centrosome In cell biology , a mitochondrion plural mitochondria is a membrane enclosed organelle found ... pmid 11444914 doi 10.1006 jmcc.2001.1378 ref and may play a role in the aging process . The word mitochondrion ... by organism and Tissue biology tissue type. Many cells have only a single mitochondrion, whereas ... Although most of a cell s DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own independent ... rstb.2002.1193 ref Structure File Animal mitochondrion diagram en edit .svg thumb 400px A mitochondrion ..., there are five distinct compartments within the mitochondrion. There is the outer mitochondrial ... of the membrane to the other. ref name Alberts Larger proteins can enter the mitochondrion if a signaling ... phospholipids . The inner membrane is home to around 1 5 of the total protein in a mitochondrion ... MitochondrionCAM.jpg thumb 250 px right Cross sectional image of cristae in rat liver mitochondrion ... about 2 3 of the total protein in a mitochondrion. ref name Alberts The matrix is important ... s. They vary in number and location according to cell type. A single mitochondrion is often found ... acid cycle , or the Krebs Cycle. However, the mitochondrion has many other functions in addition ... between the mitochondrion and ER with regard to calcium. ref cite journal title Mitochondria endoplasmic ... to be originally derived from endosymbiosis endosymbiotic prokaryotes. A mitochondrion ... that their ancestor, the so called proto mitochondrion , was a member of the Proteobacteria . ref name Shoulders1 In particular, the proto mitochondrion was probably closely related to the Rickettsiales ... acids, plus an extra gene for leucine and serine , and 2 for rRNA . ref name ChanDC One mitochondrion ... nucleus and the corresponding proteins are imported into the mitochondrion. ref name Anderson ... cycle . For example, a single mitochondrion may divide synchronously with the nucleus. This division ... one mitochondrion. In other eukaryotes in mammals for example , mitochondria may replicate their DNA ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Proto mitochondrion regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria The proto mitochondrion is the ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria are thought to be derived. Phylogeny The phylogenetic analyses of the few genes that are still encoded in the genomes of modern mitochondria suggest an alpha proteobacteria l nature for this endosymbiont . Although the order Rickettsiales has been proposed as the alpha proteobacteria l sister group of mitochondria , there is no definitive evidence as to from which alpha proteobacteria l group the proto mitochondrion emerged. Metabolism Toni Gabald n and Martijn Huynen 2003 reconstructed the proteome and corresponding metabolism of the proto mitochondrion by comparing extant alpha proteobacterial and eukaryotic genomes. They concluded that this organism was an Aerobic organism aerobic alpha proteobacterium catabolyzing lipids, glycerol and other compounds provided by the host. At least 630 gene families derived from this organism can still be found in the 9 eukaryotic genome s analyzed in the study. References Cite journal first T. last Gabald n coauthors et al. title The proto mitochondrial metabolism journal Science volume 301 issue 5633 year 2003 pages 690 doi 10.1126 science.1085463 pmid 12893934 Cell biology stub Category Microbiology Category Mitochondria Category Proteobacteria Category Symbiosis ca Protomitocondri ... more details
Summary Electron micrograph of a single mitochondrion showing the organized arrangement of the protein matrix and the inner mitochondrial membranes. Photo U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Licensing PD USGov NIH sr Mitochondrion 186.jpg ... more details
File Animal mitochondrion diagram en edit .svg thumb 315px Simplified structure of mitochondrion Because of channels in the Outer Membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria, the content of the intermembrane space is similar to that of the content of the cytoplasm. As electrons move down the proteins in the electron transport chain , the electrons lose energy to bring H ions from the mitochondrial matrix biology matrix into the intermembrane space. As a concentration gradient of hydrogen ion s forms, a protein called ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy of these ions and starts chemiosmosis , where the H ions reenter the matrix via this enzyme bound to the cristae folds of the inner membrane . ADP and a phosphate group are combined to form Adenosine triphosphate ATP . Mitochondrial enzymes Category Cell anatomy ca Espai intermembranal ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File Animal mitochondrion diagram en edit .svg thumb 315px Simplified structure of a mitochondrion File Chloroplast diagram.svg thumb 315px Simplified structure of a chloroplast The