saved book title Organism subtitle cover image cover color Organism Main article Organism Superorganism Superorganism Evolution Common descent Abiogenesis Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Category Wikipedia books on organisms Organism ... more details
Unwanted organism may refer to A weed , Pest organism pest or invasive species A specific definition under the Biosecurity Act 1993 in New Zealand dab ... more details
sociology In sociology , the social organism is theoretical concept in which a society or social structure is viewed as a living organism . From this perspective, typically, the relation of social features, e.g. law , family , crime , etc., are examined as they interact with other features of society to meet social needs. All elements of a society or social organism have a function that maintains the stability and cohesiveness of the organism. History The model or concept of society as an organism was developed in the late 19th century by mile Durkheim , a French sociologist. According to Durkheim, the more specialized the function of an organism or society the greater its development, and vice versa. Generally, culture , politics , and economics are the three core activities of society. Social health depends on the harmonious interworking of these three activities. Hence, the health of the social organism can be thought of a function of the interaction of culture, politics, and economics, which in theory can be studied, modeled, and analyzed. The conception of an organismic society was elaborated further by Herbert Spencer in his essay on The Social Organism . Related A analogous concept is the Gaia hypothesis in which the entire earth is theorized to be a single unified organism . References div class references small references cite book author MacLay, George R. title The Social Organism A Short History of the Idea That a Human Society May Be Regarded As a Gigantic Living ... The Social Organism and its Natural Laws publisher Williams & Wilkins Co. year 1990 id ASIN B000879AT2 cite book author Steiner, Rudolf title The Renewal of the Social Organism publisher Steiner Books ... asc people new cannon gwc.html The Fluid Matrix of the Social Organism http spartan.ac.brocku.ca lward Thomas Thomas 1905.html Social Psychology and the Social Organism http oll.libertyfund.org ... Organism in volume 1 Category Sociology hi te zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Ur organism is the term loosely given to the hypothetical first life species, from which all other life presumably evolved. The term was used first by Charles Darwin , and has been picked up by various subsequent thinkers addressing the same questions of origin of species. Not to be confused with the Last universal ancestor LUA , the term ur organism refers to the first universal ancestor common to all life existing on earth today. It is therefore the ancestor of the LUA. The ur organism is not necessarily the Abiogenesis first instance of life arising abiogenically on Earth. As with the concept of the Mitochondrial Eve , the existence of the ur organism does not imply the existence of a population bottleneck or a first organism. It is estimated to have lived some 3.9 to 4.1 billion years ago. See also Abiogenesis Aleksandr Oparin Last universal ancestor Common descent DEFAULTSORT Ur Organism Category Origin of life Biology stub ... more details
Citations missing date November 2008 Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes to stay alive, excluding production processes. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory delineates two classes Somatic maintenance . This comprises mainly the turnover of structural mass mainly proteins and the maintenance of concentration gradients of metabolites across membranes e.g., counteracting leakage . This is related to maintenance respiration . Maturity maintenance . This comprises the maintenance of defence systems such as the immune system , the preparation of the body for reproduction. The theory assumes that maturity maintenance costs can be reduced more easily during starvation than somatic maintenance costs. Under extreme starvation conditions, somatic maintenance costs are paid from structural mass, which causes shrinking.Some organism manage to switch to the turpor state under starvation conditions, and reduce their maintenance costs. DEFAULTSORT Maintenance Of An Organism Category Developmental biology ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A pioneer organism is an organism that populates a region after a natural disaster or any other event that may have caused most life in that area to disappear. Common pioneer organisms include lichens and algae . Mosses usually follow lichens in colonization, but cannot serve as pioneer organisms. Pioneer organisms modify their environment and establish conditions under which more advanced organisms can live. In some circumstances, other organisms can be considered pioneer organisms . Birds are usually the first to inhabit newly created islands, and seeds, such as the coconut, may also be the first arrivals on barren soil. In his book Cosmic Seeds, Galactic Chaff , Dr. Wenhao Hu of Jinsei University makes the case that mankind itself is a form of pioneer organism, looking at exploration and plans for colonization of the moon and our robotic treadings upon Venus , Mars , and Titan moon Titan . See Also Primary succession , Secondary succession DEFAULTSORT Pioneer Organism Category Biology ecology stub ... more details
