is the site of oxidativephosphorylation in eukaryote s. The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, releasing energy to power the ATP synthase . Oxidativephosphorylation ... nutrients, almost all carry out oxidativephosphorylation to produce ATP, the molecule that supplies ... such as anaerobic glycolysis . During oxidativephosphorylation, electrons are transferred from reducing ... mechanical motor. Although oxidativephosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism , it produces ... further Chemiosmosis and Bioenergetics Oxidativephosphorylation works by using energy releasing chemical ... title Chemiosmotic hypothesis of oxidativephosphorylation journal Nature volume 213 issue 5072 pages ... is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. Oxidativephosphorylation in the eukaryotic ... out anaerobic oxidativephosphorylation with fumarate as the electron acceptor. ref cite journal ... Sch gger H, Pfeiffer K title The ratio of oxidativephosphorylation complexes I V in bovine heart ... and generate an electrochemical gradient. In the bacteria, oxidativephosphorylation in Escherichia ... The main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic oxidativephosphorylation is that bacteria and archaea ... 3 pages 222 71 year 1984 pmid 6387427 pmc 373010 ref In E. coli , for example, oxidativephosphorylation ... to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate ADP , in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction ... of its structure and couples this motion to the synthesis of ATP. The amount of energy released by oxidativephosphorylation is high, compared with the amount produced by anaerobic fermentation . Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules, but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidativephosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose ... Microbial ubiquinones multiple roles in respiration, gene regulation and oxidative stress management ... oxidative stress . ref cite journal author Maxwell DP, Wang Y, McIntosh L title The alternative oxidase ... more details
group to Adenosine diphosphate ADP in a process referred to as oxidativephosphorylation . ATP is also ...merge Protein phosphorylation discuss Talk Phosphorylation Merger proposal date January 2009 Image Phosphorylated serine.png thumb right A phosphorylated serine residue Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate PO sub 4 sub group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation activates or deactivates many protein enzymes. Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role ..., largely on protein phosphorylation . Protein phosphorylation History In 1906, Phoebus A. Levene ... enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins . ref name pmid13221602 cite journal title The enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 211 issue 2 pages 969 80 year 1954 month ... author2 Kennedy EP author separator , ref Function Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is an important .... ref name Cozzon 1988 cite journal author Cozzone AJ title Protein phosphorylation in prokaryotes ... url issn ref ref name Stock 1989 cite journal title Protein phosphorylation ... , ref Enzymes called protein kinases kinases phosphorylation and phosphatases dephosphorylation are involved in this process. Many enzymes and receptors are switched on or off by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Reversible phosphorylation results in a Protein structure conformational change .... Phosphorylation usually occurs on serine , threonine , and tyrosine residues in eukaryotic proteins. In addition, phosphorylation occurs on the basic amino acid residues histidine or arginine or lysine ... residues in the protein. One such example of the regulatory role that phosphorylation plays ... cite journal title Regulation of p53 function and stability by phosphorylation journal Mol ... than 18 different phosphorylation sites. Activation of p53 can lead to cell cycle arrest, which can ... sensitive cells of the retina . Regulatory roles of phosphorylation include Biological thermodynamics ... more details
