. Evidence must be relevance law relevant ... of evidence is ordinarily a necessary condition but not a sufficient condition for the admissibility of evidence. For example, relevant evidence may be excluded if it is unfairly prejudicial, confusing, or cumulative. Furthermore, a variety of social policies operate to exclude relevant evidence. Thus, there are limitations on the use of evidence of liability insurance , subsequent remedial measures , settlement offer s, and plea negotiation s, mainly because it is thought that the use of such evidence ... of evidence is to be determined has been the subject of a vast amount of discussion in the last 100 ... or irrelevance of evidence cannot be determined by syllogistic reasoning ndash if then logic ndash ... agreement that the relevance of at least some types of expert evidence ndash particularly evidence ... of evidence are more likely to be reversed on appeal than are relevance rulings that lead to the admission of evidence. According to Rule 401 of the Federal Rules of Evidence FRE , evidence ... of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Federal Rule 403 allows relevant evidence to be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed ... or if it is a waste of time. California Evidence Code section 352 also allows for exclusion to avoid substantial danger of undue prejudice. For example, evidence that the victim of a car accident was apparently ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Direct evidence supports the truth of an assertion in criminal law, an assertion of guilt or of innocence directly, i.e., without an intervening inference. ref cite web title A Dictionary of Law author Jonathan Law, Elizabeth A. Martin publisher Oxford University Press year 2009 accessdate 20 September 2010 url http www.oxfordreference.com views ENTRY.html?subview Main&entry t49.e1136 ref Circumstantial evidence , by contrast, directly supports the truth of evidence, from which the truth of the assertion may be inferred. For example a witness who testimony testifies that he saw the defendant shoot the crime victim victim gives direct evidence. A forensics expert who says that ballistics proves that the defendant s gun shot the bullet that killed the victim gives circumstantial evidence, from which B s guilt may be inferred. In direct evidence a witness relates what he or she directly experienced. Usually the experience is by sight or hearing, though it may come though any sense, including touch or pain. State v Famber , 358 Mo 288, 214 SW2d 40. References Reflist Use dmy dates date February 2011 DEFAULTSORT Direct Evidence Category Legal terms Category Evidence law Law term stub ... more details
refimprove date September 2010 Evidence law Digital evidence or electronic evidence is any Relevance ... at trial law trial . ref name casey Before accepting digital evidence a court will determine if the evidence ... is required. ref name casey The use of digital evidence has increased in the past few ... name handbook Many court s in the United States have applied the Federal Rules of Evidence to digital evidence in a similar way to traditional documents, although some have noted important whom? date September 2010 differences. For example, that digital evidence tends to be more voluminous, more difficult ... available. As such, some courts have sometimes treated digital evidence differently for purposes of authentication , hearsay , the best evidence rule , and privilege . In December 2006, strict new rules ... of electronically stored evidence. Digital evidence is often attacked for its authenticity due to the ease ... proof of tampering. ref name legal Admissibility Digital evidence is often ruled admissible evidence .... In a digital investigation this can present problems where, for example, evidence of other crimes .... A second warrant had to be obtained before the evidence could be used to charge Schroeder. ref name casey ref name schroeder Authentication As with any evidence law evidence , the proponent of digital evidence must lay the proper foundation. Courts largely concerned themselves with the reliability of such digital evidence. ref name legal As such, early court decisions required that authentication ..., 90 5th Cir. 1982 . A common attack on digital evidence is that digital media can be easily altered ... Police Officers ACPO for the authentication and integrity of evidence. ref name pollitt ref name ... on a computer or on storage media, that person must be competent to do so and be able to give evidence ... of all processes applied to computer based electronic evidence should be created and preserved. An independent ... and Scotland, but they do not constitute a legal requirement and their use is voluntary. Best evidence ... more details