. Most anaerobic organism s are bacteria. Clarify date December 2010 Being an obligate aerobe ... is not available. However, for the whole organism this cannot be sustained for long, and humans ... anaerobic organism Fermentation biochemistry Microaerophile Bacteria Use dmy dates date December 2010 DEFAULTSORT Aerobic Organism Category Cellular respiration Category Microbiology bg ... ro Organism aerob ru sl Aerobiont sv Aerob uk zh ... more details
Disputed date March 2008 Philosophy of Organism or Organic Realism is how Alfred North Whitehead described his metaphysics . It is now known as process philosophy . Central to this school is the idea of concrescence philosophy concrescence . Concrescence means growing together com con from Latin for together , crescence from Latin crescere cret grow , the present is given by a consense of subjective form s. We are multiple individuals, but there are also multiple individual agents of consciousness operant in the construction of the given. Marvin Minsky calls this the society of mind in his book Society of Mind . Whitehead s subjective forms complement eternal objects in his metaphysical system eternal objects being entities not unlike Plato s archetypal Forms . In Process and Reality , Whitehead proposes that his organic realism be used in place of classical materialism . References Agar, W. E. 1936. Whitehead s Philosophy of Organism an Introduction for Biologists . The Quarterly Review of Biology , Vol. 11, No. 1 16 34. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1997. Science and the Modern World . Free Press. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1979, 2nd Ed. Process and Reality Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927 28 . Free Press publisher Free Press . See also Organicism DEFAULTSORT Philosophy Of Organism Category Alfred North Whitehead Category Metaphysics Category Holism philosophy stub ... more details
organism from germ cell s i.e. sperm and ovum egg cells , an issue that is studied in developmental ... of connected cells in one organism this mechanism is observable in Drosophila . A third hypothesis is that, as a unicellular organism divided, the daughter cells failed to separate, resulting in a conglomeration of identical cells in one organism, which could later develop specialized tissues. This is what ... into one, multicellular, organism. ref cite book author Margulis, Lynn authorlink Lynn Margulis ... New York isbn 9780465072729 url http www.questia.com PM.qst?a o&d 96971657 ref Each respective organism ... is that it is still not known how each organism s DNA could be incorporated into one single ..., have to separately reproduce and then re form to create one individual organism once more. The Cellularization Syncytial Theory This theory states that a single unicellular organism could have developed ... and have clear differentiated functions the macronucleus serves the organism s needs while ... of generation of a multicellular organism from a pre existing syncytium. The Colonial Theory The third ... symbiotic theory , which suggests the symbiosis of different species led to a multicellular organism ... Organism Category Developmental biology Category Evolutionary biology ar br Lieskelligeg ... et Hulkrakne organism es Pluricelular eu Zelulanitz fr Organisme pluricellulaire gl Organismo ... pt Organismo multicelular ru simple Multicellular organism sk Mnohobunkov organizmus sl Mnogoceli ar sv Flercellig organism uk ur zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Pinus pinea foliage.jpg thumb Juvenile left and adult right leaves of Stone Pine A juvenile is an individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity or size. Juveniles sometimes look very different from the adult form, particularly in terms of their colour. In many organisms the juvenile has a different name from the adult see also List of animal names . Some organisms reach maturity in a short metamorphosis , such as eclosion in many insect s. For others, the transition from juvenile to fully mature is a more prolonged process &ndash puberty for example. In such cases, juveniles during this transformation are sometimes called subadults . Many invertebrate