Taxobox name Salp image Salp.jpg image width 240px image caption A chain of salps near the surface in the Red Sea . regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata subphylum Urochordata classis Thaliacea ordo Salpida familia Salpidae subdivision ranks genera and species subdivision See text. A salp plural salps also salpa , plural salpae or salpas ref cite web url http dictionary.reference.com browse salp title salp Definitions from Dictionary.com accessdate 2008 09 28 ref is a barrel shaped, free floating tunicate . It moves by contracting, thus pumping water through its gelatinous body. The salp strains the pumped water through its internal feeding filters, feeding on phytoplankton that it sieves out of the water. Distribution Salps are common in equator ial, temperate, and cold seas, where they can be seen at the surface, singly or in long, stringy colony biology colonies . The most abundant concentrations of salps are in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica . Here they sometimes form enormous swarms, often in deep water, and are sometimes even more abundant than krill . ref cite web url http www.divediscover.whoi.edu expedition10 index.html title Dive and Discover Scientific Expedition 10 Antarctica accessdate 2008 09 03 ref Over the last century, while krill populations in the Southern Ocean have declined, salp populations appear to be increasing. Life history Salps have a complex life cycle, with an obligatory alternation of generations. Both portions of the life cycle exist together in the seas they look quite different, but both are mostly transparent, tubular, gelatinous animals that are typically between 1 cm and 10 cm tall. The wikt solitary solitary life history phase, also known .... During these blooms, beaches can become slimy with mats of salp bodies, and other plankton ic species ..., L.Z. date 1998 title The developing dorsal ganglion of the salp Thalia democratica , and the nature ... index.html Salp Fact Sheet Category Tunicates cs Salpovci es Salpidae fa fr Salpidae io ... more details
Salpa may refer to Salp , a free floating tunicate . Salon Palloilijat , association football club from Salo , Finland . Salpa Line , a bunker line on the eastern border of Finland. The previous name of Seppa , a town in Arunachal Pradesh, India. disambig fi Salpa ... more details
Chembox ImageFile ImageSize ImageAlt IUPACName OtherNames E541 Phosphoric acid, aluminium sodium salt Section1 Chembox Identifiers Abbreviations SALP CASNo 7785 88 8 EINECS 232 090 4 PubChem SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula MolarMass Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Sodium aluminium phosphate SALP is a chemical used in food processing. It is synthetically produced from aluminium , phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide . As a food additive is has the E number E541. SALP has two forms an acid form used in baking powder , and an alkaline form used as an emulsifier in processed cheese . It is used in baking powder because most of its action takes place at baking temperatures, rather than when the dough or batter is mixed at room temperature. ref cite web url http dwb4.unl.edu Chem CHEM869R CHEM869RLinks www.cosmocel.com.mx english c leave.htm sodium title Leavening Agents accessdate 2011 03 06 last Brooks first David W. work Teaching and Research Web Site publisher University of Nebraska Lincoln ref ref cite web url http www.food info.net uk e e541.htm title E541 Sodium aluminum phosphate accessdate 2011 03 06 work Food Info publisher Wageningen University ref References reflist Category Sodium compounds Category Aluminium compounds Category Phosphates ... more details
Holoplankton are organisms that are plankton ic for their entire life cycle. Examples of holoplankton include diatom s, radiolarian s, dinoflagellate s, foraminifera , amphipod s, krill , copepod s, and salp s. See also Plankton Meroplankton Sources http www.amonline.net.au exhibitions beyond holoplankton Australian Museum Online Asexual Holoplankton 1. Copepod 2. Physalia physalis ecology stub Microbiology stub plankton Category Aquatic ecology Category Planktology et Holoplankton pl Holoplankton pt Holopl ncton ... more details
