, 213 Stryer S. 1981 Biochemistry, 213 ref Etymology The name liposome is derived from two Greek words Lipos meaning fat and Soma meaning body. A liposome can be formed at a variety of sizes as uni ... in the early 1990s to denote special liposomes in the low nanometer range liposome and Nanosome are not synonyms. A liposome does not necessarily have lipophobic contents, such as water, although it usually ... are used for drug delivery due to their unique properties. A liposome encapsulates a region on aqueous ... the lipids. Hydrophobic chemicals can be dissolved into the membrane, and in this way liposome can ..., the lipid bilayer can fuse with other bilayers such as the cell membrane , thus delivering the liposome ... pI range . As the pH naturally neutralizes within the liposome protons can pass through some membranes ... work to deliver drug by diffusion rather than by direct cell fusion. Another strategy for liposome ... of Liposome Research, 18 3 249 262 ref pesticides to plants, enzymes and nutritional supplements ... science towards this new application. This new direction and employment of Liposome science is in part ... effects on the percentage of Liposome that are yielded in manufacturing. ref Szoka, F., Comparative ... also have an effect on the actual amount of realized Liposome entrapment and the actual quality of the Liposomes ... Liposome particle sizes that are stable and hold their encapsulated payload. These primary and key elements comprise the foundation of an effective Liposome carrier for use in increasing the bioavailability ... Liposome PEG doxorubicin Doxil Caelyx Centocor Ortho Biotech, Inc. Ortho Biotech , Schering Plough ... Doxil , Camptothecin and Daunorubicin Daunoxome are currently being marketed in liposome delivery systems ... choice of liposome preparation method depends on the following parameters ref Gomez Hens, A., Fernandez ... and their applications in food nanotechnology. Journal of Liposome Research. 18 4 , 309 327 ... to form smaller unilamellar liposome s. In this technique, the liposome contents are the same as the contents ... more details
life Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Cationic liposomes are structures that are made of positively charged lipid s and are increasingly being researched for use in gene therapy due to their favourable interactions with negatively charged DNA and cell membranes. Cationic liposomes are also known as cationic lipoplexes. See also Gene therapy Cationic polymer Hilymax DEFAULTSORT Cationic Liposome Category Applied genetics Biotech stub ar ... more details
Summary Non free use rationale Article Journal of Liposome Research Description Journal of Liposome Research Cover Source Informa Healthcare Portion Low resolution Purpose To Illustrate article on Journal of Liposome Research Replaceability other information I, the publisher, give full consent for this image to be used. any queries, contact me on j.davis informa.com or via talk page. Licensing Non free magazine cover ... more details
italictitle Infobox Journal cover Image Journal of Liposome Research.jpg 200px editor Yvonne Perrie discipline Drug Delivery language English abbreviation J. Liposome Res. publisher Informa Healthcare country UK frequency Quarterly history 1988 present openaccess license impact 2.089 impact year 2008 website http informahealthcare.com lpr link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS http informahealthcare.com action showFeed?ui 0&mi 3bbyje&ai 9jf&jc lpr&type etoc&feed rss atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0898 2104 eISSN 1532 2394 The Journal of Liposome Research is a Peer review peer reviewed academic journal that publishes original research on the topics of liposomes and related systems, lipid based delivery systems, lipid biology, and both synthetic and physical lipid chemistry. The journal also publishes special issues focusing on particular topics and themes within the general scope of the journal and abstracts and conference proceedings including those from the International Liposome Society . The journal is owned by Informa plc Category Publications established in 1988 Category Biochemistry journals Category Informa academic journals Category English language journals Category Quarterly journals ... more details
Sustained release Dosing dosage forms are designed to release a drug at a predetermined rate by maintaining a constant drug level for a specific period of time with minimum side effect s. This can be achieved through a variety of formulations, including liposome s and drug polymer conjugates commonly referred to as hydrogel s . It is the definition for the controlled release dosage form rather than sustain release. References reflist Dosage forms state show Routes of administration DEFAULTSORT Sustained Release Dosage Forms Category Dosage forms medicine stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 norefs date October 2009 Protobionts are systems that are considered to have possibly been the precursors to prokaryotic cell s. If RNA is trapped inside, the system can use the RNA or select for it. A protobiont is an aggregate of abiogenesis abiotically produced organic molecules surrounded by a membrane or a membrane like structure. Protobionts exhibit some of the properties associated with life , including simple reproduction , metabolism and excitability, as well as the maintenance of an internal chemical environment different from that of their surroundings. It has been suggested that they are a key step in the origin of life on earth. Experiments by Sidney W. Fox and Aleksandr Oparin have demonstrated that they may be formed spontaneously, in conditions similar to the environment thought to exist on an early Earth. These experiments formed liposome s and microspheres , which have membrane structure similar to the phospholipid bilayer found in cell biology cell s. Nanobe s or nanobacteria , being too small to be functional living organisms, may be an example of naturally occurring protobionts. See also Prokaryote s Liposome s References reflist Origin of life Category Origin of life Category Molecular biology Biochem stub ca Protobiont de Protobiont es Protobionte fr Microgoutte ja pt Protobionte ru tr Eobiont ... more details