merge Phosphorylation discuss Talk Protein phosphorylation Merger proposal date January 2009 Protein phosphorylation is a post translational modification of proteins in which a serine, a threonine or a tyrosine residue is phosphorylation phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Regulation of proteins by phosphorylation is one of the most common modes of regulation of protein function, and is often termed phosphoregulation . In almost all cases of phosphoregulation, the protein switches between a phosphorylated and an unphosphorylated form, and one of these two is an active form, while the other one is inactive. Functions of phosphorylation In some reactions, the purpose of phosphorylation is to activate or energize a molecule, increasing its energy so it is able to participate in a subsequent reaction with a negative Gibbs free energy free energy change. All kinases require a divalent metal ion such as Magnesium Mg sup 2 sup or Manganese Mn sup 2 sup to be present, which stabilizes the high energy bonds of the donor molecule usually ATP or ATP derivative and allows phosphorylation to occur. In other reactions, phosphorylation of a protein substrate can Enzyme Inhibitor inhibit its activity as when AKT phosphorylates the enzyme GSK 3 . One common mechanism for phosphorylation mediated enzyme inhibition was demonstrated in the tyrosine kinase called src pronounced sarc , see Src gene . When src is phosphorylated on a particular tyrosine, it folds on itself, and thus masks its own kinase domain, and is thus shut off . In still other reactions, phosphorylation of a protein causes it to be bound to other proteins which have recognition domains for a phosphorylated tyrosine , serine , or threonine motif. As a result of binding a particular protein, a distinct signaling system may be activated or inhibited. In the late 1990s it was recognized that phosphorylation of some proteins causes them to be degraded by the ATP dependent ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A phosphorylation cascade is a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. This can be seen in signal transduction of hormone messages. References cite book author Freeman, Scott et al. title Index I Biological Science Vol. 2 publisher Pearson Education, Inc. year 2005 Category Cell biology biochem stub ... more details
during oxidativephosphorylation . However, E. coli mutants that lack an active electron transport ...Oxidative stress represents an imbalance between the production and manifestation of reactive oxygen ... protein s, lipid s, and DNA . Some reactive oxidative species can even act as messengers through a phenomenon called redox signaling . In humans, oxidative stress is involved in many diseases. Examples ... I. journal Neuropsychopharmacology title Alpha tocopherol protects against oxidative stress in the fragile ... syndrome , but short term oxidative stress may also be important in prevention of aging by induction ..., oxidative stress is associated with increased production of oxidizing species or a significant ... of oxidative stress depend upon the size of these changes, with a cell being able to overcome small perturbations and regain its original state. However, more severe oxidative stress can cause cell death ... destructive aspect of oxidative stress is the production of reactive oxygen species , which ... damage. ref cite journal author Valko M, Morris H, Cronin MT title Metals, toxicity and oxidative .... ref Evans MD, Cooke MS. Factors contributing to the outcome of oxidative damage to nucleic acids ... to cells is constantly repaired. However, under the severe levels of oxidative stress that cause necrosis ... S0891 5849 98 00107 5 ref ref name pmid10391922 cite journal author Lee YJ, Shacter E title Oxidative ... dioxide . Table adapted from. ref cite book author Sies, H. chapter Oxidative stress introductory remarks title Oxidative Stress editor H. Sies, Ed. publisher Academic Press year 1985 pages ... author Imlay JA title Pathways of oxidative damage journal Annu. Rev. Microbiol. volume 57 issue ... S transferases, and aldehyde dehydrogenases. Oxidative stress contributes to tissue injury following ... , Alzheimer s disease , and Huntington s disease . Oxidative stress is thought to be linked to certain ... to Atheromatous plaque plaque formation. Oxidative stress also plays a role in the ischemic cascade ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image LigninPolymerisation.png thumb 200px Polymerisation of coniferyl alcohol to lignin . The reaction has two alternative routes Catalysis catalysed by two different oxidative enzymes, peroxidase s or oxidase s. An oxidative enzyme is an enzyme that Catalysis catalyses oxidation reaction. Two most common types of oxidative enzyme s are peroxidase s, which use hydrogen peroxide , and oxidase s, which use molecular oxygen . They increase the rate at which ATP is produced aerobically. Oxidative enzymes can be broken up into two different sections. Oxidative obviously refers to reactions in which substances are exposed to air over prolonged periods of times. Enzymes are essential in substances such as wine, where it makes up a significant part of the body. DEFAULTSORT Oxidative Enzyme Category Enzymes Category EC 1.1.3 Category EC 1.11.1 1.1 enzyme stub ... more details
