cleanup date June 2010 Programming paradigms Logicprogramming is, in its broadest sense, the use of mathematical logic for computer programming. In this view of logicprogramming, which can be traced ... proposal, logic is used as a purely Declarative programming language declarative representation ... is responsible for solving problems efficiently. However, logicprogramming, in the narrower sense in which it is more commonly understood, is the use of logic as both a Declarative programming language ... tt B sub n sub tt . However, the defining feature of logicprogramming is that sets of formulas can ... Hereditary Harrop formulae and logicprogramming Hereditary Harrop formulas . See D. Miller et al., 1991 .... But since automated proof search is generally infeasible, logicprogramming as commonly understood ... solving behavior of the theorem prover. In this respect, logicprogramming is comparable to conventional ... compiler s and Interpreter computing interpreters . History Logicprogramming in the first and wider ... to be explicitly developed as an assertional programming language. Logicprogramming in the narrower ... , and Prolog , as well as a variety of concurrent logicprogramming languages , see Shapiro 1989 for a survey , constraint logicprogramming languages and datalog . In 1997, the Association of LogicProgramming bestowed to fifteen recognized researchers in logicprogramming the title Founders of Logic ... very simply with classical negation, as in extended logicprogramming , to formalise such phrases ... one procedure applies. Such strategies are used, for example, in concurrent logicprogramming ... of negation as failure means that logicprogramming is a kind of non monotonic logic . Despite ... and event calculus . Abductive logicprogramming Abductive LogicProgramming is an extension of normal LogicProgramming that allows some predicates, declared as abducible predicates, to be incompletely ... to be explained as in classical abductive reasoning or goals to be achieved as in normal logicprogramming ... more details
The International Conference on LogicProgramming ICLP is an annual academic conference on the topic of logicprogramming . It is sponsored by the Association for LogicProgramming ALP . The conference consists of peer reviewed papers with the proceedings published by Springer Science Business Media Springer s Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNCS series. The first ICLP was held in September 1982 in Marseille , France . The twentieth and most recent ICLP was part of the Federated Logic Conference in Seattle , United States of America USA in August 2006. External links http www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be dtai projects ALP Previous ICLP Previous ICLP conferences on the ALP web site. DEFAULTSORT International Conference On LogicProgramming Category Computer science conferences Category Logic conferences Category Programming languages conferences comp sci stub ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 Multi adjoint logicprogramming means to express a computer program in the language of multi adjoint logic . The definition of a multi adjoint logic program is given, as usual in fuzzy logicprogramming, as a set of weighted rules and facts of a given formal language F . Notice that we are allowed to use different implications in our rules. Definition A multi adjoint logic program is a set P of rules of the form A i B , such that 1. The rule A i B is a formula of F 2. The confidence factor is an element a truth value of L 3. The head A is an atom 4. The body B is a formula built from atom disambiguation atoms B1, , Bn n 0 by the use of conjunctor s, disjunctor s, and aggregator s. 5. Facts are rules with body . 6. A query or goal is an atom intended as a question ? A prompting the system. compu stub Category Programming languages ... more details
Concurrent constraint logicprogramming is a version of constraint logicprogramming aimed primarily ... s. Goals in constraint logicprogramming are evaluated concurrently a concurrent process is therefore ... of the clause under some conditions. Semantically, concurrent constraint logicprogramming ... behaves when more than one clause is applicable non concurrent constraint logicprogramming Recursion recursively tries all clauses concurrent constraint logicprogramming chooses only ... logicprogramming, but are used for programming a constraint simplifier or solver rather than concurrent processes. Description In constraint logicprogramming, the goals in the current goal are evaluated ... first. The concurrent version of logicprogramming allows for evaluating goals in Parallel ... is done like in regular constraint logicprogramming. Checking entailment of a constraint is done via ... logicprogramming is written as code H G B code where code G code is a constraint called the guard ... below. The main difference between non concurrent and concurrent constraint logicprogramming ... and concurrent constraint logicprogramming is about the condition when more than one clause can be used for proving a goal. Non concurrent logicprogramming tries all possible clauses when rewriting ... to prove the goal are tried. On the other hand, concurrent constraint logicprogramming aims at programming ... cannot be undone. The concurrent version of constraint logicprogramming implements processes by allowing ... the commitment to a single clause of concurrent constraint logicprogramming once a clause has been ... between the non concurrent and the concurrent version is that concurrent constraint logicprogramming ... are common in general in concurrent processing the concurrent version of constraint logicprogramming ... in non concurrent constraint logicprogramming. As a result, the process evaluating a goal may be stopped ... and non concurrent logicprogramming is in the way a goal is equated to the head of a fresh variant ... more details