William Henry Andrews 20 April 1870, Suffolk 1950 , commonly known as Bill Andrews , was the first chairman of the South African Labour Party SALP and the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of South Africa . He was also active in the formation of the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union . Biography Born in England, Andrews joined the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1890. He travelled to Johannesburg in 1890, holding jobs on goldmines in the West Rand in the 1890s. Increasingly prominent as a trade union organizer, he became the official South African organizer of the ASE, the president of the Witwatersrand Trades and Labour Council and the Political Labour League in 1905, the Labour Representation Committee in 1906 and the South African Labour Party in 1909. ref name Visser Wessel Visser, http academic.sun.ac.za history downloads visser exporting trade unionism.pdf Exporting Trade Unionism and Labour Politics the British Influence on the early South African Labour Movement , New Contree 49 2005 , 145 62 ref In the 1912 George, Western Cape Georgetown by election Andrews was elected a Labour MP. In 1915 he was elected the first president of the International Socialist League South Africa International Socialist League , which formed when anti war socialists split from the SALP. He visited Britain in 1918, where he was impressed by the British shop stewards movement. In 1921 he became the first general secretary of the Communist Party of South Africa, and in 1922 the editor of the party s newspaper The International . In 1925 he was elected the first secretary of the South African Trade Union Congress . ref name Visser References Reflist http www.sahistory.org.za pages governence projects organisations sacp chronology.htm CPSA Timeline Further reading R. K. Cope, Comrade Bill. The Life and Times of W. H. Andrews, Workers Leader , Cape Town, 1943. External links worldcat id lccn no93 27624 Persondata Metad ... more details
for the harpy of Greek mythology Ocypete for the oracular animal Paul the Octopus Taxobox name Tuberculate Pelagic Octopus image Ocythoe tuberculata3.jpg image caption Specimen preserved in formaldehyde regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusc a classis Cephalopod a ordo Octopoda superfamilia Argonautoida familia Ocythoidae familia authority John Edward Gray Gray , 1849 genus Ocythoe genus authority Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Rafinesque , 1814 species O. tuberculata binomial Ocythoe tuberculata binomial authority Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Rafinesque , 1814 The Tuberculate Pelagic Octopus Ocythoe tuberculata , also known as the Football Octopus , is a pelagic species that is found in warm and temperate seas, especially in the northern hemisphere . It is the only known species in the family Ocythoidae . The females are around a metre long when full grown. The males are considerably smaller at around 10 Centimetre cm . As a species, they are unique among cephalopod s in possessing a true gas bladder . They are also one of the only known Ovoviviparity ovoviviparous cephalopod species. It is relatively unresearched in terms of behaviour and life cycle. Young females and mature males have been observed residing inside salp s, although little is known about this relationship. gallery Image Ocythoe tuberculata.jpg Male with attached hectocotylus that has broken free from its sac Image Ocythoe tuberculata viscera.jpg Cut away drawing of the viscera Image Ocythoe tuberculata hectocotylus.jpg Details of the hectocotylus Image Ocythoe tuberculata paralarva.jpg O. tuberculata paralarva gallery External links CephBase Species 692 http www.tolweb.org tree?group Ocythoe tuberculata&contgroup Argonautoida Tree of Life web project Ocythoe tuberculata Category Octopuses octopus stub fr Ocythoe tuberculata sr Ocythoe tuberculata zh ... more details
Muscle infobox Name Salpingopharyngeus muscle Latin musculus salpingopharyngeus GraySubject 244 GrayPage 1143 Image Salpingopharyngeus.png Caption Dissection of the muscles of the palate from behind. Origin lower part of the cartilage of the auditory tube Insertion fibers pass downward and blend with the palatopharyngeus muscle to the upper border thyroid cartilage , blending with constrictor fibers Blood Nerve vagus nerve and cranial accessory nerve Action assists in elevating the pharynx, pulls on taurus tuberus to equalize middle ear DorlandsPre m 22 DorlandsSuf 12550620 The salpingopharyngeus muscle arises from the inferior part of the cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube Eustachian tube in the nasal cavity it passes downward and blends with the posterior Muscle fascicle fasciculus of the palatopharyngeus muscle. The salpingopharyngeus is known to raise the pharynx and larynx during deglutition swallowing and laterally draws the pharyngeal walls up. In addition, it opens the pharyngeal orifice of the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing. This allows for the equalization of pressure between the auditory canal and the pharynx. The salpingopharyngeus is innervated by the vagus nerve CN X via the pharyngeal plexus . See also Salpinx External links MuscleLoyola salp eMedicineDictionary Salpingopharyngeus muscle http www.princetonchiropractic.com salpingodiagram.jpg Illustration at princetonchiropractic.com Gray s muscle stub Muscles of neck Category Muscles of the head and neck The salpingopharyngeus is known to raise the nasopharynx and laterally draws the pharyngeal walls up. de Musculus salpingopharyngeus it Muscolo salpingofaringeo hu Musculus salpingopharyngeus pt M sculo salpingofar ngeo ru sr sh Trubno drelni mi i ... more details
