Single infobox Name Mitochondria Artist Kenichi Suzumura Cover Suzu ken Mitochondria.jpg from Album Released June 24, 2009 Format Maxi single Recorded Genre J pop Label Lantis company Lantis Length 9 15 Writer Producer Last single Atarashii Neiro br 2009 This single Mitochondria br 2009 Next single Misc Mitochondria is Kenichi Suzumura s third single, released on February 4, 2009. It came with a disc with the music video PV of the title track Mitochondria and peaked at 20 on the Oricon charts Track listing tracklist headline CD all lyrics Kenichi Suzumura title1 Mitochondria Mitokondoria length1 4 18 title2 Sorya Sou Desu length2 4 57 category 2009 singles Category Kenichi Suzumura songs 2000s Japan single stub ja ... more details
Light microscope image on mitochondria in cell This is an image of a cultured human endothelial cell taken by myself David Hackos using a fluorescence microscope. It is stained with a fluorescent dye called MitoTracker Green FM, which selectively stains mitochondria. Cells were stained by incubating them at 37C for 30 min. with DPBS Dulbeccos Phosphate Buffered Saline containing 20nM MitoTraker Green FM obtained from Molecular Probes Inc. GFDL with disclaimers migration relicense ... more details
File Animal mitochondrion diagram en edit .svg thumb 315px Simplified structure of mitochondrion Because of channels in the Outer Membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria, the content of the intermembrane space is similar to that of the content of the cytoplasm. As electrons move down the proteins in the electron transport chain , the electrons lose energy to bring H ions from the mitochondrial matrix biology matrix into the intermembrane space. As a concentration gradient of hydrogen ion s forms, a protein called ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy of these ions and starts chemiosmosis , where the H ions reenter the matrix via this enzyme bound to the cristae folds of the inner membrane . ADP and a phosphate group are combined to form Adenosine triphosphate ATP . Mitochondrial enzymes Category Cell anatomy ca Espai intermembranal ... more details
Infobox Book name Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life title orig translator image Image PowerSexSuicide.jpg image caption Front cover image. author Nick Lane illustrator cover artist country United Kingdom language series subject Evolutionary biology genre publisher Oxford University Press release date 2005 in literature 2005 english release date media type pages isbn ISBN 978 0199205646 oclc followed by Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life is a 2005 in literature 2005 popular science book by Nick Lane of University College London , which argues that mitochondrion mitochondria are central to questions of the evolution of multicellularity , the evolution of sexual reproduction , and to the process of senescence . Amongst the theories advanced in the book, Lane endorses the hydrogen hypothesis for the formation of the eukaryote eukaryotic cell , whereby mitochondria are the original defining characteristic of the structure. He argues that the event was an exceedingly improbable one and questions the likelihood of it having happened elsewhere in the Universe . He also suggests that the necessity for genetic compatibility between mitochondrial and cell nucleus nuclear DNA lies behind the differentiation of gender Biological gender biological gender s, ensuring that only one sexual partner contributes mitochondrial DNA to offspring. Steven Rose in The Guardian said that the book contains one of the most interesting stories modern biology has to tell . ref http www.guardian.co.uk books 2005 nov 12 featuresreviews.guardianreview10 Review Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life The Guardian ref It was shortlisted for the Royal Society Science Book Prize in 2006. ref http royalsociety.org book.asp?id 6474 Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life RoyalSociety.org ref References reflist 1 Category 2005 books Category Popular science books Category Books about evolution book stub ... more details