s, on reaching the adult stage, are fully mature and their development and growth stops. Juvenile refers to the larva or comparable stages in such taxa . In vertebrate s and some invertebrates e.g. spider s , larval forms e.g. tadpole s are usually considered a development stage of their own, and juvenile refers to a post larval stage that is not fully grown and not sexually mature. In amniote s and most plant s, the embryo represents the larval stage. Here, juvenile in general applies to the time between hatching birth germination and reaching maturity. Image Wildsau mit Frischling.jpg thumb left 200px Young wild boar suckling from adult female. Here, juvenile colouring acts as a form of camouflage Developmental biology stub DEFAULTSORT Juvenile Organism Category Developmental biology de Juvenil nl Juveniel nn Juvenil pt Juvenil sr sv Juvenil ... more details
Template Evolutionary biology A digital organism is a self replication self replicating computer program that mutation genetic algorithm mutates and evolution disambiguation evolves . Digital organism s are used as a tool to study the dynamics of Darwinian evolution , and to test or verify specific hypotheses or mathematical model s of evolution. This is closely related to the area of artificial life . History Digital organisms can be traced back to the game Darwin in which computer programs had to compete with each other to stop one another from Execution computing executing Aleph Null, Computer Recreations , Software Practice and Experience, vol. 2, pp. 93 96, 1972 . A similar implementation that followed was the game Core War . In Core War, it turned out that one of the winning strategy strategies was to replicate as fast as possible, which had the result that the opponent was deprived of all resource computer science computational resources . Programs in the Core War game are also able to mutate themselves and each other by overwriting instructions in the simulated memory in which this game took place. This allowed competing programs to embed damaging instructions in each other that caused errors terminating the process that reads it , enslave processes making an enemy program work for you , or even change strategies mid game and heal themselves. Steen Rasmussen at Los Alamos National Laboratory took the idea from Core War one step further in his core world system. He introduced a genetic algorithm that would automatically write programs. However, Rasmussen did not observe the evolution of complex and stable programs. It turned out that the programming language in which ... to interpret than those with Tierra. With Avida, digital organism research has begun to be accepted ... also Portal Evolutionary biology List of digital organism simulators Artificial life Evolution Home ... Digital Organism Category Artificial life Category Evolutionary biology Category Organisms fi Digitaalinen ... more details
negative prokaryote prokaryotic organism Image Drosophila melanogaster side aka .jpg thumb Drosophila melanogaster , one of the most famous subjects for experiments A model organism is a non human ... that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ref cite journal author Fields S, Johnston M title Cell biology. Whither model organism ..., but care must be taken when generalizing from one organism to another. Selecting a model organism ... the sequencing of the model organism s genome, for example, by being very compact or having a low proportion of junk DNA e.g. yeast , Arabidopsis , or pufferfish . When researchers look for an organism ... negative gut bacterium is the most widely used organism in molecular genetics . Bacillus subtilis ... a minimal organism Vibrio fischeri quorum sensing , bioluminescence and animal bacterial symbiosis ... organism publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford Oxfordshire year 2000 isbn 0 19 .... Agronomy , Molecular biology Mimulus is a model organism used in evolutionary and functional genomes .... See also Model organism Protists Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , above under Protists. Animals main Animal .... C. elegans was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced Ciona ... , is the model organism to understand the processes of Regeneration biology regeneration and morphogenesis ..., marine flatworm, a model organism for the study of stem cells, regeneration, ageing, gene function ... first3 W last4 Rieger first4 R title A new model organism among the lower Bilateria and the use of digital ... genomics Daphnia pulex , an environmental indicator model organism Table of model genetic organisms This table indicates the status of the Genome project genome sequencing project for each organism as well as whether the organism exhibits homologous recombination and the state of knowledge of the organism s metabolic pathway biochemical pathways . class wikitable Organism Genome Sequenced Homologous ... more details