LogicProgramming Associates is a company specializing in logic and artificial intelligence software. It was founded in 1980 and is most widely known for its Prolog compilers such as WIN PROLOG. External links http www.lpa.co.uk ind pro.htm LPA home page http www.lpa.co.uk abo lpa.htm About LPA ict company stub Category Information technology organisations ... more details
Programming paradigms Inductive logicprogramming ILP is a subfield of machine learning which uses logicprogramming as a uniform representation for examples, background knowledge and hypotheses. Given an encoding of the known background knowledge and a set of examples represented as a logical database of facts, an ILP system will derive a hypothesised logic program which entails all the positive and none of the negative examples. Schema positive examples negative examples background knowledge hypothesis . Inductive logicprogramming is particularly useful in bioinformatics and natural language processing . The term Inductive LogicProgramming was first introduced ref Luc De Raedt. A Perspective on Inductive LogicProgramming. The Workshop on Current and Future Trends in LogicProgramming, Shakertown, to appear in Springer LNCS, 1999. doi 10.1.1.56.1790 ref in a paper by Stephen Muggleton in 1991. See also Inductive reasoning International Conferences on Inductive LogicProgramming class wikitable bgcolor CCCCCC Year Dates Location Chairs http ilp11.doc.ic.ac.uk 2011 July 31 Aug 3 Windsor Great Park , United Kingdom Stephen Muggleton, Hirokai Watanabe http ilp2010.dsi.unifi.it 2010 June 27 30 Florence , Italy Paolo Frasconi, Francesca A. Lisi http dtai.cs.kuleuven.be ilp mlg srl index.php 2009 July 2 5 Leuven , Belgium , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Hendrik Blockeel, Luc De Raedt http ida.felk.cvut.cz ilp2008 2008 September 10 12 Prague , Czech Republic , Czech Technical University ... Golem ILP http www.doc.ic.ac.uk shm Software golem Aleph inductive logicprogramming Aleph http web.comlab.ox.ac.uk .... Inductive LogicProgramming. New Generation Computing , 8 4 295 318, 1991. S.H. Muggleton and L. De Raedt. Inductive logicprogramming Theory and methods. Journal of LogicProgramming , 19,20 629 679, 1994. N. Lavrac and S. Dzeroski. Inductive LogicProgramming Techniques and Applications . Ellis ... online version . references Category Inductive logicprogramming de Induktive logische Programmierung ... more details
Programming paradigms Abductive logicprogramming ALP is a high level knowledge representation framework ... logicprogramming by allowing some predicates to be incompletely defined, declared as abducible predicates ... to be explained as in classical abduction or goals to be achieved as in normal logicprogramming ... of the problem G. Computation in ALP combines the backwards reasoning of normal logicprogramming ... is generic in the underlying semantics of logicprogramming. Each particular choice of semantics ... Poole later developed a logicprogramming variant of Theorist, in which abducible predicates have ... extensions of logicprogramming. In particular, ALP has close connections with Answer Set Programming ... programming CLP . On the one hand, the integration of constraint solving and abductive logicprogramming ... a strong link between ALP and Argumentation in logicprogramming. This relates both to the interpretation ... of ALP extend the SLD resolution based computational model of logicprogramming. ALP can ... and ProLogICA. See also Abductive reasoning Answer set programming Inductive logicprogramming Negation ..., R.A. Kowalski and F. Toni, Abductive LogicProgramming , Journal of Logic and Computation , Vol. 2 ... Logic Programs , Journal of LogicProgramming , Vol 34, no 2, pp. 111 167, 1998. M. Denecker and A.C. Kakas, Abductive LogicProgramming, Special issue of Journal of LogicProgramming , JLP, Vol. 44 1 3 , Elsevier Science, 2000. M. Denecker and A.C. Kakas, Abduction in LogicProgramming, in Computational LogicLogicProgramming and Beyond, LNAI Vol, 2407, pp. 402 437, Springer Verlag, 2002 ... sciff Category Logicprogramming ... logic programs have three components, math P,A,IC , math where P is a logic program of exactly the same form as in LogicProgramming A is a set of predicate names, called the abducible predicates IC is a set of first order classical formulae. Normally, the logic program P does not contain any ... more details