Image Mitochondrie.svg thumb 300px right Mitochondria structure 1 inner membrane, 2 outer membrane, 3 cristae, 4 matrix The mitochondria l inner membrane forms internal compartments known as crista e, which allow greater space for the proteins such as cytochrome s to function properly and efficiently. The electron transport chain is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Within the inner mitochondrial membrane are also transport protein s that transport in a highly controlled manner metabolites across this membrane. The inner membrane of mitochondria IMM is similar in lipid composition to the membrane of bacteria . This phenomenon can be explained by the endosymbiont hypothesis of the origin of mitochondria as prokaryotes internalized by a eukaryotic host cell. See also Mitochondrial shuttle Translocase of the inner membrane External links http opm.phar.umich.edu localization.php?localization Mitochondrial 20inner 20membrane http www.med.uiuc.edu histo small atlas objects 1340.htm Mitochondrial enzymes Category Membrane biology biochemistry stub ca Membrana mitocondrial interna ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Image Diagram of a human mitochondrion.png thumb 300px right Diagram of a human mitochondrion In genetics , a cytohet or heteroplasmon is a eukaryotic Cell biology cell whose cell nucleus non nucleic genome is heterozygous . The non nucleic genome of eukaryotic cells exists in cytoplasm ic organelle s, namely the chloroplast s only in plant cell s and the mitochondria in all eukaryotic cells . Most of the gene s in the mitochondria code for cellular respiration respiration related protein s, and most of the genes in the chloroplasts code for photosynthesis related proteins. The cytoplasmic genome, in contrast with the nucleic genome, exists in many copies in each cell each cell contains numerous mitochondria and or chloroplasts, and each such organelle contains multiple copies of its chromosome . Mutation s in the cytoplasmic genome occur spontanteously and at a much higher rate than in the nucleus, since the mitochondria and chloroplasts are exposed to high concentration s of reactive oxygen species ROS, by products of respiration and photosynthesis . Mitochondria and chloroplasts with mutant genes have the ability to cause wildtype allele s in other mitochondria and chloroplasts to become mutant as well the way in which this is done is still not clear. A certain cell in which a mutant gene exists only in some of the organelles, whereas the wildtype allele exists in the rest, is a cytohet or heteroplasmon . Category Mitochondrial genetics ... more details
B cell lymphoma extra large Bcl xl is a transmembrane molecule in the mitochondria . It is involved in the signal transduction pathway of the FAS L. It is one of several anti apoptotic proteins which are members of the Bcl 2 family of proteins. It has been implicated in the survival of cancer cells. Other Bcl 2 proteins include Bcl 2 , Bcl w , Bcl xs, and Mcl 1 . Image Signal transduction v1.png 300px thumb right Overview of signal transduction pathways Fas apoptosis signaling pathway Category Mitochondria Category Cancer research medicine stub ... more details
ND5 can stand for A gene , encoded in mitochondria for NADH dehydrogenase NADH dehydrogenase 5 , associated with sporadic Parkinson s Disease . China Railways Class ND5 diesel electric locomotive . It is a modified version of GE C36 7 General Electric c36 7 built in GE s Erie plant from 1984 1986. disamb ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Proto mitochondrion regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria The proto mitochondrion is the ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria are thought to be derived. Phylogeny The phylogenetic analyses of the few genes that are still encoded in the genomes of modern mitochondria suggest an alpha proteobacteria l nature for this endosymbiont . Although the order Rickettsiales has been proposed as the alpha proteobacteria l sister group of mitochondria , there is no definitive evidence as to from which alpha proteobacteria l group the proto mitochondrion emerged. Metabolism Toni Gabald n and Martijn Huynen 2003 reconstructed the proteome and corresponding metabolism of the proto mitochondrion by comparing extant alpha proteobacterial and eukaryotic genomes. They concluded that this organism was an Aerobic organism aerobic alpha proteobacterium catabolyzing lipids, glycerol and other compounds provided by the host. At least 630 gene families derived from this organism can still be found in the 9 eukaryotic genome s analyzed in the study. References Cite journal first T. last Gabald n coauthors et al. title The proto mitochondrial metabolism journal Science volume 301 issue 5633 year 2003 pages 690 doi 10.1126 science.1085463 pmid 12893934 Cell biology stub Category Microbiology Category Mitochondria Category Proteobacteria Category Symbiosis ca Protomitocondri ... more details
Discovered in the Caenorhabditis elegans C. elegans genome. Ced9 is the gene that codes for a protein that inhibits represses apoptosis . The human version of the gene is called Bcl 2 . The protein prevents the release of cytochrome c in the membrane of mitochondria http www.wormbase.org db gene gene?name WBGene00000423 class Gene Category C. elegans genes ... more details