Taxobox name Hyperiidea image hyperia.jpg image caption Hyperia macrocephala Hyperiidae regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Crustacean Crustacea classis Malacostraca ordo Amphipoda subordo Hyperiidea subordo authority Henri Milne Edwards H. Milne Edwards , 1830 subdivision ranks Families subdivision See text Hyperiidea is a suborder of amphipod s, small aquatic crustacean s. Unlike the other suborders of Amphipoda , hyperiids are exclusively marine and do not occur in freshwater. Hyperiids are distinguished by their large eyes and plankton ic habitat. Most species of hyperiids are parasite s or predator s of salp s and jellyfish in the plankton , although Themisto gaudichaudii and a few relatives are free swimming predators of copepod s and other small planktonic animals. Taxonomy According to Vinogradov et al. , ref cite book author Vinogradov, M. E., A. F. Volkov & T. N. Semenova year 1996 title Hyperiid amphipods Amphipoda Hyperiidea of the world isbn 1 886106 48 7 publisher Science Publishers location Lebanon, N. H. ref there are 233 species of Hyperiidea. There is some controversy as to the number of families in the Hyperiidea, being given as between 20 and 23 depending on whether groups like the Thaumatopsidae are considered distinct or not. Here is the conservative list, of 20 families div col colwidth 11em Lanceolidae Chuneolidae Microphasmidae Archaeoscinidae Scinidae Mimonectidae Proscinidae Cystisomatidae Vibiliidae Paraphronimidae Hyperiidae Dairellidae Phronimidae Phrosinidae Lycaeopsidae Anapronoidae Lycaeidae Oxycephalidae Platyscelidae Parascelidae div col end Distribution Hyperiidea are known from many ocean s of the world, including 69 species in the Southern Ocean . ref cite journal author C. De Broyer & K. Jazdzewski year 1993 title Contribution to the marine biodiversity inventory A checklist of the Amphipoda Crustacea of the Southern Ocean journal Doc Trav Inst R Sci Nat Belg volume 73 url http www.naturalsciences.be amphi carcilist.h ... more details
Laurence Madin is a notable United States American Marine biology Marine biologist . He is featured in an exhibit at the New England Aquarium for his work on salp s, which are chordate jellyfish . He is currently executive vice president and director of research of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution WHOI . ref http www.lead411.com Laurence Madin 442417.html Lead 411 website . Retrieved March 31, 2009. ref ref name NOAA http oceanexplorer.noaa.gov explorations 07philippines background explorers explorers.html NOAA website . Retrieved March 31, 2009. ref Madin grew up in northern California, and received a bachleor s degree from the University of California at Berkeley , and a Ph.D. from University of California at Davis . ref name NOAA He started research on plankton in the 1970s. ref name NOAA He was chair of WHOI s Biology Department, and Director of its Ocean Life Institute, before becoming its acting director, and later director, of research. ref name NOAA Madin is the author of many scholarly articles about salps and other sea creatures, especially their impact on the environment. ref name NOAA ref http scholar.google.com scholar?hl en&lr &q 22Laurence Madin 22 Google Scholar search . Retrieved March 31, 2009. ref ref Robin Lloyd, Ocean Gummy Bears Fight Global Warming, LiveScience , July 20, 2006, found at http www.livescience.com environment 060720 jelly creatures.html Live Science website . Retrieved March 31, 2009. ref ref For example, one area of his research found that salps Feces fecal pellets may be aggravating global warming . See Kate Melville, Jellyfish Squish Greenhouse Dogma, July 3, 2006, http www.scienceagogo.com news 20060602232809data trunc sys.shtml Lay summary at Science A Go Go website . Retrieved March 31, 2009. ref He was also chief scientist for a National OAA expedition to the Celebes Sea . ref name NOAA References reflist US biologist stub DEFAULTSORT Madin, Laurence Category Living people Category American marine biologists ... more details