wiktionary evidenceEvidence , in its broadest sense includes everything that is used to determine or demonstrate the truth of an assertion. Evidence may also refer to Scientific evidenceEvidence law , which governs testimony and exhibits presented in a case Evidence policy debate Evidence short story Evidence short story 1946 , a short story by Isaac Asimov Evidence musician born 1976 , member of hip hop group Dilated Peoples Evidence a composition by Thelonious Monk Evidence Steve Lacy album Evidence Steve Lacy album , 1962 Evidence Mal Waldron album Evidence Mal Waldron album , 1988 Evidence , an album by Karmacoda , 2003 Evidence Faith No More song Evidence Faith No More song , a Faith No More song Evidence Tara MacLean song Evidence Tara McLean song , a song by Tara MacLean, from her album Silence , first released in 1995 Evidence Everlife song Evidence Everlife song Evidence , a song from Marilyn Manson s Eat Me, Drink Me 2007 The Evidence TV series The Evidence TV series , a police procedural television show The Evidence band The Evidence band , a progressive punk power trio from Canada Greatest Hits The Evidence , an Ice T album Evidence The Last Ritual , PC adventure game Evidence The Last Report , a PC adventure game developed for List of Micro ds games Micro ds and released 1997 CSI Hard Evidence , a 2007 computer game based on the CSI Crime Scene Investigation television series Evidence, an Enlightenment Foundation Libraries File manager See also Cover up concealment of evidenceEvidence based medicine Evidentialism , a philosophical theory of justification Evidentiality , a grammatical device in some languages Mathematical proof Self evidence Dempster Shafer theory of evidence Marginal likelihood , in Bayesian probability theory disambig cs Evidence de Evidenz Begriffskl rung es Evidencia fr Evidence it Evidence sk Evidencia ... more details
Refimprove date June 2007 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Fresh Evidence Type studio Artist Rory Gallagher Cover Fresh Evidence Rory Gallagher.jpg Released June 1990 Recorded Maison Rouge, Redan Recorders, Music Station and Audio One Genre Blues Rock Length 55 10 Label Capo small UK small br Intercord small US Producer Rory Gallagher Reviews Allmusic Rating 3 5 Allmusic class album id r7952 pure url yes link Last album Defender album Defender br 1987 This album Fresh Evidence br 1990 Next album BBC Sessions Rory Gallagher album BBC Sessions br 1999 Fresh Evidence is Rory Gallagher s last recorded album. Gerry McAvoy , Gallagher s bass player, has referred to the guitar solo on the third track Middle Name as his personal favorite of all Gallagher s recorded solos. This song is said to have being composed by Gallagher in reference to John Lee Hooker . This album also saw the reunion of Rory and piano player Lou Martin . Track listing All songs written by Rory Gallagher , except as noted. Kid Gloves 5 40 The King of Zydeco 3 43 Middle Name 4 15 Alexis 4 07 Empire State Express 5 08 Son House Eddie Son House Ghost Blues 8 01 Heaven s Gate 5 09 The Loop 2 23 Walkin Wounded 5 09 Slumming Angel 3 40 Never Asked You For Nothin 4 29 Bowed But Not Broken 3 26 References Reflist Rory Gallagher Category 1990 albums Category Rory Gallagher albums fr Fresh Evidence pl Fresh Evidence sv Fresh Evidence ... more details
Best Evidence may refer to Best Evidence , a documentary television series Best evidence rule , a common law rule of evidence Best Evidence , a book by David S. Lifton UFO Best Evidence , an episode of the documentary television show Unexplained Mysteries disamb ... more details
Opinion evidence refers to evidence of what the witness thinks, believes, or infers in regard to facts, as distinguished from personal knowledge of the facts themselves. ref name freedict Cite web url http legal dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Opinion Evidence title Opinion Evidence work The Free Dictionary accessdate October 11, 2010 ref In common law jurisdiction s the general rule is that a witness is supposed to testify as to what was observed and not to give an opinion on what was observed. However, there are two exceptions to this rule expert evidence and non expert opinion given by laymen which people in their daily lives reach without conscious ratiocination . General rule In general ... title Cross & Tapper on Evidence 10th edn last Tapper first Colin year 2004 publisher Lexis Nexis location ... evidence would not assist, or might even mislead, the court and in particular the jury. This is because opinion evidence is usually irrelevant. Moreover, admission of such evidence would usurp .... ref cite book title Cross & Tapper