Boston year 2004 isbn 0 618 00583 8 ref Linguistics Main Tree model The concept of paraphyly has also ... journal author Funk, D. J. coauthors Omland, K. E. year 2003 title Species level paraphyly and polyphyly ... more details
Summary A phylogeny of the halfbeaks, demonstrating their paraphyly. Based on Phylogeny and Jaw Ontogeny of Beloniform Fishes , Nathan R. Lovejoy, Mahmood Iranpour, and Bruce B. Collette. Integrative and Comparative Biology 2004 44 5 366 377. Licensing GFDL self migration relicense ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Anasca was a bryozoa n sub order under class Cheilostomida defined by the lack of an ascus bryozoa ascus in each zooid . It is no longer an accepted Scientific classification taxonomic grouping as it is considered a polyphyly polyphyletic and or paraphyly paraphyletic grouping. The group is now subdivided into the suborders Inovicellata , Scrupariina , Malacostega , and Flustrina . Category Bryozoans invertebrate stub fr Anasca ... more details
taxobox name Merostomoidea fossil range fossil range Cambrian regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Chelicerata ? classis Merostomoidea classis authority St rmer, 1944 subdivision ranks Order biology Order s subdivision Limulavida Emeraldellida Merostomoidea is a paraphyly paraphyletic group of fossil arthropods. They have been described as a transitional form between trilobita trilobites and true chelicerata chelicerates . Sources http www.palaeos.com Invertebrates Arthropods Arachnomorpha.html Merostomoidea paleo arthropod stub Category Prehistoric arthropods ... more details
Taxobox regnum Chromalveolata phylum Heterokont ophyta classis Opalinea ordo Slopalinida familia Proteromonadidae familia authority subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Proteromonas Karotomorpha Proteromonadidae is a paraphyly paraphyletic family biology family of heterokont s, ref cite journal author Martin Kostka, Ivan Cepicka, Vladimir Hampl & Jaroslav Flegr year 2007 title Phylogenetic position of Karotomorpha and paraphyly of Proteromonadidae journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution pmid 17187998 volume 43 issue 3 pages 1167 1170 doi 10.1016 j.ympev.2006.11.002 url http web.natur.cuni.cz flegr pdf karotom.pdf format Portable Document Format PDF ref that resemble Opalinidae . ref name pmid15931497 cite journal author Nishi A, Ishida K, Endoh H title Reevaluation of the evolutionary position of opalinids based on 18S rDNA, and alpha and beta tubulin gene phylogenies journal Journal of Molecular Evolution volume 60 issue 6 pages 695 705 year 2005 month June pmid 15931497 doi 10.1007 s00239 004 0149 x ref References reflist 2 Chromalveolata Category Heterokonts Chromalveolate stub ... more details
Taxobox name Scincinae status trend image image width regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Reptilia ordo Squamata familia Scincidae subfamilia genus species binomial binomial authority Greer, 1970 Scincinae are a subfamily of six genus genera of skink s. The systematics is at times controversial. The group is probably paraphyly paraphyletic . Genera Chalcides Eumeces Ophiomorus Scincopus Scincus Sphenops External links http zipcodezoo.com Key Scincinae Subfamily.asp http www.jstage.jst.go.jp article ggs 78 1 78 71 article char en http www.jcvi.org reptiles families scincidae.php skink stub Category Lizards Category Skinks ... more details
Taxobox name Hartmannellidae domain Eukaryota phylum Amoebozoa classis Tubulinea ordo Tubulinida familia Hartmannellidae familia authority Volkonsky 1931 small subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Glaeseria br Hartmannella br Nolandella br Saccamoeba The Hartmannellidae are a family of amoebozoa , ref name urlwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Tree&id 5776 title www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov format work accessdate 2009 05 02 ref usually found in soils. When active they tend to be roughly cylindrical in shape, with a single leading pseudopod and no subpseudopodia. This form somewhat resembles a slug and as such they are also called limax amoebae . Trees based on rRNA show the Hartmannellidae as usually defined are paraphyly paraphyletic to the Amoebidae , which may adopt similar forms. References reflist Category Amoebozoa protist stub Amoebozoa es Hartmannellidae ... more details
taxobox name Coula regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Core eudicots ordo Santalales familia Olacaceae genus Coula genus authority Henri Ernest Baillon Baill. subdivision ranks Species Coula is a genus of one to three species of tree s native to tropical Africa . Currently placed in the family Olacaceae , recent genetic evidence suggests this family is paraphyly paraphyletic , and that Coula and related genera should be transferred to a new family Strombosiaceae. Selected species Coula cabrae Wildem. & Th. Dur. syn. C. edulis var. cabrae Coula edulis Baill. References http www.parasiticplants.siu.edu Olacaceae Parasitic Plants Connection Olacaceae Category Olacaceae tree stub Santalales stub fr Coula pt Coula ... more details