In agriculture and gardening , a beneficial organism is any organism that benefits the growing process, including insect s, arachnid s, other animal s, plant s, bacteria , fungus fungi , virus es, and nematode s. Benefits include pest control , pollination , and maintenance of soil health. The opposite of beneficial organisms are pest animal pest s, which are organisms deemed detrimental to the growing process. Beneficial or pest The distinction between beneficial and pest is arbitrary, subjectively determined by examining the effect of a particular organism in a specific growing situation. Insects Beneficial insects can include predators such as ladybug s of pest insects, and pollinators such as bee s, which are an integral part of the growth cycle of many crops . Increasingly certain species of insects are managed and used to intervene where natural pollination or biological control is insufficient, usually due to human disturbance of the balance of nature. Nematodes Certain microscopic nematodes worms are beneficial in destroying and controlling populations of larvae that are damaging or deadly to crops and other plants. They are commonly used in organic gardening for their ability to kill various kinds of harmful larvae fungus gnat s, flea larvae, spidermite s, weevil s, grub s, rootworm s, cutworm s, etc. Microorganisms Many different soil microorganisms are responsible for nutrient recycling for one, through decomposing plant residues and other soil building and maintaining activities. Mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms such as photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas sp lactic acid bacteria lactobacillus sp. , yeast saccharomyces sp. and fermenting fungi ref Higa and Wididana, 1991 Higa and Parr, 1994 ref can positively improve the soil fertility as well as plant productivity. Productive Microbes as an effective alternative tool for manipulation and managing the overall microbial ecology of complex and diverse systems. Animals Bird s and other animals ... more details
In biology, Kappa organism or Kappa particle refers to inheritable cytoplasmic symbionts , occurring in some strains of Paramecium . Paramecium stains possessing the particles Killers liberate into the culture medium a substance lethal to Paramecium not containing kappa particles. Kappa particles are Feulgen positive, stain with Giemsa after acid hydrolysis. The length of the particles is 0.2 0.5 . ref C. H. Brown, Elimination of kappa particles from killer strains of paramecium aurelia by treatment with chloromycetin . Nature 166, 527 23 September 1950 DOI 10.1038 166527A0 ref The particles are considered to be intracellular symbionts, occupying a position between viruses , bacteria , and organelles , ref http www.medilexicon.com medicaldictionary.php?t 66078 Kappa Particles in mediLexicon ref mere nucleoprotein ref http www.answers.com topic kappa particle Kappa Particles in McGraw Hill Science & Technology Dictionary ref or, by another sources bacterium Caenobacter taenospiralis . References reflist External links The classes of kappa in Paramecium aurelia . Preer et al. 1972 PMID 5076362 Kappa and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia . Preer et al. 1974 PMID 4599970 Category Cell anatomy Category Ciliates Biology stub ... more details
Indicator organisms are used to measure potential fecal contamination of environmental samples. The presence of coliform bacteria , such as E. coli , in surface water is a common indicator of Water quality Measurement fecal contamination . Coliform bacteria in water samples may be quantified using the most probable number MPN method, a probabilistic test which assumes cultivable bacteria meet certain growth and biochemical criteria. If preliminary tests suggest that coliform bacteria are present at numbers in excess of an established cut off the Coliform Index , fecal contamination is suspected and confirmatory assays such as the Eijckman test are conducted. Citation needed date December 2007 Coliform bacteria selected as indicators of fecal contamination must not persist in the environment for long periods of time following efflux from the intestine, and their presence must be closely correlated with contamination by other fecal organisms. Indicator organisms need not be pathogenic. ref cite web url http des.nh.gov organization commissioner pip factsheets wwt documents web 18.pdf title Fecal Coliform as an Indicator Organism accessdate 2007 11 30 last first coauthors date 2003 work Wastewater treatment environmental fact sheet publisher New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services ref Non coliform bacteria, such as Streptococcus bovis and certain clostridia may also be used as an index of fecal contamination. ref cite book last Gerardi first Michael H. authorlink coauthors Mel C. Zimmerman editor Michael H. Gerardi title Wastewater Pathogens url edition series Wastewater Microbiology Series date year 2005 month January publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc. location Hoboken, NJ isbn 9780471206927 pages 147 ref See also Coliform bacteria Coliform Index E. coli References Reflist nothing kn Category Bacteria ... more details