intermembrane space also known as IMS is the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast . The main function of the intermembrane space is oxidative phosphorylation . Channel protein s called Porin protein porin s in the outer membrane allow free movement of ion s and small molecule s into the intermembrane space. This doesn t mean that it is essentially continuous with the cytosol in terms of the solution solutes relevant for the functioning of these organelle s. Enzyme s destined for the mitochondrial matrix or the stroma can pass through the intermembrane space via transport through 1 s. These are known as translocase of the outer mitochondria membrane Translocase of the outer membrane TOM and translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane Translocase of the inner membrane TIM in mitochondrion mitochondria and translocase of the outer chloroplast membrane TOC and translocase of the inner chloroplast membrane TIC in chloroplast s. It tends to have a low pH because of the proton gradient which results when proton s are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during electron transport . The structures responsible for this are coenzyme Q , NADH coenzyme Q oxidoreductase complex complex I , succinate coenzyme Q oxidoreductase complex complex II , and coenzyme Q cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex complex III . Intermembrane space of mitochondria Main Intermembrane space of mitochondria Because of channels in the Outer Membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria, the content of the intermembrane space is similar to that of the content of the cytoplasm. Intermembrane space of chloroplast The intermembrane space of the chloroplast is extremely small, somewhere from 10 20 nm thick. DEFAULTSORT ... more details
CYC or Cyc may refer to Cyc , an American artificial intelligence project Champions Youth Cup CYC , an annual international youth football soccer tournament China Youth Corps CYC , a Taiwanese youth organization http www.cyclogistics.com CYC Logistics a UK logistics company and main sponsor of Millwall FC Cyclorama theater Cyc , a curved fabric or plastic sheet backdrop for a stage Cycnoches Cyc , a genus of orchid Cytochrome c , a protein of the mitochondrion mitochondrial electron transport chain . disambig fr CYC it CYC ja Cyc ... more details
A kinetoplast is a disk shaped mass of circular DNA inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome . ref cite journal author Shapiro TA, Englund PT title The structure and replication of kinetoplast DNA journal Annu. Rev. Microbiol. volume 49 pages 117 43 year 1995 pmid 8561456 doi 10.1146 annurev.mi.49.100195.001001 ref ref cite journal author Shlomai J title The structure and replication of kinetoplast DNA journal Curr. Mol. Med. volume 4 issue 6 pages 623 47 year 2004 pmid 15357213 doi 10.2174 1566524043360096 ref Kinetoplasts are only found in protozoa of the class Kinetoplastida . Kinetoplasts are usually adjacent to the organisms flagellum flagellar basal body leading to the thought that they are tightly bound to the cytoskeleton . Trypanosomes , a group of flagellated protozoans have a kinetoplast contained inside one large mitochondrion. Trypanosoma brucei , the parasite which causes African trypanosomiasis African sleeping sickness , is an example of a trypanosome with a kinetoplast. Its kinetoplast is easily visible in samples stained with DAPI , a fluorescent DNA stain biology stain . References reflist molecular cell biology stub Protist Category Kinetoplastid Category Mitochondria Category Cell biology ar ca Cinetoplast cs Kinetoplast es Cinetoplasto ja pl Kinetoplast tr Kinetoplast ... more details
protein Name uroporphyrinogen III synthase caption image width HGNCid 12592 Symbol UROS AltSymbols EntrezGene 7390 OMIM 606938 RefSeq NM 000375 UniProt P10746 PDB ECnumber 4.2.1.75 Chromosome 10 Arm q Band 25.2 26.3 LocusSupplementaryData Uroporphyrinogen III synthase is an enzyme involved in the fourth step of porphyrin metabolism, involved in the conversion of hydroxymethyl bilane into uroporphyrinogen III . Image Heme synthesis.png center framed Heme synthesis&mdash note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion yellow Pathology A deficiency is associated with Gunther s disease . External links MeshName Uroporphyrinogen III synthase Porphyrin biosynthesis enzymes Carbon oxygen lyases Category Enzymes lyase stub de Uroporphyrinogen III Synthase ja III ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Chembox verifiedrevid 307807119 ImageFile Protoporphyrin IX.svg ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite CASNo 553 12 8 PubChem 4971 SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 34 sub H sub 34 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 4 sub MolarMass 562.658 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition In the metabolism of porphyrin , protoporphyrin IX is created by the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase , and the enzyme ferrochelatase converts it into heme . Image Heme synthesis.png left framed Heme synthesis note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion yellow See also Methyl aminolevulinate Protoporphyrin for other roles of protoporphyrin IX Tetrapyrroles Heme metabolism intermediates DEFAULTSORT Protoporphyrin Ix Category Tetrapyrroles Biochem stub ... more details