Oxidative protein folding is a process that is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds between ... In prokaryote s, the mechanism of oxidative folding is best studied in Gram negative bacteria . The formation of disulfide bonds in a protein is made possible by two related pathways an oxidative ... which shuffles incorrectly formed disulfides. Oxidative pathway Image Oxidative pathway in bacteria mechanism .jpg thumb 250px right Oxidative pathway in Gram negative bacteria The oxidative pathway ... conditions, oxidative folding is conveniently coupled to it through the respiratory chain ... between DsbA and DsbC because this latter has the ability to dimerize. In eukaryotes Image Oxidative folding in eukaryotes mechanism .jpg thumb 250px right Process of oxidative folding in eukaryotes ... difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is found in the fact that the process of oxidative ... of oxidative folding through the respiratory chain as is the case in bacteria. In fact, one of the proteins involved in the oxidative folding process uses a Flavin group flavin dependent reaction ... it is responsible for the latter s oxidation. In contrast to bacteria, where the oxidative and isomerization ... species ROS . In bacteria, this problem is solved by coupling oxidative folding to the respiratory ... from oxidative folding since cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria and the formation ... in eukaryotic cells during oxidative folding. As is known these ROS may cause many diseases such as atherosclerosis ... from which the process of oxidative folding is well studied are bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor ... useful to follow and understand the process of oxidative folding. Another example is alkaline phosphatase ... of mutations in DsbA. References Jean Fran ois Collet and James C. A. Bardwell. 2002 . Oxidative .... 2004 . Oxidative protein folding in eukaryotes mechanisms and consequences. The journal of Cell .... 2000 . Biochemical basis of Oxidative Folding in the Endoplasmatic Reticulum. Science 290 , 1571 ... more details
Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are two important and related classes of reactions in organometallic ... A. Tarr ref ref Inorganic Chemistry by D. F. Shriver, P. W. Atkins ref Oxidative addition is a process that increases both the oxidation state and coordination number of a metal centre. The oxidative ... 2010 isbn 189138953X ref In transition metals For transition metals, oxidative reaction results in the decrease in the d sup n sup to a configuration with fewer electrons, often 2e fewer. Oxidative ... state satisfy this requirement, but even high oxidation state metals undergo oxidative addition ... and the electron count of the complex both increase by two. ref GoldBookRef file O04367 title oxidative addition ref One electron changes are also possible and in fact some oxidative addition reactions proceed via series of 1e changes. Although oxidative additions can occur with the insertion of a metal into many different substrates, oxidative additions are most commonly seen with H H, H X, and C X bonds because these substrates are relevant to commercial applications. Oxidative addition requires that the metal complex have a vacant coordination site. For this reason, oxidative additions are common for four and five coordinate complexes. Reductive elimination is the reverse of oxidative addition ... of oxidative addition Oxidative additions proceed via many pathways that depend on the metal center and the substrates. Concerted pathway Oxidative additions of nonpolar substrates such as hydrogen and hydrocarbons ... 10.1021 ja00297a021 last Johnson first Curtis coauthors Richard Eisenberg title Stereoselective Oxidative ... Oxidative Addition of Hydrogen to Iridium I Complexes. Kinetic Control Based on Ligand Electronic ... The concerted mechanism produces a cis dihydride, the stereochemistry of the other oxidative addition pathways do not usually produce cis adducts. S sub N sub 2 type Some oxidative additions proceed analogously ... iodide File General SN2 type oxidative addition reaction.png 475px This mechanism is often assumed ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Oxidative decarboxylation reactions are oxidation reactions in which a carboxylic acid carboxylate group is removed, forming carbon dioxide . They often occur in biological systems there are many examples in the citric acid cycle . The Citric Acid Cycle In this process, one pyruvic acid molecule is used to form one NADH and 2 Adenosine triphosphate ATP , catalysed catalyst by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzyme . Pyruvic acid NAD coenzyme A water acetyl coenzyme A NADH hydrogen ion H sup sup carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub Other Occurrences The transformation of glyoxylate to methanoic acid is also an oxidative decarboxylation. See also Decarboxylation Category Substitution reactions ca Descarboxilaci oxidativa es Descarboxilaci n oxidativa ... more details