on Evidence 10th edn last Tapper first Colin year 2004 publisher Lexis Nexis location UK isbn 9780406950048 page 558 ref Expert evidence Main Expert evidence An expert ... evidence law scientific , technical or other opinion about an evidence or fact issue within the scope ... Federal Rule of Evidence 702 As amended April 17, 2000, effective December 1, 2000 ref Expert witnesses may also deliver expert evidence about facts from the domain of their expertise. ref Black s Law Dictionary , articles Evidence , Expert , Witness ref The facts upon which an expert opinion is based must be proved by admissible evidence. ref R v Turner 1975 QB 834 ref The duty of experts is to furnish ... ref Cite web url http www.inbrief.co.uk expert evidence.htm title Expert evidence work In Brief ... condition or emotional state of a person ref R v Davies 1962 1 WLR 1111 ref The general condition ... Iamsakun 1993 1 NZLR 141 ref Reference Reflist Category Evidence law ... more details
unreferenced date February 2008 Evidence law In law , a foundation is sufficient preliminary evidence law evidence of the Authentication law authenticity and relevance law relevance for the admissible evidence admission of material evidence in the form of exhibits or testimony of witness es. Materiality law Material evidence is important evidence that may serve to determine the outcome of a case. Exhibits include real evidence , illustrative evidence, demonstrative evidence , and documentary evidence . The type of preliminary evidence necessary to lay the proper foundation depends on the form and type of material evidence offered. The lack of foundation is a valid objection law objection that an adverse party may raise during trial law trial . DEFAULTSORT Foundation Evidence Category Evidence law law term stub ... more details
Body of Evidence may refer to Body of Evidence From the case files of Dayle Hinman , a television series showcasing the case files of Dayle Hinman on truTV Body of Evidence film Body of Evidence film , a 1993 erotic drama starring Madonna and Willem Dafoe Body of Evidence 1988 film Body of Evidence 1988 film , a 1988 TV film starring Barry Bostwick and Margot Kidder Body of Evidence novel Body of Evidence novel , a 1991 novel by Patricia Cornwell The Body of Evidence mystery novel series by Christopher Golden disambig fr Body of Evidence ... more details
Infobox film name Without Evidence image WithoutEvidence.jpg caption director Gill Dennis producer Eric R. Epperson writer Gill Dennis br Phil Stanford starring Scott Plank br Anna Gunn br Angelina Jolie br Paul Perri music Franco Piersanti cinematography Victor Nunez editing distributor released September 12, 2000 video premiere runtime 93 min. country United States US language English language English budget Without Evidence is a 1995 in film 1995 Thriller genre thriller co written by Gill Dennis and Phil Stanford . The film was directed by Gill Dennis. Plot It is based on the true story of Michael Francke , who was the Head of Corrections for the state of Oregon before being murdered. Just before his murder , Francke visits his brother and informs him of a drug ring involving his prison colleagues. When Michael is killed, his brother begins his own Criminal procedure investigation into the murder, leading him to more lies and deceit. Cast Scott Plank Kevin Francke Anna Gunn Liz Godlove Andrew Prine John Nelson Angelina Jolie Jodie Swearingen Paul Perri Sgt. Unsoeld External links Imdb title id 0176326 title Without Evidence Category 1995 films Category 1990s thriller films Category Psychological thriller films Category Courtroom dramas Category Docudramas thriller film stub de Without Evidence tr Without Evidence ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Incontrovertible evidence is a colloquial term for evidence law evidence introduced to prove a fact that is supposed to be so conclusive that there can be no other truth as to the matter evidence so strong it overpowers contrary evidence, directing a fact finder to a specific and certain conclusion. Examples a fingerprint showing a person has been present in a room a DNA test disproving a claim of parenthood. DEFAULTSORT Incontrovertible Evidence Category Evidence law Law term stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 An evidence pool ref http groups.google.com group evidence pool Google Groups ref is used by debate team s to share Evidence policy debate cards and evidence for a policy debate . Supporters join evidence pools note the benefits, ref http www.cross x.com vb showthread.php?t 974211 Cross X ref including access to a large sum of evidence with a relatively small amount of evidence that you must submit to the pool itself. References reflist Speech and debate stub Category Debating ... more details