unreferenced date March 2010 A parahaplogroup is a term used in genetics to identify a Paraphyly paraphyletic haplogroup . They are normally described with the name of their parent haplogroup plus an asterisk for instance F , U2 , meaning that it includes all derivates from the parent haplogroup F or U2 in the examples except those mentioned elsewhere. Sometimes it is specified which other subclade s are excluded and then the parent name is followed by the sign x and the list of those excluded haplogroups, separated by commas. This is often stated between brackets. For example NxR means all derivates from Haplogroup N mtDNA haplogroup N except Haplogroup R mtDNA haplogroup R , or K xP,NO means all derivates from Haplogroup K Y DNA haplogroup K except those belonging to Haplogroup P Y DNA P and Haplogroup NO Y DNA NO . Category Population genetics genetics stub ... more details
significance. See also Phylogeny Monophyly and clade Paraphyly References RefTudgeVariety External ... papers FunkOmlandARev.pdf Species level paraphyly and polyphyly Frequncy, cause and consequences ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Drosophila funebris regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Fly Diptera familia Drosophilidae genus Drosophila subgenus Drosophila Subgenus Drosophila species group funebris species group species D. funebris binomial Drosophila funebris binomial authority Johan Christian Fabricius Fabricius , 1787 ref ITIS id 146257 taxon Drosophila funebris ref synonyms Musca funebris small Fabricius, 1787 small Drosophila funebris is a species of Drosophilidae fruit fly . It was alpha taxonomy originally described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787, and placed in the genus Musca genus Musca but is now the type species of the Paraphyly paraphyletic genus Drosophila . ref cite journal author International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ICZN year 2010 title OPINION 2245 Case 3407 Drosophila Fall n, 1823 Insecta, Diptera Drosophila funebris Fabricius, 1787 is maintained as the type species journal Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature volume 67 issue 1 pages 106 115 url http www.iczn.org sites iczn.org files BZN 67 281 29 Opinion 2245onCase3407.pdf format Portable Document Format PDF ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Drosophila Funebris Category Drosophilidae Category Animals described in 1787 Fly stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Allonautilus image Allonautilus scrobiculatus.png image caption Allonautilus scrobiculatus shell with periostracum removed regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Cephalopod a ordo Nautilida familia Nautilidae genus Allonautilus genus authority P. D. Ward Ward & W. B. Saunders Saunders , 1997 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Allonautilus perforatus br Crusty Nautilus Allonautilus scrobiculatus type species type The genus Allonautilus contains two species of nautilus es, which differ significantly in terms of Morphology biology morphology from those placed in the sister taxon Nautilus genus Nautilus . ref Ward, P.D. & W.B. Saunders 1997. http www.jstor.org stable 1306604 Allonautilus a new genus of living nautiloid cephalopod and its bearing on phylogeny of the Nautilida . Journal of Paleontology 71 6 1054 1064. ref Allonautilus is now thought to be a descendant of Nautilus and the latter Paraphyly paraphyletic . References reflist External links CephBase Genus Allonautilus http www.findarticles.com p articles mi qa3790 is 199711 ai n8768905 Allonautilus A new genus of living nautiloid cephalopod and its bearing on phylogeny of the Nautilida Category Nautiluses ca Allonautilus es Allonautilus it Allonautilus pl Allonautilus ... more details
The Rachitomi were a group of extinct Palaeozoic labyrinthodont amphibian s, according to an earlier classification system. ref name Kent & Miller Kent, G.C. & Miller, L. 1997 Comparative anatomy of the vertebrates. 8th edition. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. Dubuque. 487 pages. ISBN 0 697 24378 8 ref They are defined by the structure of the vertebrae , having large, semi circular intercentrum intercentra below the notochord and smaller paired, though prominent pleurocantrum pleurocentra on each side above and behind, forming anchoring pints for the rib s. ref name Kent & Miller This form of complex backbone was found in some crossopterygii crossopterygian fish , the Ichthyostegalia , most Temnospondyli and some Reptiliomorpha . Primitive reptiles retained the complex rachiotomous vertebrae, though with the pleurocentra being the more dominant structures. As as phylogeny phylogentic unit, the Rachitomi thus form a Paraphyly paraphyletic unit . ref name Romer & Parson Alfred Romer Romer, A.S . & Parsons, T.S. 1985 The Vertebrate Body. 6th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia. ref References Reflist Category Prehistoric amphibians paleo amphibian stub ... more details