Programming paradigms Constraint logicprogramming is a form of constraint programming , in which logicprogramming is extended to include concepts from constraint satisfaction . A constraint logic program ... code A X,Y code , code B X code , and code C Y code are literals as in regular logicprogramming ... than zero and both code B X code and code C Y code are true. As in regular logicprogramming ... to the regular logicprogramming literals. As an example, code X 0 code is a constraint, and is included ...,Y X 0, B X,Y . Like in regular logicprogramming, evaluating a goal such as code A X,1 code requires evaluating the body of the last clause with code Y 1 code . Like in regular logicprogramming, this in turn requires proving the goal code B X,1 code . Contrary to regular logicprogramming, this also ... value. Formally, the semantics of constraint logicprogramming is defined in terms of derivations ... methods, such as constraint propagation . The semantics of constraint logicprogramming is parametric ... t n math . A common variant of the semantics for constraint logicprogramming adds math L t 1, ldots ... Different definitions of terms are used, generating different kinds of constraint logicprogramming ... head is code P ...t2... code . Tree terms Constraint logicprogramming with tree terms emulates regular logicprogramming by storing substitutions as constraints in the constraint store. Terms are variables .... Reals Constraint logicprogramming with real number s uses real expressions as terms. When no function ... of constraints used in constraint logicprogramming is that of finite domains. Values of variables are in this case ... substitution is for regular logicprogramming. When only tree terms are allowed, the constraint ... alone formalism for specifying constraint solvers, and were later embedded in logicprogramming ... logicprogramming language supporting constraint handling rules, a programmer can use these rules to specify ... needed to establish its satisfiability. Logicprogramming clauses in conjunction with constraint ... more details
is included as an AI programming language, in particular as a functional logicprogramming language ... ai lang prolog impl fp lp alf 0.html title ALF Algebraic Logic Functional programming language accessdate ... system comp sci stub Category Functional logicprogramming languages Category Free compilers and interpreters Category Logicprogramming languages Category Programming languages created in the 1990s ...Infobox programming language name ALF logo paradigm multi paradigm programming language multi paradigm logicprogramminglogic , functional programming functional year designer developer latest release version latest release date typing implementations dialects influenced by influenced website http www.informatik.uni kiel.de mh systems ALF README Getting and installing ALF Algebraic Logic Functional programming language also known as ALF is a programming language which combines functional programming functional and logicprogramming techniques. Its foundation is Horn clause logic with equality which consists of predicates and Horn clauses for logicprogramming, and functions and equations for functional programming. ALF was designed to be genuine integration of both programming paradigms, and thus any functional expression can be used in a goal literal and arbitrary predicates can occur in conditions of equations. ALF s operational semantics is based on the resolution rule to solve literals and narrowing to evaluate functional expressions. In order to reduce the number of possible narrowing steps, a leftmost innermost basic narrowing strategy is used which, it is claimed, can be efficiently implemented. Terms are simplified by rewriting before a narrowing step is applied and equations are rejected if the two sides have different constructors at the top. Rewriting and rejection are supposed ... efficient than Prolog programming language Prolog s resolution strategy. Similarly to Prolog ... by an emulator written in C programming language C . In the Carnegie Mellon University Artificial ... more details
because of the complexity of human reasoning. In logicprogramming , a program consists of a set of axioms and rules. Logicprogramming systems such as Prolog compute the consequences of the axioms ... clause s in logicprogramming, and description logic . Furthermore, computers can be used as tools ...Other uses Philosophy sidebar Logic from the Greek wiktionary logik ref possessed of reason ... . Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy , mathematics , semantics , and computer science . Logic examines general forms which argument s may take, which forms are valid, and which are fallacies . In philosophy, the study of logic ... of valid inference s within some formal language . ref name stanford logic onthology Logic is also ... ref Logic was studied in several ancient civilizations, including India , ref For example, Nyaya ... at 2200 years. ref and Ancient Greece Greece . Logic was established as a discipline by Aristotle , who gave it a fundamental place in philosophy. The study of logic was part of the classical Trivium education trivium . Logic is often divided into two parts, inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning . Nature The concept of Argument form logical form is central to logic, it being held that the validity ... Aristotelian syllogistic logic and modern symbolic logic are examples of formal logics. Informal logic ... important branch of informal logic. The dialogues of Plato ref cite book author Plato authorlink ... isbn 0 14 015040 4 ref are good examples of informal logic. Mathematical formalism Formal logic is the study ... study of logic. Modern formal logic follows and expands on Aristotle. ref cite book author Aristotle ... Library year 2001 isbn 0 375 75799 6 chapter Posterior Analytics ref In many definitions of logic ... of informal logic vacuous, because no formal logic captures all of the nuance of natural language. Symbolic logic is the study of symbolic abstractions that capture the formal features of logical ... more details