Oxidative deamination is a form of deamination that generates oxoacid s in the liver . The presence of nitrous acid can cause Transition genetics transition mutations , by converting cytosine to uracil . ref http www.mun.ca biochem courses 3107 Topics Mutations.html Mutations & Mutagenesis Bot generated title ref ref http www.newton.dep.anl.gov newton askasci 1993 chem CHEM016.HTM Molecules and cancer Bot generated title ref In Urea cycle Glutamate is the only amino acid that undergoes rapid oxidative deamination. This process leads to 2 toxic products Hydrogen Peroxide Ammonia . See also Monoamine oxidase References references External links GPnotebook 1449525189 http www.elmhurst.edu chm vchembook 632oxdeam.html Diagram at elmhurst.edu Category Metabolism biochemistry stub ca Desaminaci oxidativa es Desaminaci n oxidativa it Deaminazione ossidativa ru ... more details
to as a phosphate group. An alternative way to create ATP is through oxidativephosphorylation ... phosphorylation that occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. During oxidativephosphorylation .... Oxidativephosphorylation uses electrochemical or chemiosmotic gradient of protons H sup ... substrate level phosphorylation. Category Cellular respiration Unlike oxidativephosphorylation , oxidation and phosphorylation are not joined in the process of Substrate level phosphorylation, although both types of phosphorylation result in ATP and reactive intermediates are most often gained in course of oxidation processes in catabolism . However, usually most of the ATP is generated by oxidativephosphorylation in aerobic or anaerobic respiration. Substrate level phosphorylation serves as fast ... key difference from oxidativephosphorylation by transfer of the high energy phosphate on 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate ...Primary sources date November 2009 Confusing date November 2009 File Substrate level phosphorylation generating ATP.svg thumb 200px Substrate level phosphorylation exemplified with ADP ATP. Substrate level phosphorylation is a type of chemical reaction that results in the formation and creation of adenosine .... The main part of Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells as part of glycolysis ... are produced by substrate level phosphorylation two and only two 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate are converted .... The second Substrate level phosphorylation occurs later by means of the reaction of phosphenolpyruvate ... CoA to enter the Citric acid cycle Krebs cycle. While the Krebs cycle is oxidative respiration, one more instance of substrate level phosphorylation occurs as Guanosine triphosphate GTP is created ... is transferred to ADP in another substrate level phosphorylation event. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme Succinyl CoA synthetase . Another form of Substrate level phosphorylation is also ... level phosphorylation can also be observed in Fermentation biochemistry fermentation , for example ... more details
Context date October 2009 Image oit.png thumb right 200px Characteristic DSC curve for a polyethylene, the OIT is measured Oxidative induction time or OIT is a standardized test performed in a Differential scanning calorimetry DSC that measures the level of stabilization of the material tested. The time between melting and the onset of decomposition in isothermal conditions is measured. The atmosphere is nitrogen up to melting and then oxygen. This test is routine when assessing the quality of polyethylene pipes. References http www.astm.org Standards D3895.htm Norm ASTM D 3895 http www.nexorpipes.com index files oxidation induction time.htm Nexor pipes Category Polymer physics polymer stub ... more details
The oxidative coupling of methane OCM is a type of chemical reaction discovered in the 1980s for the direct conversion of natural gas , primarily consisting of methane , into value added chemicals. Direct conversion of methane into other useful products is one of the most challenging subjects to be studied in heterogeneous catalysis . ref cite journal author Naito, S. year 2000 title Methane conversion by various metal, metal oxide and metal carbide catalysts journal Catalyst Surveys from Japan volume 4 pages 3 15 doi 10.1023 A 1019084020968 ref Methane activation is difficult because of its thermodynamic stability with a noble gas like electronic configuration . The strong tetrahedral carbon hydrogen bond C H bonds 435 kJ mol offer no functional group , magnetic moment s, or polar distributions to undergo chemical