wiktionarypar crista Crista Crista , Crest disambiguation Crest in Latin, may refer to Crista , an internal compartment formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion Crista ampullaris , a sensory organ of the internal ear Crista dividends , a structure in the developing heart of the human embryo Crista frontalis , the frontal crest, a structure of the skull Crista given name , a disambiguation page crista interfenestralis , an anatomical feature that separates the inner ear in two found in some reptiles Crista Ministries , a collection of Christian ministries located in the Richmond Highlands neighborhood of Shoreline, Washington, just north of Seattle Crista occipitalis interna , the internal occipital crest, a structure in the skull Crista terminalis , a crest structure in the heart Species Crista galli disambiguation Gyraulus crista , a minute species of freshwater snail Ptilium crista castrensis , a moss species See also Christa disambiguation Crist disambiguation Cristi disambiguation Cristy disambiguation Krista disambig ... more details
Merge from Matrix biology date May 2010 Unreferenced date December 2009 In biology , matrix plural matrices is the material or tissue between animal or plant cell biology cells , in which more specialized structures are embedded, and a specific part of the mitochondrion that is the site of oxidation of organic molecules. The internal structure of connective tissue s is an extracellular matrix . Finger nail s and toenail s grow from matrices. Tissue matrices Extracellular matrix Main Extracellular matrix The molecules forming the glue between cells in connective tissues are summarily referred to as the extracellular matrix. Bone matrix Main Osteon Bone is a form of connective tissue found in the body and has a storage area, or osteon region, also called matrix that allows mineral salts such as calcium to be stored. Subcellular matrices Mitochondrial matrix Main Mitochondrial matrix In the mitochondrion , the matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalysis catalyze the oxidation of pyruvic acid pyruvate and other small Organic chemistry organic molecule s. Nuclear matrix Main Nuclear matrix In the cell nucleus the matrix is the insoluble fraction that remains after extracting the solubled DNA . Golgi matrix The Golgi matrix is a protein scaffold made up of golgin s on the cytoplasm ic side of the Golgi apparatus involved in keeping its shape and membrane stacking. Matrix medium A matrix is also a Growth medium medium in which bacteria are grown cultured . For instance, a Petri dish of agar may be the matrix for culturing a sample swab bed from a patient s throat. See also Matrix biology Matricity Tissues and cells Germinal matrix Hair matrix cell Molecular biology Matrix protein Matrix metalloproteinase Matrix attachment region Bioinformatics and sequence evolution Similarity matrix PAM matrix Substitution matrix Position specific scoring matrix Botany and agriculture Matrix Planting Population biology and ecology Matrix population models DEFAULTSORT Matrix Biology Cat ... more details
unencyclopedic Refimprove date February 2008 Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Animal mitochondrion diagram en edit .svg Caption Simplified structure of a typical mitochondrion DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 G 71 3 g 70 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D017240 Mitochondrial myopathies are a type of myopathy associated with mitochondrial disease . On biopsy, the muscle tissue of patients with this disease category usually demonstrate ragged red muscle fibers. These ragged red fibers contain mild accumulations of glycogen and neutral lipids, and may show an increased reactivity for succinate dehydrogenase and a decreased activity for cytochrome c oxidase. Inheritance is maternal Non Mendelian inheritance Extranuclear inheritance non Mendelian extranuclear . There are several subcategories of mitochondrial myopathies. Treatment Although no cure currently exists, there is some hope for a treatment for this whole class of hereditary disease s with the use of an embryotic mitochondrial transplant. ref Name BBC 5 February 2008 cite web title Three parent embryo formed in lab work Scientists believe they have made a potential breakthrough in the treatment of serious disease by creating a human embryo with three separate parents. publisher BBC News date 5 February 2008 , 11 13 GMT