Taxobox name Thaliacea image Salpenkette.jpg regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata subphylum Urochordata classis Thaliacea classis authority Cesare Nielsen Nielsen , 1995 subdivision ranks Order biology Orders subdivision Pyrosoma Pyrosomida Salpida Doliolida The Thaliacea comprise a class of marine animals within the subphylum Urochordata . Unlike their bottom dwelling relatives the ascidiacea ascidians , thaliaceans are free floating for their entire lifespan. The group includes both solitary and Colony biology colonial species. Anatomy All of the thaliceans are filter feeder s. They have a transparent barrel shaped body through which they pump water, propelling them through the sea and from which they extract food. The bulk of the body consists of the large pharynx . Water enters the pharynx through the large buccal siphon at the front end of the animal, and is forced through a number of slits in the pharyngeal wall into an Atrium architecture atrium lying just behind it. From here, the water is expelled through an atrial siphon at the posterior end. The pharynx is both a respiratory organ and a digestive one, filtering food from the water with the aid of a net of mucus slowly pulled across the slits by cilia . There are three orders of Thaliacea. Pyrosoma Pyrosome s are colonial animals, with multiple tiny zooid s arranged in a cylinder closed at one end. All of the atrial siphons point inwards, emptying into a single, common cloaca in the centre of the cylinder. As the water exhaled by the zooids exits through a common opening, the water movement slowly propels the pyrosome through the sea. Doliolida Doliolid s and salp ids alternate between solitary and colonial life stages. Salp colonies can be several meters in length. Doliolids and salps rely on muscular action to propel themselves through surrounding sea water. Thaliceans have a complex life cycle. Eggs hatch into an individual called as oozoid , which reproduces asexual reproduction asexually by budding to pro ... more details
Taxobox regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Crustacean Crustacea classis Malacostraca ordo Amphipoda subordo Hyperiidea superfamilia Phronimoidea familia Phronimidae genus Phronima genus authority Pierre Andr Latreille Latreille , 1802 type species Phronima sedentaria Cancer sedentarius type species authority Forssk l, 1775 Phronima is a small, deep sea Hyperiidea hyperiid amphipod of the family Phronimidae . It is found throughout the world s oceans, except in polar region s. ref name Lowry cite book author James K. Lowry year 2003 title Peracarida Amphipoda, Cumacea, Mysidacea series Volume 2, Part 2 of Crustacea Malacostraca in Zoological catalogue of Australia publisher CSIRO Publishing isbn 9780643069022 chapter Phronimidae pages 339 344 url http books.google.co.uk books?id Y5LTA9bAHqYC&pg PA341 ref The body of Phronima is transparent. Females attack salp s, using their mouth and claws to eat the animal and hollow out its gelatinous shell. ref name Benningfield cite web url http www.scienceandthesea.org index.php?option com content&task view&id 154&Itemid 10 title Phronima author Damond Benningfield date June 8, 2008 accessdate October 11, 2010 work Science and the Sea publisher University of Texas System University of Texas The University of Texas Marine Science Institute Marine Science Institute ref She then enters the barrel and lays her eggs inside. She then propels the barrel through the water as the larvae develop, providing them with fresh food and water. ref name Benningfield The genus Phronima contains the following species ref cite web author WoRMS year 2010 title Phronima Latreille, 1802 editor J. Lowry work World Amphipoda database publisher World Register of Marine Species url http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 101804 accessdate October 11, 2010 ref Phronima colletti small Bovallius, 1887 small Phronima curvipes small Vosseler, 1901 small Phronima pacifica small Streets, 1887 small Phronima sedentaria small Forssk l, 17 ... more details
Taxobox name Chub mackerel image Scomber japonicus Matsuwasaba .jpg image2 Scomber japonicus1.jpg image width 240px image2 width 240px regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Actinopterygii ordo Perciformes familia Scombridae genus Scomber species S. japonicus binomial Scomber japonicus binomial authority Martinus Houttuyn Houttuyn , 1782 The chub mackerel , Scomber japonicus , also known as the Pacific mackerel or blue mackerel and sometimes referred to as a hardhead or bullseye , closely resembles the Atlantic mackerel . Identification Most important of the differences, anatomically, is the fact that the hardhead has a well developed swim bladder attached with the esophagus , which the true mackerels in the Scomber genus lack. But it is not necessary to open the fish to identify it for there is a characteristic color difference between them, the Atlantic being silvery sided below the mid line, whereas the lower part of the sides of the hardhead otherwise colored