unreferenced date July 2007 Evidence law Documentary evidence is any evidence law evidence introduced at a trial in the form of documents . Although this term is most widely understood to mean writings on paper such as an invoice , a contract or a will law will , the term actually include any media by which information can be preserved. Photographs, tape recordings, films, and printed emails are all forms of documentary evidence. Documentary versus physical evidence A piece of evidence is not documentary evidence if it is presented for some purpose other than the examination of the contents of the document. For example, if a blood spattered letter is introduced solely to show that the defendant stabbed the author of the letter from behind as it was being written, then the evidence is physical evidence , not documentary evidence. However, a film of the murder taking place would be documentary evidence just as a written description of the event from an eyewitness . If the content of that same letter is then introduced to show the motive for the murder, then the evidence would be both physical and documentary. Authentication Documentary evidence is subject to specific forms of authentication , usually through the testimony of an Witness eyewitness to the execution of the document, or to the testimony of a witness able to identify the handwriting of the purported author. Documentary evidence is also subject to the best evidence rule , which requires that the original document be produced unless there is a good reason not to do so. Category Evidence law ... more details
Conclusive Evidence may refer to The original title of Vladimir Nabokov s memoir Speak, Memory A synonym for the colloquial term incontrovertible evidence disambig ... more details
Evidence law Habit evidence is a term used in the law of evidence law evidence in the United States to describe any evidence submitted for the purpose of proving that a person acted in a particular way on a particular occasion based on that person s tendency to reflexively respond to a particular situation in a particular way. Habit evidence must be distinguished from character evidence , which seeks to show that a person behaved in a particular way on a particular occasion based on that person s prior bad acts, or based on the opinion of a witness, or based on that person s reputation in the community. Such character evidence is generally inadmissible. Federal Rule of Evidence 406 states, Evidence of the habit of a person or of the routine practice of an organization, whether corroborated or not and regardless of the presence of an eyewitness, is relevant to prove that the conduct of the person or organization on a particular occasion was in conformity with the habit or routine practice. Sources http judiciary.house.gov media pdfs printers 108th evid2004.pdf Federal Rules of Evidence Online Federal Evidence Review http federalevidence.com rules of evidence Category Evidence law law term stub ... more details
Mitigating evidence is evidence that is provided usually by the defendant in a criminal trial in order to try to establish the presence of mitigating circumstances . The presence of mitigating circumstances can reduce the punishment imposed for the offense. The case of Oregon v. Guzek dealt with the issue of whether alibi evidence not introduced at trial could be introduced in the sentencing phase of a death penalty trial as mitigating evidence. ref http topics.law.cornell.edu supct cert 04 928 ref References references Category Evidence law law stub ... more details
refimprove date September 2010 Evidence law Physical evidence is any evidence law evidence introduced in a trial law trial in the form of a material object, intended to prove a fact in issue based on its demonstrable physical characteristics. Physical evidence can conceivably include all or part of any object. ref cite web title A Dictionary of Law author Jonathan Law, Elizabeth A. Martin publisher Oxford University Press year 2009 accessdate 20 September 2010 url http www.oxfordreference.com views ENTRY.html?subview Main&entry t49.e3234 ref Examples Examples include the written contract , the defective part or defective product, the murder weapon, the gloves used by an alleged murderer. Trace evidence , such as fingerprint s and firearm residue, is also a type of real evidence. Real evidence ... law trial for example or a civil trial for assault tort assault , the physical evidence might include biological evidence such as DNA left by the attacker on the victim s body, the body itself, the weapon ... of the crime. Provenance Admission of real evidence requires authentication, demonstration ... as it was on the relevant date. An object of real evidence is authenticated through witness statement s or by circumstantial evidence called the chain of custody . Physical and documentary evidenceEvidence ... evidence is not itself physical evidence. For example, a diagram comparing a defective part to one that was properly made is documentary evidence only the actual part, or a replica of the actual part, would be physical evidence. Similarly, a film of a murder taking place would not be physical evidence unless it was introduced to show that the victims blood had splattered on the film , but documentary evidence as with a written description of the event from an eyewitness . See also Forensic engineering Forensic science References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Real Evidence Category Evidence law Category Forensic evidence Law stub es Evidencia f sica th ... more details
Evidence law Under common law , a privilege is afforded by any of a number of rules excluding evidence that would be adverse to a fundamental principle or relationship if it were disclosed. ref Butterworths Concise Australian Legal Dictionary ref The most common form is solicitor client privilege , referred to as attorney client privilege in the United States and as Legal professional privilege in Australia legal professional privilege in Australia . This protects confidential communications between a client and his legal adviser for the dominant purpose of legal advice. ref Esso Australia Resources Limited v The Commissioners of Taxation 1999 201 CLR 49 168 ALR 123 ref The rationale is that clients ought to be able to communicate freely with their lawyers, in order to facilitate the proper functioning of the legal system. Other common forms include privilege against self incrimination in other proceedings , without prejudice privilege protecting communications made in the course of negotiations to settle a legal dispute , public interest privilege formerly Crown privilege, protecting documents for which secrecy is necessary for the proper functioning of government , marital privilege , Physician patient privilege medical professional privilege , and priest penitent privilege clergy penitent privilege . The effect of the privilege is usually a right on the part of a party to a case, allowing him to prevent evidence from being introduced in the form of testimony from the person to whom the privilege runs. For example, a person can generally prevent his attorney from testifying about the legal relationship between attorney and client, even if the attorney were willing to do so. In a few instances, such as the marital privilege, the privilege is a right held by the potential ... Reporters privilege Deliberative process privilege Priest penitent privilege Shield law State Secrets Privilege Public Interest Immunity Admissible evidence Right to silence Subpoena duces tecum wiktionarypar ... more details
Inculpatory evidence is a legal term used to describe evidence that shows, or tends to show, a person s involvement in an act, or evidence that can establish guilt . In criminal law , the prosecution has a duty to provide all evidence to the Defense legal defense , whether it favours the prosecution s case, or the defendant s case. Evidence which tends to show a person s innocence is considered exculpatory evidence . For example, if a man is poisoned to death by an overdose of arsenic , and a bottle of arsenic is found in the purse of his wife, that bottle could be considered inculpatory evidence against his wife. References cite book last Sperry first Len authorlink coauthors year 2006 title Dictionary of Legal and Ethical Terms and Issues publisher Taylor & Francis location id Category Criminal law ... more details
Levels of evidence is a ranking system used in evidence based practice s to describe the strength of the results measured in a clinical trial or research study. The design of the study such as a case report for an individual patient or a double blinded randomized controlled trial and the endpoints measured such as wiktionary survival survival or quality of life affect the strength of the evidence . External links http www.cancer.gov Templates db alpha.aspx?CdrID 446533 Levels of evidence entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms http www.jr2.ox.ac.uk bandolier booth diagnos Diagessy.html Evidence and diagnostics http www.dartmouth.edu biomed resources.htmld guides ebm resources.shtml EBM resources page , with a diagram showing different levels of evidence forming a pyramid NCI cancer dict Category Evidence based practices Category Research health stub ... more details
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