attack. This makes methane less reactive than nearly all its conversion products, and limits efficient utilization of natural gas, the world s most abundant petrochemical resource. Ethylene production The principal product of OCM is ethylene , the world s largest commodity chemical and the fundamental building block of chemical industry. While the ability to convert methane to ethylene is highly attractive from the economic point of view, this is a major scientific challenge. Thirty years of research failed to produce a commercial OCM catalyst, preventing this promising process from advancing beyond experimental stage. Ethylene is the world s most valuable commodity chemical with an estimated value of 160 billion year. As a fundamental building block of chemical industry and the world s largest chemical intermediate annual demand estimated at 120 140 million ton ... industry. The oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene known as OCM reaction is written below ... oxidative coupling of methane reaction engineering aspects and process schemes journal Fuel ... author Labinger, J.A. year 1988 title Oxidative Coupling of Methane An inherent limit to selectivity ... more details
Summary Information Description Schematic representation of the oxidative pathway in the process of oxidative folding in bacteria. Source self made Date 15 April 2008 Location Author User VUBio jozef VUBio jozef User talk VUBio jozef talk other versions Licensing self cc by 3.0 ... more details
Summary Information Description Schematic representation of the oxidative pathway in the process of oxidative folding in bacteria. Source self made Date 20 April 2008 Author User VUBio jozef VUBio jozef User talk VUBio jozef talk other versions Licensing self cc by 3.0 ... more details
Summary Information Description Schematic representation of the process of oxidative folding in eukaryotes. Source self made Date 15 April 2008 Location Author User VUBio jozef VUBio jozef User talk VUBio jozef talk other versions Licensing self cc by 3.0 ... more details
Summary Information Description Schematic representation of the process of oxidative folding in eukaryotes. Source self made Date 20 April 2008 Author User VUBio jozef VUBio jozef User talk VUBio jozef talk other versions Licensing self cc by 3.0 ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The complete glucose breakdown is a series of chemical reaction s representing transformation of glucose to adenosine triphosphate during the normal phases of aerobic cellular respiration . It is mostly done inside the mitochondria to release the maximum amount of energy . When this is done, it must be harvested. Pyruvate is made from glucose during the glycolysis and transformed to an acetyl group during transition reaction. The acetyl group is used in the Krebs cycle and the phase ends with the electron transport chain . See also Oxidative decarboxylation Citric acid Oxidative phosphorylation Reverse Krebs cycle Reverse reductive Krebs cycle DEFAULTSORT Complete Glucose Breakdown Category Cellular respiration Category Exercise physiology Category Metabolism Biochemistry stub ... more details
Threshold expression is a phenomenon in which phenotypic expression of a mitochondrial disease within an organ system occurs when the severity of the mutation, relative number of mutant mtDNA , and reliance of the organ system on oxidative phosphorylation combine in such a way that ATP production of the tissue falls below the level required by the tissue. The phenotype may be expressed even if the percentage of mutant mtDNA is below 50 if the mutation is severe enough. See also heteroplasmy References Marks basic medical biochemistry a clinical approach By Michael A. Lieberman, Michael Lieberman, Allan D. Marks Page 392 DEFAULTSORT Threshold Expression Category DNA Category Mitochondrial diseases biochem stub ... more details
An exoelectrogen normally refers to a bacterium or prokaryote that has the ability to transfer electrons extracellular ly. This normally occurs via an external electron acceptor such as strong oxidizing agent in aqueous solution or a solid conductor electron acceptor . The electrons are thought to be transferred along pilus pili external cell structures used in Bacterial conjugation conjugation and adhesion . Cells are able to do this strictly in the absence of oxygen as during aerobic respiration a cell converts an energy source into Adenosine triphosphate ATP , carbon dioxide and water via glycolysis , the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation whereas in the absence of oxygen, water is not created and in its place electrons and hydrogen ions are formed. References reflist refbegin Logan, Bruce. Microbial Fuel Cells . John Wiley & Sons Inc Canada, 2008. p. 4 6 refend Category Microbiology terms microbiology stub ... more details