somewhat like the Atlantic are mottled with small dusky blotches, and the chub has a larger eye than the Atlantic. Less obvious differences are that the dorsal fin s are closer together in the chub and that there are only 9 or 10 spines in its first dorsal fin instead of 11 or more, which is the usual count in the Atlantic mackerel. In most species the mackerel is known to travel in large schools. Habits Chub mackerel school like Atlantic mackerel, and their feeding habits are much the same, eating the same species of pelagic crustacean s and Sagittae that the mackerel had taken at the same time and place, while specimens taken at Woods Hole had dieted chiefly on copepod s, to a less extent on amphipod s, salp s, appendicularians , and young herring . They follow thrown bait as readily and bite quite as greedily as Atlantic mackerel do. Their breeding habits have not been studied. Distribution Temperate Atlantic Ocean , north to outer Nova Scotia and to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the west, to the British ... more details
Taxobox name Driftfishes image Psenes pellucidus.jpg image width 240px image caption Bluefin driftfish , Psenes pellucidus regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Actinopterygii ordo Perciformes familia Nomeidae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Cubiceps br Nomeus br Parapsenes br Psenes br See text for species. Driftfishes are perciform fishes in the family Nomeidae . They are found in tropical and subtropical waters throughout the world provide sailors with anal. The largest species, such as the Cape chodehead , Cubiceps capensis , reach one metre in length. Several species are found in association with siphonophore s such as the Portuguese man of war the man of war fish , Nomeus gronovii , is known to eat its tentacles and gonads, as well as feeding on other jellyfish es. Other species of driftfishes are associated with the floating seaweed Sargassum . The Cape fathead feeds mainly on salp s. Some species of Cubiceps are occasionally caught on pelagic longlines set for swordfish. Species There are 18 species in four genera Genus Cubiceps Black fathead , Cubiceps baxteri small McCulloch, 1923 small . Blue fathead , Cubiceps caeruleus small Charles Tate Regan Regan , 1914 small . Cape fathead , Cubiceps capensis small Smith, 1845 small . Driftfish, Cubiceps gracilis small Lowe, 1843 small . Cubiceps kotlyari small Agafonova, 1988 small . Large scale cigarfish , Cubiceps macrolepis small Agafonova, 1988 small . Dwarf cigarfish , Cubiceps nanus small Agafonova, 1988 small . Longfin cigarfish , Cubiceps paradoxus small Butler, 1979 small . Longfin fathead , Cubiceps pauciradiatus small Albert G nther G nther , 1872 small . Indian driftfish , Cubiceps squamiceps small Lloyd, 1909 small . Genus Nomeus Man of war fish , Nomeus gronovii small Johann Friedrich Gmelin Gmelin , 1789 small . Image Nomeus gronovii.jpg thumb 240px Man of war fish , Nomeus gronovii Genus Parapsenes Round psen , Parapsenes rotundus small Smith, 1949 small . Genus Psenes Banded driftf ... more details
Taxobox image Themisto gaudichaudii.jpg regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Crustacean Crustacea classis Malacostraca ordo Amphipoda familia Hyperiidae genus Themisto genus Themisto species T. gaudichaudii binomial Themisto gaudichaudii binomial authority F lix douard Gu rin M neville Gu rin M neville , 1825 Themisto gaudichaudii is an amphipod crustacean of the suborder Hyperiidea . Relatives The 260 species of hyperiid amphipods are large eyed and plankton ic amphipods, whereas Gammaridea gammarid amphipods have smaller eyes and tend to live on the sea floor. The handful of species of the genus Themisto are the most abundant of all amphipods. Unlike other hyperiids, which parasitism parasitise gelatinous animals such as salp s and jellyfish , Themisto swims free in the plankton, and is much sleeker and more streamlined than other amphipods. Themisto often form dense swarm s, similar to krill swarms. Themisto gaudichaudii is a voracious predator of anything smaller than itself, and occasionally of animals its own size or larger. In most places the most abundant members of the plankton community are copepod s, which make up the bulk of the diet of T. gaudichaudii , but it also eats fish larva e, Chaetognatha chaetognath s, pteropod s, juvenile krill and anything else it comes across. The long arthropod leg limbs are folded against the body for swimming, and extend to catch prey in a similar way to the praying mantis . Ecology Themisto gaudichaudii is the Southern Ocean species of the genus, ranging through the Antarctic region and further north onto Southern Hemisphere continental shelves . In many places, Themisto gaudichaudii is the most abundant predator in the plankton, and is often the third most abundant member of the plankton community, after copepods and krill. Themisto gaudichaudii is an important prey item for predators such as the Macaroni Penguin and Notothenioidei icefish , as well as many species of seabird s, notably diving petrel s. Descri ... more details