Taxobox image status status system status ref regnum Animalia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked familia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Hypsogastropoda br clade Littorinimorpha superfamilia Rissooidea familia Pomatiopsidae genus Tricula species T. hortensis binomial Tricula hortensis binomial authority synonyms Tricula hortensis is a species of freshwater snail , a gastropod in the Pomatiopsidae family. Distribution This species of freshwater snail occurs in List of non marine molluscs of China China . ref name Zhao 2010 mitochondria Genetics The complete mitochondrial genome of Tricula hortensis was published in 2010. ref name Zhao 2010 mitochondria Zhao Q. P., Zhang S. H., Deng Z. R., Jiang M. S. & Nie P. 2010 . Conservation and variation in mitochondrial genomes of gastropods Oncomelania hupensis and Tricula hortensis , intermediate host snails of Schistosoma in China . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 1 215 226. doi 10.1016 j.ympev.2010.05.026 . ref Its length is 15,179 nucleotides and it contains 13 genes. ref name Zhao 2010 mitochondria Parasites Tricula hortensis is an intermediate host for Schistosoma sinensium . ref name Zhao 2010 mitochondria References reflist External links NCBI 227356 Tricula hortensis Category Pomatiopsidae Pomatiopsidae stub vi Tricula hortensis ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File Animal mitochondrion diagram en edit .svg thumb 315px Simplified structure of a mitochondrion File Chloroplast diagram.svg thumb 315px Simplified structure of a chloroplast The intermembrane space also known as IMS is the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast . The main function of the intermembrane space is oxidative phosphorylation . Channel protein s called Porin protein porin s in the outer membrane allow free movement of ion s and small molecule s into the intermembrane space. This doesn t mean that it is essentially continuous with the cytosol in terms of the solution solutes relevant for the functioning of these organelle s. Enzyme s destined for the mitochondrial matrix or the stroma can pass through the intermembrane space via transport through 1 s. These are known as translocase of the outer mitochondria membrane Translocase of the outer membrane TOM and translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane Translocase of the inner membrane TIM in mitochondrion mitochondria and translocase of the outer chloroplast membrane TOC and translocase of the inner chloroplast membrane TIC in chloroplast s. It tends to have a low pH because of the proton gradient which results when proton s are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during electron transport . The structures responsible for this are coenzyme Q , NADH coenzyme Q oxidoreductase complex complex I , succinate coenzyme Q oxidoreductase complex complex II , and coenzyme Q cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex complex III . Intermembrane space of mitochondria Main Intermembrane space of mitochondria Because of channels in the Outer Membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria, the content of the intermembrane space is similar to that of the content of the cytoplasm. Intermembrane space of chloroplast The intermembrane space of the chloroplast is extremely small, somewhere from 10 20 nm thick. ... more details
Mitochondrial membrane transport proteins are protein s which exist in the plasma membrane membranes of mitochondria and which serve to transport ref MeshName Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins ref molecule s and other factors such as ion s into or out of the organelles. Examples Examples of mitochondrial transport protein s include the following The mitochondrial permeability transition mitochondrial permeability transition pore , which opens in response to increased mitochondrial calcium Ca sup 2 sup load and oxidative stress ref name Crompton Crompton M. 1999. http www.biochemj.org bj 341 0233 bj3410233.htm The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in cell death . Biochemical Journal . Volume 341, Pages 233 249. PMID 10393078. Retrieved on January 23, 2007. ref The mitochondrial calcium uniporter which transports calcium in biology calcium from the cytosol of the Cell biology cell into the mitochondrial matrix ref name Crompton ref name Nicholls Nicholls DG. 2005. Mitochondria and calcium signaling. Cell Calcium , Volume 38, Issues 3 4, Pages 311 317. PMID 16087232. Retrieved on January 23, 2007. ref The mitochondrial sodium calcium exchanger , which carries Ca sup 2 sup ions out of the matrix in exchange for sodium Na sup sup ions. These transport proteins serve to maintain the proper electrochemical gradient electrical and chemical gradient s in mitochondria by keeping ions and other factors in the right balance between the inside and outside of mitochondria. See also Mitochondrial carrier Membrane transport protein References references Membrane transport proteins Mitochondrial proteins Category Transport proteins Category mitochondria Category transmembrane proteins membrane protein stub ... more details