Imeglimin is a drug being developed as an oral anti diabetic . It is an oxidativephosphorylation blocker that acts to inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis , increase muscle glucose uptake, and restore normal insulin secretion. It will be the first of a new class of anti diabetic if it is approved. Imeglimin is in development phase IIa clinical trials for use both as monotherapy and in combination with other type 2 diabetes treatments. ref http www.genengnews.com gen news highlights diabetes therapy company poxel raises 21m in series a financing 81243635 ref Mechanism Imeglimin is mainly an indirect activator of AMP activated protein kinase AMP kinase . Temporary till results published ref http www.poxel.com product pipeline imeglimin ref References reflist Category Anti diabetic drugs pharma stub ... more details
cycle and oxidativephosphorylation. The post glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria ... NADH, 2 FADH sub 2 sub , and 2 ATP. Oxidativephosphorylation main Oxidativephosphorylation Electron transport chain Electrochemical gradient ATP synthase In eukaryotes, oxidativephosphorylation ... s are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidativephosphorylation. class wikitable ... border top solid 3px aaaaaa Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm. rowspan 2 Glycolysis pay off phase align center 4 Substrate level phosphorylation align center 2 NADH align center 6 OxidativephosphorylationOxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate align center 2 NADH align center 6 Oxidativephosphorylation rowspan 3 Krebs cycle align center 2 Substrate level phosphorylation align center 6 NADH align center 18 Oxidativephosphorylation align center 2 FADH sub 2 sub align center 4 Oxidativephosphorylation style border top solid 3px aaaaaa colspan ... in the form of ATP Adenosine triphosphate , by substrate level phosphorylation , NADH and FADH2 FADH ... electron acceptor . Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidativephosphorylation . This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used ... phase preparatory phase . The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to destabilize the molecule ..., four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate level phosphorylation to make four ATP ... Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate main Pyruvate decarboxylation Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA ... by the electron transport chain to create further Adenosine triphosphate ATP as part of oxidativephosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl CoA must be metabolized ... to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition ... . The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate level phosphorylation, which does not require ... more details
saved book title Biochemistry subtitle An introduction cover image cover color Biochemistry An introduction This collection of Wikipedia articles is intended to supplement a standard textbook of biochemistry. Students may find its explanations complement their texts for greater clarity. In some areas its information will extend past their texts. In a few areas, information is still lacking but students are warmly welcomed to make up that deficit Cells and water Biochemistry Cell biology Cells Water Structural Biochemistry Nucleic acids Nucleic acid RNA DNA Proteins and amino acids Protein Amino acid Proteinogenic amino acid Properties of the twenty amino acids Myoglobin Hemoglobin Enzyme mechanisms Enzyme catalysis Enzyme kinetics Enzyme kinetics Lipids and membranes Lipid Biological membrane Membrane protein Cell membrane Carbohydrate structure Carbohydrate Polysaccharide Intermediary metabolism Metabolism Metabolism Overview of metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycogen Pentose phosphate pathway Citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Lipid metabolism Fatty acid synthesis Lipogenesis Acetyl CoA carboxylase Fatty acid degradation Beta oxidation Nitrogen metabolism Nitrogen fixation Amino acid synthesis Nucleotide Urea cycle Integration of metabolism Hormone Signal transduction Diabetes mellitus Informational Macromolecules DNA synthesis and repair DNA replication DNA repair Oncogene Oncogenes RNA synthesis and processing Transcription genetics Transcription Regulation of gene expression Protein synthesis and modifications Translation genetics Translation Posttranslational modification Proteolysis Proteasome Category Wikipedia books on biology Biochemistry an introduction Category Wikipedia books on chemistry Biochemistry an introduction ... more details
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