Defeasible logic is a non monotonic logic proposed by Donald Nute to formalize defeasible reasoning . In defeasible logic, there are three different types of propositions strict rules specify that a fact is always a consequence of another defeasible rules specify that a fact is typically a consequence of another undercutting defeaters specify exceptions to defeasible rules. A priority ordering over the defeasible rules and the defeaters can be given. During the process of deduction, the strict rules are always applied, while a defeasible rule can be applied only if no defeater of a higher priority specifies that it should not. See also Common sense Non monotonic logic Default logic Defeasible reasoning References D. Nute 1994 . Defeasible logic. In em Handbook of logic in artificial intelligence and logicprogramming em , volume 3 Nonmonotonic reasoning and uncertain reasoning, pages 353 395. Oxford University Press. G. Antoniou, D. Billington, G. Governatori, and M. Maher 2001 . Representation results for defeasible logic. em ACM Transactions on Computational Logic em , 2 2 255 287. Category Logicprogramming Category Non classical logic philo stub compu AI stub es L gica retractable fr Logique d faisable zh ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 A State logic control system is a programming method created for programmable logic controller PLC s. A state logic control system uses a State diagram state transition diagram as a model of reality, thus using the fundamentals of finite state machine theory as the basis of a programming language . State logic enables users to model the application they are trying to control by using a hierarchy that consists of Tasks, subdivided by States which are described by Statements. Tasks are a description of a sequential activity of the model. The machines, applications or processes being modelled by state logic will usually contain more than one task , representing several different and possibly parallel activities. Each of these activities will contain a given number of states . As in finite state machine theory, only one state will be active at a time, and certain inputs and outputs will cause the transition between different states. Given that PLCs usually control systems which are easily represented by a state transition diagram, the use of a very high level programming language such as state logic greatly helps the PLC programmer in making intuitive control programs. See also Programmable logic controller Digital circuit DEFAULTSORT State Logic Category Electronic design automation Category Programming language topics Electronics stub ... more details
Transaction logic is an extension of predicate logic with both declarative and procedural semantics that describe state changes in logicprogramming over dynamic database s. First proposed in the early 1990s by Anthony J. Bonner and Michael Kifer, transaction logic allows for the amalgamation property amalgamation of features including hypothetical updating, nondeterminism , and artificial intelligence via behaviors of object oriented databases. ref Bonner and Kifer 1995 , abstract ref Bonner and Kifer have offered a proof of completeness for a Serial Horn program implementation of transaction logic. ref Bonner and Kifer 1995 , 6. Proof Theory and appendix E ref A prototype of transaction logic has been implemented in XSB XSB Prolog . ref nowiki ftp ftp.cs.toronto.edu pub goku transaction logic XSB Prototype3 nowiki ref Notes references References Bonner, Anthony J. and Michael Kifer 1995 Transaction logicprogramming , Computer Systems Research Institute Technical Report CSRI 323 revision of CSRI 270 of 1992 , University of Toronto. Category Logicprogramming languages comp sci theory stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 For the subject in computer programming dynamic logic modal logic In integrated circuit design, dynamic logic or sometimes clocked logic is a design methodology logic family in Digital circuit digital logic that was popular in the 1970s and has seen a recent resurgence ... . Dynamic logic is distinguished from so called static logic in that it uses a clock signal in its implementation of combinational logic circuits. The usual use of a clock signal is to synchronize transitions in sequential logic circuits, and for most implementations of combinational logic a clock signal is not even needed. Terminology In the context of logic design, the term dynamic logic is more commonly used as compared to clocked logic , as it makes clear the distinction between this type of design and static logic . To additionally confuse the matter, clocked logic is sometimes used as a synonym for sequential logic . This usage is nonstandard and should be avoided. Static versus dynamic logic Advert section date October 2010 The largest difference between static and dynamic