LMO stands for living modified organisms , which are those organisms that have been genetically modified through the application of biotechnology including organisms that have been modified by novel recombinant DNA techniques as well as those that have been modified by mutagenesis or classical breeding and selection techniques. Genes are not invented but LMOs are patentable because they are covered by DNA patents viewed as created by human endeavour rather than nature. The first and most famous LMO case that set the precedent was Diamond v. Chakrabarty . In 1971 Professor Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty , then a scientist for General Electric , created a genetically modified microorganism that ate hazardous waste. General Electric then went to the United States patent office claiming they had invented this bacteria and needed a patent the first patent on a Genetically modified organism genetically engineered organism . The Patent Office immediately turned down the request citing a living organism cannot be patented. In 1980 the U.S Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chakrabarty General Electric. The Supreme Court finding in favor of artificial products over natural products in the Chakrabarthy case was the basis of the 1988 patent grant for the Harvard mouse or Oncomouse OncoMouse developed as a cancer research tool. ref Travels in the Genetically Modified Zone ref The rights to the invention are owned by DuPont . References references DEFAULTSORT Lmo Biology Category Biotechnology biology stub ar ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2008 A true breeding organism , sometimes also called a pure bred, is an organism having certain Trait biological biological traits which are passed on to all subsequent generations when bred with another true breeding organism for the same traits. In other words, to breed true means that two organisms with a particular, inheritable phenotype produce only offspring with that same phenotype. In the case of a gene with multiple different alleles in the population, the genotype of a true breeding organism is homozygous . For example, a pure bred variety of cat, such as Siamese cat Siamese , only produce kittens with Siamese characteristics because their ancestors were inbreeding inbred until they were homozygous for all of the genes that produce the physical characteristics and temperament associated with the Siamese breed. True breeding is also used to refer to plants that produce only offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate. For example, when a true breeding plant with pink flowers is self pollinated, all its seeds will only produce plants that also have pink flowers. Gregor Mendel cross pollinated true breeding peas in his experiments on patterns of inheritance of traits. The definition of true breeding is Pertaining to an individual all of whose offspring produced through self fertilization are identical to the parental type. True breeding individuals are homozygous for a given trait. See also Inbreeding Homozygous Category Classical genetics da Ren linje fr Souche pure id Galur pertanian he ru simple Pure bred uk ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Notability date August 2009 Synthetic Organism Designer is a piece of software created by Craig Venter s team for designing species. ref http www.edge.org 3rd culture church venter09 church venter09 index.html Craig Venter shows a screen shot of the software session 5 at 53 minutes . ref ref http www.ted.com talks craig venter is on the verge of creating synthetic life.html Craig Venter shows a screen shot of the software 15 minutes and 50 seconds into the video . ref References references Category Artificial life Software eng stub ... more details