Taxobox name Cassin s Hawk eagle image status LC status system iucn3.1 status ref ref BirdLife International 2004. http www.iucnredlist.org search details.php 49464 all Spizaetus africanus . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 24 July 2007. ref regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Aves ordo Accipitriformes familia Accipitridae genus Aquila genus Aquila species A. africana binomial Aquila africana binomial authority John Cassin Cassin , 1865 ref Helbig AJ, Kocum A, Seibold I & Braun MJ 2005 A multi gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles Aves Accipitriformes reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 35 1 147 164 http www.vogelwarte.uni greifswald.de pdf Aquiline Eagles.pdf PDF ref synonyms Spizaetus africanus The Cassin s Hawk eagle Aquila africana is a bird of prey in the Accipitridae family. It is found in Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Republic of the Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Ivory Coast , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Kenya , Liberia , Nigeria , Rwanda , Sierra Leone , Togo , and Uganda . References reflist Category Spizaetus falconiformes stub fr Aigle de Cassin hu Cassin vit zsas pl Orze bia obrzuchy pt Aquila africana zh ... more details
Taxobox name Pliomys fossil range regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Rodent ia familia Cricetidae subfamilia Arvicolinae tribus Pliomyini genus Pliomys genus authority M hely, 1914 subdivision ranks Species subdivision see text Pliomys is an extinct genus of forest voles , subfamily Arvicolinae , tribe Pliomyini Musser and Carleton, 2005 . One member is the extinct species Pliomys episcopalis . The genus was described by M hely in 1914, and is paraphyly paraphyletic with respect to Dinaromys ref cite web title Mikko s Phylogeny Archive url http www.fmnh.helsinki.fi users haaramo Metazoa Deuterostoma Chordata Synapsida Eutheria Rodentia Myomorpha Clethrionomyini.htm accessdate 2007 09 02 ref . References references Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894 1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Category Voles and lemmings Category Prehistoric rodents Arvicolinae stub paleo rodent stub ... more details
Taxobox regnum Rhizaria phylum Cercozoa subphylum Endomyxa classis Proteomyxidea classis authority Ray Lankester Lankester , 1885 subdivision ranks Orders subdivision Reticulosida Aconchulinida Pseudosporida Proteomyxidea is a class biology class of Rhizaria . Although it is known to be paraphyly paraphyletic , further research is needed before its classification can be improved. ref name pmid18952499 cite journal author David Bass, Ema E. Y. Chao, Sergey Nikolaev, Akinori Yabuki, Ken ichiro Ishida, C dric Berney, Ursula Pakzad, Claudia Wylezich and Thomas Cavalier Smith title Phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose Cercozoa Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised journal Protist journal Protist volume 160 issue 1 pages 75 109 year 2009 month February pmid 18952499 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2008.07.002 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S1434 4610 08 00044 8 ref References reflist Rhizaria Category Rhizaria protist stub ... more details
Holomycota is a grouping that includes nucleariida and fungi . ref name pmid19939264 cite journal author Liu Y, Steenkamp ET, Brinkmann H, Forget L, Philippe H, Lang BF title Phylogenomic analyses predict sistergroup relationship of nucleariids and fungi and paraphyly of zygomycetes with significant support journal BMC Evol. Biol. volume 9 issue pages 272 year 2009 pmid 19939264 pmc 2789072 doi 10.1186 1471 2148 9 272 url http www.biomedcentral.com 1471 2148 9 272 ref Another name for this grouping is Nucletmycea . ref name pmid19692665 cite journal author Brown MW, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD title Phylogeny of the forgotten cellular slime mold, Fonticula alba, reveals a key evolutionary branch within Opisthokonta journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 26 issue 12 pages 2699 709 year 2009 month December pmid 19692665 doi 10.1093 molbev msp185 url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 19692665 ref References reflist Eukaryota classification Category Eukaryotes ko pt Holomycota ... more details