Expert subject Biology date November 2009 Mitochondrial decay is one major cause of aging , leading to the subsequent death in humans. The mitochondria are the power producing organelles found in every cell of every organ. Their primary function is to generate Adenosine triphosphate ATP through various energy cycles that involve nutrients and vitamins. ATP is needed for every movement, thought and action we make. Yet very little ATP can be stored in the body. Under normal conditions the mitochondria generate free radicals during the ATP production process and as a result subject themselves to a lot of free radical damage. As we age, the mitochondria become less efficient, fewer in number and larger. Accordingly, ATP production declines, and this may eventually lead to cell death. As organs cannot borrow energy from one another, the efficiency of each organ s mitochondria is essential to its repair processes and functions. If an organ s mitochondria fail, then so does that organ. Enhancement and protection of mitochondrial function and structure are therefore instrumental in preventing and slowing aging. Mitochondrial decay is a progressive disruption of mitochondrial structural integrity and functional ability with advancing age. It can cause impairment in cellular energy production and hence a decline in normal function, particularly in organs with high energy consumption such as the brain and the heart. Mitochondrial decay can also lead to an increase in free radical production and thus render a cell more prone to commit suicide programmed cell death or apoptosis . Some of the age related diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, have been found to involve mitochondrial dysfunction. The maintenance of a youthful mitochondrial functional ability and antioxidant capacity has become a trend in preventive health. Reference RK Lab http www.rk lab.com Category DNA Category Aging ... more details
Protofection is a term that refers to the transfection of foreign mitochondrion mitochondria to replace the original energy generators within cells. As mitochondria are damaged with age, this would be a method of rejuvenating them to original states. This technology could similarly be applied to modified or artificial mitochondria. The intent being designing ones that do not produce as many preferably zero free radicals while staying as, or more efficient in generating energy in the cell. While not invulnerable to free radical damage, having less free radicals would also make such generators have longer lifespans if they could still renew at an identical rate, or at least enough to keep more healthy ones at a given time. External links http www.fightaging.org archives 000539.php FightAging.org Article responding to developments. http www.ethicscommittee.ca biotech article.php?id 13007&group sci.bio.technology Canadian Ethics Committee discusses implications if technology is successful. http www.longevitymeme.org news view news item.cfm?news id 1932 LongevityMeme.org reports developments. Category Molecular biology Cell biology stub ... more details
Summary We made this file for a biology class that I was teaching and thought that it would be helpful here. The image was made using the vector graphic program Inkscape Keywords Electron Transport chain, aerobic respiration, mitochondria, inner membrane, intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix, ATP synthase, NADH, FADH2, FAD, NAD, cytochrome C, Krebs cycle Licensing cc by sa 2.5 ... more details
Transmission electron microscopy Transmission Electron Micrograph of negatively stained Proximal convoluted tubule of Rat kidney tissue at a magnification of 55,000x and 80KV. Note the Zonula occludens Tight Junction right of center, the Mitochondria in the upper left and Microvilli in cross section in the lower right. Micrograph taken by Eric Yale Hayden December, 2002. Cc by sa 2.5 Attribution to Eric Yale Hayden Category Electron microscope images ... more details