logic is that in dynamic logic, a clock signal is used to evaluate combinational logic . However, to truly comprehend the importance of this distinction, the reader will need some background on static logic. In most types of logic design, termed static logic , there is at all times some mechanism to drive the output either high or low. In many of the popular logic styles, such as Transistor transistor logic ... not qualify as distinct from static logic. In contrast, in dynamic logic , there is not always a mechanism ... high or low during distinct parts of the clock cycle. Dynamic logic requires a minimum clock rate .... Static logic has no minimum clock rate the clock can be paused indefinitely. While it may seem ... CPUs use dynamic logic ref http www.anandtech.com show 1647 11 ref , only CPUs designed with fully ... logic, when properly designed, can be over twice as fast as static logic. It uses only the faster ... more details
Logic . University of California Press. ISBN 0 520 01822 2 Kleene, S. C. 1967 . Mathematical Logic . Reprinted 2002, Dover. ISBN 0 486 42533 9 DEFAULTSORT Substitution Logiclogic Category Propositional calculus Category Concepts in logic Category Logical truth Category Automated theorem proving Category Logicprogramming de Substitution Logik ...Substitution is a fundamental concept in logic . Substitution is a syntax logic syntactic transformation on String computer science strings of symbol formal symbols of a formal language . In propositional logic , a substitution instance of a propositional formula is a second formula obtained by replacing symbols of the original formula by other formulas. A key fact is that for any consistency consistent formal system , any substitution of a tautology logic tautology will also produce a tautology. Definition Where and represent formula mathematical logic formula s of propositional logic, is a substitution instance of if and only if may be obtained from by substituting formulas for symbols in , always replacing an occurrence of the same symbol by an occurrence of the same formula. For example R imp S & T imp S is a substitution instance of P & Q and A eqv A eqv A eqv A is a substitution instance of A eqv A In some deduction systems for propositional logic, a new expression a proposition may be entered on a line of a derivation if it is a substitution instance of a previous line of the derivation Hunter 1971, p. 118 . This is how new lines are introduced in some axiomatic system s. In systems that use rule of inference rules of transformation , a rule may include the use .... Tautologies A propositional formula is a tautology logic tautology if it is true under every valuation logic valuation or Interpretation logic interpretation of its predicate symbols. If is a tautology ... mathematics Some basic logical properties of equality First order logic Rules of inference Rule ... more details
F logic frame data structure frame Logicprogramminglogic is a knowledge representation and ontology language . F logic combines the advantages of conceptual modeling with object oriented, frame based ... computer science encapsulation . F logic stands in the same relationship to object oriented programming as classical predicate calculus stands to relational database programming. F logic was developed ... of a logic based language. Features include, among others, object identity, complex objects, inheritance ... . F logic was originally developed for deductive databases, but is now most frequently used for semantic technologies, especially the Semantic Web . F logic is considered as one of the formalisms for Ontology information science ontologies , but description logic DL is more popular and accepted, so as the DL based Web Ontology Language OWL . A development environment for F logic was developed in the NeOn ... answering and semantic search . Prior to the version 4 of Protege ontology editor, F Logic is supported as one of the two kinds of ontology. F logic syntax Classes and individuals may be defined in F logic as follows man person. woman person. brad man. angelina woman. This states, that men and women ... to represent axioms in the F logic in the following manner man X < person X AND NOT woman ... logic based ontology formalism the semantics of F logic are normally that of a closed world assumption as opposed to DL s open world assumption . Also, F logic is generally Undecidable problem undecidable , where as the SHOIN logic that Web Ontology Language OWL DL is based on is decidable. However it is possible to represent more expressive statements in F logic that are not possible with description logics. F logic based Languages http flora.sourceforge.net FLORA 2 is an extension of F logic with HiLog and transaction logic. http dbis.informatik.uni freiburg.de index.php?project Florid FLORID ... www.cs.umbc.edu 771 papers flogic.pdf Paper on F logic, from 1995 Category Knowledge representation ... more details
saved book title Logic and Metalogic subtitle cover image cover color Logic and Metalogic Main article Logic History History of logic Topics in logic Term logic Aristotelian logic Propositional calculus Predicate logic Modal logic Informal logic Mathematical logic Algebraic logic Multi valued logic Fuzzy logic Metatheory Metalogic Philosophical logicLogic in computer science Controversies in logic Principle of bivalence Paradoxes of material implication Paraconsistent logic Is logic empirical? Category Wikipedia books on logicLogic ... more details