taxobox image 0892 Narafrucht Sossusvlei.JPG image caption Acanthosicyos horridus , a member of the Cucurbitoideae native to Namibia regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Cucurbitales familia Cucurbitaceae subfamilia Cucurbitoideae subdivision ranks tribus subdivision Melothrieae Schizopeponeae Joliffieae Trichosantheae Benincaseae Cucurbiteae Cyclanthereae Sicyeae The Cucurbitoideae is a subfamily of the Cucurbitaceae , or melon or gourd family, of Angiosperm flowering plant s. The Cucurbitaceae are divided into two subfamilies, the Zanonioideae , probably a Paraphyly paraphyletic group of remainders, and the well supported monophyly monophyletic Cucurbitoideae. ref name Judd2008 cite book author Donoghue, Michael J. Judd, Walter S. Campbell, Christopher Elizabeth A. Kellogg Stevens, Peter F. title Plant Systematics A Phylogenetic Approach publisher Sinauer Associates location Sunderland, Mass year 2008 pages isbn 0 87893 407 3 oclc doi accessdate ref Members of this subfamily include the economically valuable foods, the melon s and Squash plant squashes . ref name Mabberley cite book author Mabberley, David title Mabberley s Plant Book a Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses publisher Cambridge University Press location Cambridge, UK year 2008 pages isbn 0 521 82071 5 oclc doi accessdate ref References reflist Category Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitales stub ... more details
taxobox regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Cucurbitales familia Cucurbitaceae subfamilia Nhandiroboideae subfamilia authority Vincenz Franz Kosteletzky Kostel synonyms Zanonioideae The Nhandiroboideae are a paraphyly paraphyletic Basal phylogenetics basal group of genera in the Cucurbitaceae , or melon or gourd family, of Angiosperm flowering plants . ref cite book author Gurcharan Singh title Plants Systematics An Integrated Approach publisher Science Publishers location Enfield, N.H year 2004 pages isbn 1 57808 351 6 oclc doi accessdate ref The Nhandiroboideae comprise all members of the Cucurbitaceae that do not belong to the Cucurbitoideae . ref name Judd2008 cite book author Donoghue, Michael J. Judd, Walter S. Campbell, Christopher Elizabeth A. Kellogg Stevens, Peter F. title Plant Systematics A Phylogenetic Approach publisher Sinauer Associates location Sunderland, Mass year 2008 pages isbn 0 87893 407 3 oclc doi accessdate ref References reflist Category Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitales stub ... more details
Automatic taxobox name Suchians taxon Suchia fossil range Early Triassic Recent, fossil range 249.7 0 image Prestosuchus.jpg image caption Prestosuchus Prestosuchus chiniquensis , an early suchian authority Krebs, 1974 subdivision ranks Clades subdivision extinct Aetosauria extinct Rauisuchia Paraphyly Paracrocodylomorpha Suchia is a clade of archosaur s that includes all crurotarsan s except phytosaur s. It includes crocodilia ns and their extinct relatives. Paul Sereno defined Suchia as the least inclusive clade containing Aetosaurus Aetosaurus ferratus , Rauisuchus Rauisuchus tiradentes , Prestosuchus Prestosuchus chiniquensis , Gracilisuchus Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum , and Crocodylus niloticus the living Nile crocodile . Suchia, therefore, is a node based taxon . It includes crocodylomorph s and more basal phylogenetics basal Triassic forms like aetosaur s and rauisuchia ns. ref name TS05 cite web url http www.taxonsearch.org dev taxon edit.php?Action View&tax id 417 title Suchia last Sereno first P.C. date 2005 work TaxonSearch accessdate 23 March 2011 ref References reflist External links http www.paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?a checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 66478&is real user 1 Suchia in the Paleobiology Database portal Paleontology archosaur stub Category Crurotarsans ... more details
, and Christopher L. Parkinson year 2004 title Sciurid phylogeny and the paraphyly of Holarctic ground ... but since DNA sequencing of the cytochrome b cytochrome b gene has shown Spermophilus to be paraphyly ... more details
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University FSU , and has been director of FSU s http herbarium.bio.fsu.edu index.php Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium since August 2003. ref name FSU cite web url http www.bio.fsu.edu faculty mast.php title Dr. Austin Mast work Faculty and Research, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University accessdate 2007 03 22 ref One of his main areas of research is the phylogenetics of Grevilleoideae , a subfamily of Proteaceae . In 2005 he showed the genus Banksia to be paraphyly paraphyletic with respect to Banksia ser. Dryandra Dryandra , ref name Mast 2005 cite journal author Mast, Austin R. coauthors Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery year 2005 volume 18 issue 1 title An Assessment of Old and New DNA sequence evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra Proteaceae journal Australian Systematic Botany pages 75 88 publisher CSIRO Publishing Australian Systematic Botany Society doi 10.1071 SB04015 ref Collaborating with Australian botanist Kevin Thiele , he