Summary There is an error in that picture. NADH should be formed during step 3, by forming 3 ketoacyl CoA. The arrow should be placed correctly. Schematic diagram of tri functional mitochondrial protein and mitochondria l fatty acid metabolism , highlighting effects of LCHAD deficiency. User Samir The Scope Samir small User talk Samir The Scope small 06 58, 22 August 2006 UTC Licensing GFDL self with disclaimers migration relicense ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Intermediate fibers , also known as fast oxidative glycolytic fibers , are muscle fast twitch muscle fibers which have been converted via endurance training. These fibers are slightly larger in diameter, have more mitochondria as well as a greater blood supply and more endurance than typical fast twitch fibers. Most of the body s muscles are composed of these intermediate fibers. References Visualizing Human Biology, Kathleen Anne Ireland, David J. Tenenbaum muscle stub Category Muscular system ... more details
Chloroplasts and mitochondria Chloroplasts and mitochondria are energy converting organelles in the cytoplasm ... of the energy of sunlight . Mitochondria in both plant and animal cells perform cellular ... reactions of bioenergetics , chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain specialized and discrete genetic systems. These genetic systems enable chloroplasts and mitochondria to make some of their own proteins . Both the genetic and energy converting systems of chloroplasts and mitochondria are descended ... hypothesis . Most genes for proteins of chloroplasts and mitochondria are, however, now ... that are made in the cytosol for subsequent import into the organelles. Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genetic systems? quote text Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts require their own ... cannot think of compelling reasons why the proteins made in mitochondria and chloroplasts should ... http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?highlight mitochondria,chloroplasts&rid mboc4.section.2599 2636 4th Edition on line . Cytoplasmic inheritance CoRR seeks to explain why chloroplasts and mitochondria ... nucleus , while others did not? Proposed solution CoRR states that chloroplasts and mitochondria ... chloroplasts and mitochondria are obtained in the presence of redox reagents with different redox ... by Isolated Chloroplasts and Mitochondria. Redox Report 1 119 123 ref In mitochondria, the effect ... more details
A very long chain fatty acid VLCFA is a fatty acid with aliphatic tails longer than 22 carbons. Unlike most fatty acids, VLCFAs are too long to be metabolized in the mitochondria , and must be metabolized in peroxisome s. Certain peroxisomal disorders, such as adrenoleukodystrophy , can be associated with an accumulation of VLCFAs. See also ACADVL SLC27A2 SLC27A5 chemistry stub Fatty acids Peroxisomal metabolism intermediates it Acidi grassi a catena molto lunga Category Fatty acids ... more details
The Nebenkern is a mitochondrial formation in the sperm of insects such as Drosophila . Spermatid mitochondria wrap around each other to form a spherical aggregate, adjacent to the nucleus. http 8e.devbio.com article.php?ch 19&id 194 The nebenkern proceeds to elongate into a double stranded helical structure. http 8e.devbio.com article.php?ch 19&id 194 , http www.merriam webster.com medical nebenkern Category Germ cells ... more details
that is essential for normal mitochondrial function. Through a series of chemical reactions, mitochondria ... of ATP synthase, reducing the ability of mitochondria to make ATP. It remains unclear how this disruption ... contained in mitochondrial DNA. Because egg cells, but not sperm cells, contribute mitochondria to the developing ... do not pass mitochondrial traits to their children. Most of the body s cells contain thousands of mitochondria ... disorders is associated with the percentage of mitochondria in each cell that has a particular genetic ... of their mitochondria. When this mutation is present in a higher percentage of a person s mitochondria ... more details
random replication and partitioning of cytoplasmic organelles. It occurs with chloroplasts and mitochondria ... cell s organelles. An example of vegetative segregation is with mitochondria of asexually ... is the maternal inheritance of human mitochondria. The mother s mitochondria are transmitted to the offspring ... . When two haploid cells of opposite mating type fuse they can both contribute mitochondria to the resulting ...&calyLang eng 8 Birky et al.,1978. Vegetative segregation of mitochondria in yeast Estimating parameters ... more details
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