url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi health 7227861.stm format web doi accessdate 2008 02 08 ref Symptoms Symptoms of Mitochondrial myopathy include Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke like syndrome MELAS varying degrees of cognitive impairment and dementia lactic acidosis stroke s transient ischemic attack s hearing loss dysmotility weight loss Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers MERRF progressive myoclonic epilepsy clumps of diseased mitochondria accumulate in the subsarcolemmal region of the muscle fiber and appear as ragged red fibers when muscle is stained with modified G m ri trichrome stain short stature Kearns Sayre syndrome KSS external ophthalmoplegia ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Paracoccus denitrificans image image width 250px superdomain Phylogenetics Phylogenetica regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Proteobacteria Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rhodobacterales familia Rhodobacteraceae genus Paracoccus species P. denitrificans binomial Paracoccus denitrificans binomial authority Davis, 1969 Paracoccus denitrificans , a Gram negative, coccoid, denitrifying nitrate reducing bacterium, formerly known as Micrococcus denitrificans , was first isolated in 1910 by Martinus Beijerinck ref Beijerinck, M.W. and Minkman, D.C.J. 1910 . Bildung und Verbrauch von Stickoxydul durch Bakterien . Zentralblatt f r Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene, Abteilung II. 25, 30 63. ref . It was renamed in 1969 to Paracoccus denitrificans by Davis ref Davis, D.H. et al. 1969 . Proposal to reject the genus Hydrogenomonas taxonomic implications . Int J Syst Bacteriol. 19, 375 390. ref . Paracoccus denitrificans harbors many features also found in mitochondria and because of this, Paracoccus denitrificans is thought to be a plausible ancestor of the eukaryotic mitochondrion endosymbiotic theory ref John, P. and Whatley, F.R. 1975 . Paracoccus denitrificans and the evolutionary origin of the mitochondrion . Nature. 254 5500 , 495 498. PMID 235742 ref . The genome of P. denitrificans was sequenced in 2004 ref http genome.ornl.gov microbial pden Paracoccus denitrificans 1222 Bot generated title ref . References references Further reading van Verseveld, H.W. and Stouthamer, A.H. 1999 . The Genus Paracoccus . The Prokaryotes. 3rd edition, release 3.0. Springer Verlag, New York. http 141.150.157.117 8080 prokPUB chaphtm 115 COMPLETE.htm HTML Kelly, D.P. et al. 2006 . Redefining Paracoccus denitrificans and Paracoccus pantotrophus and the case for a reassessment of the strains held by international culture collections . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 56, 2495 2500. PMID 17012585 External links Wikispecies Paracoccus d ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Invagination to fold inward or to sheath. In biology , this can refer to a number of processes. Invagination is the morphogenetic processes by which an embryo takes form, and is the initial step of gastrulation , the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of Cell biology cells , the blastula , into a multi layered organism , with differentiated germ layer s endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. More localized invaginations also occur later in embryonic development, to form coelom, etc. Invagination is the formation of a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in animal cells. The inner membrane of a mitochondrion invaginates to form cristae, thus providing a much greater surface area to accommodate the protein complexes and other participants that produce ATP. Invagination occurs during endocytosis and exocytosis when a vesicle forms within the cell and the membrane closes around it. Invagination of a part of the intestine into another part is called Intussusception medical disorder intussusception . In the humanities Used to explain a special kind of metanarrative . Used by Rosalind Krauss and Jacques Derrida The Law of Genre , Glyph 7 1980 . In Geology Used to describe a deep depression of strata. Used by Donald L. Baars in The Colorado Plateau Category Cellular processes Category Developmental biology Developmental biology stub es Invaginaci n it Invaginazione pt Invagina o ... more details