subsequently transferred all Dryandra taxa to Banksia , publishing over 120 taxonomic names in the process. ref name Mast 2007 cite journal author Mast, Austin R. and Kevin Thiele year 2007 title The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. Proteaceae journal Australian Systematic Botany volume 20 pages 63 71 doi 10.1071 SB06016 ref The change has been adopted by the Western Australian Herbarium, ref name WAHerb cite web url http florabase.calm.wa.gov.au articles dryandra banksia title Why dryandras have changed their name date 20 May 2008 work FloraBase Western Australian Flora author Kevin Thiele Thiele, Kevin publisher Department of Environment and Conservation, Western Australian Herbarium accessdate 2009 12 16 ref although has met with some controversy. ref name Oneill ... more details
Taxobox name Aceraceae image Acer campestre 006.jpg image caption Field Maple Acer campestre , in Ebsdorfergrund Frauenberg, Hesse, Germany regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Sapindales familia Aceraceae familia authority Antoine Laurent de Jussieu Juss. subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision Maple Acer br Dipteronia Aceraceae is a family of flowering plant s also called the Maple Family . It contains two to four genera, depending upon the circumscription, of some 120 species of tree s and shrub s. A common characteristic is that the leaves are phyllotaxis opposite , and the fruit a schizocarp . ref http delta intkey.com angio www aceracea.htm Aceraceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz 1992 onwards , The families of flowering plants . ref The maples have long been known to be closely related to the family Sapindaceae . Several taxonomy taxonomists including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group now include both the Aceraceae and the Hippocastanaceae in the Sapindaceae. Recent research Harrington et al. 2005 ref Harrington, M. G., Edwards, K. J., Johnson, S. A., Chase, M. W., & Gadek, P. A. 2005 . Phylogenetic inference in Sapindaceae sensu lato using plastid matK and rbcL DNA sequences. Systematic Botany 30 366 382. http www.ingentaconnect.com content aspt sb 2005 00000030 00000002 art00012 Abstract . ref has shown that while both Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae are monophyletic in themselves, their removal from Sapindaceae sensu lato would leave Sapindaceae sensu stricto as a paraphyly paraphyletic group, particularly with reference to the genus Xanthoceras . References Reflist gallery Image Acer rubrumAH.jpg Acer saccharinum Image AcerPalmatum.jpg Acer palmatum gallery Category Sapindaceae Category Angiosperm families Category Flora of Pakistan ar ca Acer cia cs Javorovit de Rosskastaniengew chse Systematik eo Aceracoj fa fr Aceraceae it Aceraceae la Aceraceae lv K avu dzimta lt Kleviniai nl E ... more details
Automatic taxobox name Therapsids fossil range br Early Permian Early Cretaceous , Fossil range 275 100 latest 0 PS br Descendant taxon Mammalia survives to present. image Pristeroognathus DB.jpg image width 240 px image caption Illustration of Pristerognathus , a cat sized therocephalia n therapsid authority Robert Broom Broom , 1905 subdivision ranks Clades subdivision Suborder Biarmosuchia paraphyly unranked Eutherapsida Suborder Dinocephalia Infraorder Anteosauria Infraorder Tapinocephalia unranked Neotherapsida Suborder Anomodont ia paraphyly Infraorder Dicynodontia unranked Theriodontia paraphyly Suborder Cynodontia paraphyly Suborder Gorgonopsia Suborder Therocephalia Therapsida is a group of synapsid s that includes mammals and their immediate evolutionary ancestors. The earliest fossil attributed to Therapsida is believed to be Tetraceratops insignis Lower Permian . ref M.Laurin & R.R. Reisz. 1996. The osteology and relationships of Tetraceratops insignis , the oldest known therapsid. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 1 95 102. ref ref J. Liu, B. Rubidge & J. Li, New basal synapsid supports Laurasian origin for therapsids, 2009, Acta Palaeontol. Pol., 54 3 393 400 ref Therapsids evolved from pelycosaur pelycosaurs specifically Sphenacodontia sphenacodonts 275 million years ago. They replaced the pelycosaurs as the dominant land animal. Mammals appeared 200 million years ago, and all therapsids other than mammals became extinct in the Early Cretaceous period 146 Annum Ma to 100 Ma . Characteristics Therapsids temporal fenestra e are larger than those of the pelycosaurs. The jaws of therapsids are more complex and powerful, and the teeth are differentiated into frontal incisor s for nipping, large lateral Canine tooth canines for puncturing and tearing, and Molar tooth molar s for shearing and chopping food. Their legs are positioned more vertically beneath their bodies than are the sprawling legs of reptile s and pelycosaur s. Evolutionary history see al ... more details
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