vs non classical logic . In D.M. Gabbay, C.J. Hogger, and J.A. Robinson, Eds , Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and LogicProgramming , volume 2, chapter 2.6. Oxford University Press ...Classical logic identifies a class of formal logic s that have been most intensively studied and most ... discussions of classical logic normally only include propositional logic propositional and first order logic first order logics. ref Shapiro, Stewart 2000 . Classical Logic. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ... entries logic classical ref ref name haack Susan Haack Haack, Susan , 1996 . Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic Beyond the Formalism . Chicago The University of Chicago Press. ref The intended semantics of classical logic is bivalence bivalent . With the advent of algebraic logic it became apparent ... for classical propositional logic , the truth values are the elements of an arbitrary Boolean ... of classical logics Aristotle s Organon introduces his theory of syllogism s, which is a logic ... the syllogistic framework. George Boole s algebraic reformulation of logic, his system of Boolean logic The first order logic found in Gottlob Frege s Begriffsschrift . Non classical logics Main Non classical logic Computability logic is a semantically constructed formal theory of computability, as opposed to classical logic, which is a formal theory of truth integrates and extends classical, linear and intuitionistic logics. Fuzzy logic rejects the law of the excluded middle and allows as a truth value any real number between 0 and 1. Intuitionistic logic rejects the law of the excluded middle, double negative elimination, and the De Morgan s laws Linear logic rejects idempotency of entailment as well Modal logic extends classical logic with Truth function non truth functional modal operators. Paraconsistent logic e.g., dialetheism and relevance logic rejects the law of noncontradiction Relevance logic , linear logic , and non monotonic logic reject monotonicity of entailment In Deviant ... more details
Logical language Logical nand Logical nor Logical operator Logicism Logicprogramming Major premise ...Outline of logic header Logic is the formal science of using reason . It is considered a branch of both philosophy and mathematics . One of the aims of logic is to identify the correct or validity valid ... argument arguments . Logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments ... language . The scope of logic can therefore be very large, ranging from core topics such as the study ... reasoning, and arguments involving causality . Foundations of logic Main Philosophy of logic Philosophical logic Columns width 270px col1 Analytic synthetic distinction Antinomy A priori and a posteriori ... Probability col4 Quantification Reason Reasoning Reference Semantics Syntax logic Truth Truth value Validity Traditional logic Main Term logic Classical logic Columns width 270px col1 Baralipton Baroco Bivalence Boolean logic Boolean valued function Categorical proposition Commutativity of conjunction ... Polysyllogism Port Royal Logic Premise col4 Prior Analytics Relative term Sorites paradox Square of opposition Sum of Logic Syllogism Term logic Tetralemma Truth function Informal logic and critical thinking Main Informal logic Critical thinking Columns width 270px col1 Argument Accuracy and precision ... thinking Informal logic Inquiry Interpretive discussion Narrative logic Occam s razor Opinion Practical ... of justification Topical logic Vagueness Weak mindedness Fallacies Main List of fallacies Formal Fallacy Informal Fallacy Relevance fallacies Formal and mathematical logic Main Formal logic Mathematical logic Mathematical logic, symbolic logic and formal logic are largely, if not completely synonymous ... logical validity is being studied. Symbols and strings of symbols Logical symbols Main Table of logic ... variable Predicate variable Literal mathematical logic Literal Metavariable col2 Logical constant ... Axiom Atomic sentence Clause logic Contingency philosophy Contingent proposition Contradiction ... more details
no footnotes date January 2011 Bunched logic is a variety of substructural logic that, like linear logic , has classes of multiplicative and additive operators, but differs from usual proof calculi in having a tree like context of hypothesis hypotheses instead of a flat list like structure it is thus a calculus of deep inference . Sub trees of the context tree are referred to as bunches hence the name ... implication hence the name, the logic of bunched implications . The semantics of bunched logic can be given in terms of Kripke models in which the set of worlds carries not only a preorder but also a monoidal product . Categorical models of bunched logic are given by doubly closed categories ... can be used to generate categorical model s corresponding to the Kripke semantics . Bunched logic has been used in connection with the synchronous resource process calculus SCRP in order to give a logic ... of concurrent systems. Bunched logic extended with a semantic model of locations and store is known as separation logic . It has been used to define the logic of pointer analysis in languages like ALGOL or C programming language C . The implicational fragment of bunched logic has been given a games semantics. See also Linear logic References Matthew Collinson, David Pym, and Chris Tofts. Errata .... The Logic of Bunched Implications . Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 5 2 1999 215 244. Peter O Hearn. http www.dcs.qmw.ac.uk ohearn papers BunchedTyping.ps On bunched typing , Journal of Functional Programming ... Computer Science 315 2004 257 305. David Pym and Chris Tofts. A calculus and logic of resources and processes ... Modelling via Resources and Processes Philosophy, Calculus, Semantics, and Logic . In Cardelli, L. Fiore M, Winskel, G eds Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science Computation, Meaning, and Logic ... Theory of the Logic of Bunched Implications . Kluwer Academic Publishers , 2002. http www.cs.bath.ac.uk ... logic Category Logic in computer science Category Substructural logic ... more details
Dynamic logic may mean In modal logic, dynamic logic modal logic is a modal logic for reasoning about dynamic behaviour in digital electronics, dynamic logic digital logic is used for circuit design disambig ... more details
Symbolic logic may refer to First order logic , a system of formal logic Mathematical logic , a field of mathematics mathdab Category Logic ... more details
for logical error in argument Fallacy unreferenced date November 2007 Portal Software Testing In computer programming , a logic error sometimes called a semantic error is a Software bug bug in a program that causes it to operate incorrectly, but not to terminate abnormally or crash computing crash . A logic error produces unintended or undesired output or other behavior, although it may not immediately be recognized as such. Logic errors occur in both Compiler compiled and Interpreter computing interpreted languages. Unlike a program with a syntax error , a program with a logic error is a valid program in the language, though it does not behave as intended. Common causes The mistake could be the logical error in a Statement programming statement for example, a wrong or incorrect formula , an error in an algorithm , or even the wrong algorithm selected. Debugging logic errors One of the ways to find these type of errors is to output the program s Variable programming variables to a file or on the screen in order to define the error s location in code. Although this will not work in all cases, for example when calling the wrong subroutine , it is the easiest way to find the problem if the program uses the incorrect results of a bad Algorithm mathematical calculation . Examples This example in C programming language C contains a logic error. After code scanf code , code money in store code is checked instead of code money code . source lang c include stdio.h int money, money in store int main do printf Enter amount of money to give to store 0 to exit scanf d , &money if money in store 0 Should be if money 0 printf d money on exit n , money in store exit 0 money in store money while 1 return 0 source See also Syntax error Category Computer errors compu prog stub bg de Logischer Fehler fa it Errore di semantica ... more details
for the specific term First order logic In mathematical logic , predicate logic is the generic term for symbolic formal system s like first order logic , second order logic , many sorted logic or infinitary logic . This formal system is distinguished from other systems in that its formula mathematical logic formulas contain variable math variable s which can be Quantification quantified . Two common ... usage, the term predicate logic occasionally refers to first order logic . that is why I wanted ... form of predicate logic, and the predicate logic to be derived from an informal, more intuitive ... function expressions. Predicate Logic can be used for more than simply symbolizing arguments or mathematical statements. While using logic to find solutions to problems in Mathematics is one application of logic, it can also be used in the field of computer science where software programs can be converted from their prescriptive language into a descriptive calculus or vice versa. Logic, when applied ... model to be successfully implemented, one can, depending on the system of logic being used ... has been proven. Thus the syntax of the predicate calculus is integral to applications of logic .... While this may allow for an easier implementation, the logical programming platform SWI ProLog ... of predication to implement the descriptive calculus successfully. Thus, in Applied Logic used ... of software, one is writing it prescriptively and debugging it and the other is modeling it with logic and, based upon the syntax, proving decidability. See also Propositional logic Footnotes references References Portal Logic A. G. Hamilton 1978, Logic for Mathematicians , Cambridge University ... Logic , Dover Publications, Inc. NY. ISBN 0 486 64561 George F Luger, Artificial Intelligence , Pearson Education, ISBN 978 81 317 2327 2 Logic DEFAULTSORT Predicate Logic Category Predicate logic Category Systems of formal logic af Predikaatlogika cs Predik tov logika de Pr dikatenlogik et ... more details
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