Taxobox color khaki name Retortamonads domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Excavata phylum Metamonad a ordo Retortamonadida subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Retortamonas br Chilomastix The retortamonads are a small group of flagellate s, mostly found in the intestines of animals, although some are free living. They are usually around 5 20 &mu m in length. There are two genera Retortamonas with two flagella, and Chilomastix with four. In both cases there are four basal bodies anterior to a prominent feeding groove, and one flagellum is directed back through the cell, emerging from the groove. The retortamonads lack both mitochondrion mitochondria and golgi apparatus . They are close relatives of the diplomonad s, ref name pmid12270904 cite journal author Simpson AG, Roger AJ, Silberman JD, et al. title Evolutionary history of early diverging eukaryotes the excavate taxon Carpediemonas is a close relative of Giardia journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 19 issue 10 pages 1782 91 year 2002 month October pmid 12270904 doi url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 12270904 ref and are placed among the metamonad s along with them. References reflist Excavata Category Flagellates Category Metamonads cs Retortamon dy de Retortamonadida es Retortamonadida fr Retortamonadida ja ... more details
protein Name protoporphyrinogen oxidase caption image width HGNCid 9280 Symbol PPOX AltSymbols VP EntrezGene 5498 OMIM 600923 RefSeq NM 000309 UniProt P50336 PDB ECnumber 1.3.3.4 Chromosome 1 Arm q Band 22 LocusSupplementaryData Protoporphyrinogen oxidase EC number 1.3.3.4 is an enzyme that is responsible for the seventh step in heme production. Heme is the portion of hemoglobin that carries oxygen in the blood from the lung s to the rest of the body. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase removes hydrogen atoms from protoporphyrinogen IX the product of the sixth step in the production of heme to form protoporphyrin IX . One additional enzyme must modify protoporphyrin IX before it becomes heme. Image Heme synthesis.png center framed Heme synthesis&mdash note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion yellow See also porphyrin 1.3 enzyme stub Membrane proteins CH CH oxidoreductases Porphyrin biosynthesis enzymes Category EC 1.3.3 de Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase it Protoporfirinogeno ossidasi ja ... more details
A replicon is a DNA molecule or RNA molecule, or a region of DNA or RNA, that DNA replication replicates from a single origin of replication . For most prokaryotic chromosomes, the replicon is the entire chromosome. The only exceptions found comes from archaea , where two Sulfolobus species have been shown to contain three replicons. Plasmid s and bacteriophage s are usually replicated as single replicons, but large plasmids in Gram negative bacteria have been shown to carry several replicons. ref Thomas, Christopher M. 2000. u The Horizontal Gene Pool u OPA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ISBN 90 5702 462 4. Page 3 ref For eukaryotic chromosomes, there are multiple replicons per chromosome. The definition of replicons is somewhat confused with Mitochondrion mitochondria , as they use unidirectional replication with two separate origins. See also Origin of replication References reflist DNA replication Category DNA replication genetics stub de Replikon es Replic n fr R plicon it Replicone pl Replikon pt Replic o ur ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Chembox ImageFile Coproporphyrinogen III.svg ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 2624 63 7 PubChem 321 SMILES MeSHName Coproporphyrinogen III Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 36 sub H sub 44 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 8 sub MolarMass 660.757 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition In the metabolism of porphyrin , the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase generates coproporphyrinogen III from uroporphyrinogen III , and coproporphyrinogen III oxidase converts it into protoporphyrinogen IX . Image Heme synthesis.png center framed Heme synthesis&mdash note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion yellow Tetrapyrroles Heme metabolism intermediates DEFAULTSORT Coproporphyrinogen Iii Category Tetrapyrroles Biochem stub ja III ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Chembox ImageFile Uroporphyrinogen III skeletal.svg ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 1976 85 8 PubChem 1179 SMILES MeSHName Uroporphyrinogen III Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 40 sub H sub 44 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 16 sub MolarMass 836.795 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition In the synthesis of porphyrin , Uroporphyrinogen III is created by the enzyme Uroporphyrinogen III synthase , and the enzyme Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase converts it into coproporphyrinogen III . Image Heme synthesis.png center framed Heme synthesis&mdash note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion yellow Tetrapyrroles Heme metabolism intermediates DEFAULTSORT Uroporphyrinogen Iii Category Tetrapyrroles hu Uroporfirinog n III ja III ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Chembox ImageFile Protoporphyrinogen IX.PNG ImageSize 200 px IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 7412 77 3 PubChem 1039 SMILES MeSHName