The Generic Model Organism Database GMOD Project began as an effort to create reusable software tools for developing Model organism Model Organism Databases MODs . MODs describe genome and other information about important Model organism experimental organism s in the life sciences. Also called organism specific database s, these databases capture the large volumes of data and information being generated by modern biology . Behind every MOD is a software system that is designed to help manage the data within the MOD, and to help users query and access those data. In the past, every MOD project developed its own software tools. GMOD is a loose federation of software applications components aimed at providing functionality that is needed by many or all MODs. Some of these software components are linked together by their use of a common database schema known as Chado. This project is funded by the United States National Institutes of Health , National Science Foundation and the Agricultural Research Service USDA Agricultural Research Service . Chado database schema Chado makes extensive use of controlled vocabularies to type all entities in the database, so there is a feature table where ... features cv for controlled vocabs ontologies general currently just dbxrefs organism taxonomic ... TW, Arva A, Lewis S. title The generic genome browser a building block for a model organism system ... P, Merchant SN, Kibbe WA. title dictyBase, the model organism database for Dictyostelium discoideum ..., Brown SJ. title BeetleBase the model organism database for Tribolium castaneum. journal Nucleic Acids ... pmid 17142227 issue Database issue pmc 1669747 Participating databases The following organism databases are contributing to and or adopting GMOD components for model organism databases. http crfb.univ ... IVDB http magi.plantgenomics.iastate.edu MAGI http gmod.mbl.edu Marine Biological Lab Organism ... Genome project Genomics Genome Category Model organism databases Category Genomics ... more details
Infobox Film name W.R. Mysteries of the Organism image Wr mysteries of the organism dvd.jpg caption DVD cover of the movie director Du an Makavejev producer Du an Makavejev writer Du an Makavejev starring music Bojana Marijan cinematography Aleksandar Petkovi br Pega Popovi editing Ivanka Vukasovi distributor released 1971 runtime 85 min. country Yugoslavia br West Germany awards language Serbo Croatian br English language English budget preceded by followed by Sweet Movie W.R. Mysteries of the Organism Serbo Croatian W.R. Misterije organizma , W.R. is a 1971 film by SFRY Yugoslav director Du an Makavejev that explores the relationship between communism communist politics and Human sexuality sexuality , as well as exploring the life and work of Wilhelm Reich . Narrative and documentary elements Unreferenced date January 2008 SectOR date January 2008 The film intercuts documentary footage with, predominantly, a narrative about a Yugoslav woman who seduces a Soviet ice skater. Despite different settings, characters and time periods, the different elements produce a single story of human sexuality and revolution through a Montage filmmaking montage effect. The main elements juxtaposed throughout the film are Milena is a metaphor for the Yugoslavia n working class s struggle for liberation against the totalising influence of the communist state. Milena is killed when her sexual encounter with Vladimir Illych a reference to Lenin and the representative of communism goes awry. He, unable to fully experience his orgasmic urge, beheads her with his skate which is the film s metaphor for revolutionary theory. Makavejev dooms self determination of the Yugslav ... 0067958 title W.R. Misterije organizma Amg movie 53083 W.R. Mysteries of the Organism http criterion.com ... Critical Review Dusan Makavejev s WR Mysteries of the Organism Du an Makavejev DEFAULTSORT W.R. Mysteries Of The Organism Category 1971 films Category Avant garde and experimental films Category Serbian ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Orphan date February 2009 Total viable organism or TVO is a term used in microbiology to quantify the amount of microbe microbial organisms present in a sample. Each sample is usually microbiological culture cultured on a variety of agar plate s petri dish es often containing different types of selective medium selective media . The colony forming unit s CFU s are calculated after allowing time for growth. TVO numbers are used to quantify the CFU s for a given amount of sample and often include dilution factors. For example, a 1 mL sample of water containing 10 CFU s on one plate would have a TVO value of 10 cfu mL Category Microbiology terms Microbiology stub ... more details
Summary Organism , from Tommy Guerrero s Soul Food Taqueria . 30sec, 81kbit s OGG. Source Soul Food Taqueria br Songwriters Guerrero br Producer Tommy Guerrero, Monte Vallier br Copyright 2002 Mo Wax Labels Ltd. ASCAP Licensing Non free audio sample Fair use rationale for Soul Food Taqueria No free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information. The sample does not replace the original market role of the song. The sample is 30 seconds of a much longer song and is of reduced quality. The song has previously been published. The sample meets general Wikipedia content requirements. The sample contributes significantly to the article by illustrating a song specifically discussed in the article. ... more details
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