Image Copepodkils.jpg thumb right 300px A copepod Calanoida sp. Zooplankton , pron en zo pl kt n , are heterotroph ic sometimes Detritivore detritivorous plankton . Plankton are organisms drifting in oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water . The word zooplankton is derived from the Ancient Greek language Greek zoon Polytonic , meaning animal , and lang grc Latn planktos lang grc , meaning wanderer or drifter . ref cite book last Thurman first H. V. year 1997 title Introductory Oceanography publisher Prentice Hall College location New Jersey, USA isbn 0 13 262072 3 ref Individual zooplankton are usually too small to be seen with the naked eye. clearleft Ecology Image Jelly 4.JPG thumb right A jellyfish Aequorea victoria Image Meganyctiphanes norvegica2.jpg thumb right Krill Northern krill Meganyctiphanes norvegica Zooplankton is a categorisation spanning a range of organism sizes including small protozoa ns and large metazoa ns. It includes holoplankton ic organisms whose complete biological life cycle life cycle lies within the plankton, as well as meroplankton ic organisms that spend part of their lives in the plankton before graduating to either the nekton or a Sessility zoology sessile , benthos benthic existence. Although zooplankton are primarily transported by ambient water currents, many have Animal locomotion locomotion , used to avoid predators as in diel vertical migration or to increase prey encounter rate. Ecology Ecologically important protozoan zooplankton groups include the foraminifera ns, radiolaria ns and dinoflagellate s the latter are often mixotroph ic . Important metazoan zooplankton include cnidaria ns such as jellyfish and the Portuguese Man o War crustacea ns such as copepod s and krill chaetognath s arrow worms Mollusca molluscs such as pteropod s and chordate s such as salp s and juvenile fish. This wide phylogeny phylogenetic range includes a similarly wide range in feeding behavior filter feeder filter feeding , predati ... more details
Taxobox name Pyrosoma image Combjelly.jpg image caption A young pyrosome colony found off Atauro Island , East Timor br length about 1 cm . regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata subphylum Urochordata classis Thaliacea ordo Pyrosomida familia Pyrosomidae genus Pyrosoma genus Pyrosoma Pyrosomes , or pyrosoma , are free floating colonial tunicates that live usually in the upper layers of the open ocean in warm seas, although some may be found to great depth. Pyrosomes are cylindrical or conical shaped colonies made up of hundreds to thousands of individuals, known as zooids . colony biology Colonies range in size from less than one centimeter to several meters in length. Each zooid is only a few millimeters in size, but is embedded in a common gelatinous tunic that joins all of the individuals. Each zooid opens both to the inside and outside of the tube , drawing in ocean water from the outside to its internal filtering mesh called the branchial basket , extracting the microscopic plant cells on which it feeds, and then expelling the filtered water to the inside of the cylinder of the colony. The colony is bumpy on the outside, each bump representing a single zooid, but nearly smooth, though perforated with holes for each zooid, on the inside. Pyrosomes are plankton ic, which means that their movements are largely controlled by currents, tides and waves in the oceans. On a smaller scale, however, each colony can move itself slowly by the process of jet propulsion, created by the coordinated beating of cilia in the branchial baskets of all the zooids, which also create feeding currents. Pyrosomes are brightly bioluminescence bioluminescent , flashing a pale blue green light that can be seen for many tens of meters. The name Pyrosoma comes from the Greek pyro fire , soma body . Pyrosomes are closely related to salp s, and are sometimes called fire salps. Sailors on the ocean are occasionally treated to calms seas containing many pyrosomes, all bioluminescencing on a dark nigh ... more details
as plankton e.g. most algae , copepod s, salp s, and some jellyfish . By contrast, meroplankton ... Ctenophora phylum ctenophores salp s and pyrosome s pelagic Tunicata Cephalopoda Macroplankton 2 ... krill Medusae Ctenophora phylum ctenophores salp s, doliolids and pyrosome s pelagic Tunicata ... more details
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