protoporphyrinogen Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 34 sub H sub 52 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 4 sub MolarMass 580.801 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Section3 Chembox Hazards Solubility MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Protoporphyrinogen IX is a precursor for protoporphyrin IX . See Porphyrins for the pathway and more information. Image Heme synthesis.png center framed Heme synthesis note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion yellow See also Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Tetrapyrroles Heme metabolism intermediates DEFAULTSORT Protoporphyrinogen Ix Chemistry stub ja IX Category Macrocycles ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Image Diagram of a human mitochondrion.png thumb 300px right Diagram of a human mitochondrion In genetics , a cytohet or heteroplasmon is a eukaryotic Cell biology cell whose cell nucleus non nucleic genome is heterozygous . The non nucleic genome of eukaryotic cells exists in cytoplasm ic organelle s, namely the chloroplast s only in plant cell s and the mitochondria in all eukaryotic cells . Most of the gene s in the mitochondria code for cellular respiration respiration related protein s, and most of the genes in the chloroplasts code for photosynthesis related proteins. The cytoplasmic genome, in contrast with the nucleic genome, exists in many copies in each cell each cell contains numerous mitochondria and or chloroplasts, and each such organelle contains multiple copies of its chromosome . Mutation s in the cytoplasmic genome occur spontanteously and at a much higher rate than in the nucleus, since the mitochondria and chloroplasts are exposed to high concentration s of reactive oxygen species ROS, by products of respiration and photosynthesis . Mitochondria and chloroplasts with mutant genes have the ability to cause wildtype allele s in other mitochondria and chloroplasts to become mutant as well the way in which this is done is still not clear. A certain cell in which a mutant gene exists only in some of the organelles, whereas the wildtype allele exists in the rest, is a cytohet or heteroplasmon . Category Mitochondrial genetics ... more details
Protofection is a term that refers to the transfection of foreign mitochondrion mitochondria to replace the original energy generators within cells. As mitochondria are damaged with age, this would be a method of rejuvenating them to original states. This technology could similarly be applied to modified or artificial mitochondria. The intent being designing ones that do not produce as many preferably zero free radicals while staying as, or more efficient in generating energy in the cell. While not invulnerable to free radical damage, having less free radicals would also make such generators have longer lifespans if they could still renew at an identical rate, or at least enough to keep more healthy ones at a given time. External links http www.fightaging.org archives 000539.php FightAging.org Article responding to developments. http www.ethicscommittee.ca biotech article.php?id 13007&group sci.bio.technology Canadian Ethics Committee discusses implications if technology is successful. http www.longevitymeme.org news view news item.cfm?news id 1932 LongevityMeme.org reports developments. Category Molecular biology Cell biology stub ... more details
Mitochondrial toxicity is a condition in which the mitochondrion mitochondria of a body s cells become damaged or decline significantly in number it occurs as a side effect of certain antiretroviral drug s used to treat human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV . Causes While the exact causes of mitochondrial toxicity are not known, research has shown that a certain group of anti viral drugs used to treat HIV, specifically nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor s NRTIs , interfere with an enzyme needed in the production of mitochondria. ref http www.thebody.com pinf mitochondrial.html ref Symptoms The disruption of cell function that accompanies the condition can cause both mild and severe problems in people suffering from mitochondrial toxicity. The most commonly observed symptom is muscle weakness, or myopathy . Others include peripheral neuropathy numbness in the fingers and toes and pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas , with the most severe being lactic acidosis , in which a build up of lactic acid in the tissues of the body leads to loss of energy, organ failure, and eventually death. ref http www.projinf.org fs mito b.html ref References references External links Mitochondrial toxicity at http www.hivnet.org OverHivEnAids Alternatief BrochureBijwerkingenEngels Mitochondrial 20toxicity.htm hiv.org Category Toxicology medical stub med toxic stub sl Mitohondrijska toksi nost ... more details
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