Summary Information Description Cross section through liposome. span style background color white border 1px solid gray margin 0 padding 0 font size 80 span water attracting ends of molecules span style background color 666600 border 1px solid gray margin 0 padding 0 font size 80 span water repellent ends. Source I created this work entirely by myself. Based onImage Phospholipids aqueous solution structures.svg Date Author User Philcha Philcha User talk Philcha talk other versions Licensing PD self date September 2008 ... more details
DepoDur CII, previously known as DepoMorphine, is a morphine sulfate extended release liposome injection see Injection medicine Depot injection Depot injection , product of Pacira Pharmaceuticals formerly SkyePharma PLC . It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration United States U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA in 2004 for use as a post surgical pain reliever. In Europe, it was approved by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency in 2006. It is a one time injection during or shortly after surgery that maintains a therapeutically effective level of morphine in the patient s bloodstream for 48 hours. External links http www.depodur.com DepoDur official web site http www.pacira.com Pacira Pharmaceuticals company web site Category Analgesics analgesic stub ... more details
Lipofection or liposome transfection is a technique used to inject genetic material into a cell by means of liposome s, which are vesicle biology vesicles that can easily merge with the cell membrane since they are both made of a phospholipid bilayer . Lipofection generally uses a positively charged ion cationic lipid to form an aggregate with the negatively charged ion anionic genetic material. ref name pat http www.freepatentsonline.com EP1129064.pdf ref A net positive charge on this aggregrate has been assumed to increase the effectiveness of transfection through the negatively charged phospholipid bilayer. ref name pat This transfection technology performs the same tasks as other biochemical procedures utilizing polymers, Diethylaminoethyl cellulose DEAE dextran , calcium phosphate , and electroporation . The main advantages of lipofection are its high efficiency, its ability to transfect all types of nucleic acids in a wide range of cell types, its ease of use, reproducibility, and low toxicity. In addition, this method is suitable for all transfection applications transient, stable, co transfection, reverse, sequential or multiple transfections . High throughput screening assay and has also shown good efficiency in some in vivo models. See also Lipofectamine References Felgner PL et al. 1987 Lipofection a highly efficient, lipid mediated DNA transfection procedure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84 7413 7417. PMID 2823261 Felgner JH et al. 1994 Enhanced gene delivery and mechanism studies with a novel series of cationic lipid formulations. J Biol Chem . Jan 28 269 4 2550 61. http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 8300583 PMID 8300583 Notes references Genetic engineering Category Molecular biology Category Laboratory techniques Category Gene delivery Cell biology stub ja ... more details
the liposome to enter the malignant tissue and this is the basis for its selectivity and pharmacokinetic ... Harris L, Batist G, Belt R, et al. title Liposome encapsulated doxorubicin compared with conventional ... specially thrombocytopenia, nausea and vomitting. See also Doxorubicin Nanoparticle Liposome ... more details
Drug carriers are substances that serve as mechanisms to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in sundry drug delivery systems such as controlled release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions decrease drug metabolism , and reduce drug toxicity . Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Examples Carriers which are able to biodegrade include Liposome s Microsphere s made of the biodegradable polymer poly lactic co glycolic acid human serum albumin albumin microsphere s synthetic polymer s soluble Protein DNA complex es Conjugated system protein conjugate s erythrocyte s virosome s See also Bioavailability Drug design Nanoparticle Resources The following research papers from IUPAC are in pdf format http www.iupac.org publications pac 1998 pdf 7006x1277.pdf Biodegradable hydrogels for bone regeneration through growth factor release http www.iupac.org publications pac 2004 pdf 7607x1295.pdf Development of acid sensitive copolymer micelles for drug delivery External links http www.physorg.com news11343.html Weighting cancer drugs to make them hit tumors harder PhysOrg.com article http www.technologyreview.com read article.aspx?id 16585&ch biotech Designing Better Cancer Drugs Provides insight into carrier molecules functionality which may yield safer cancer treatments. Category Medicinal chemistry it Drug carrier ... more details
Citations missing date October 2007 Nofootnotes date February 2008 The concept of the primordial sandwich was proposed by the chemist G nter W chtersh user to describe the possible origins of the first cell membrane s, and, therefore, the first cell. According to the two main models of abiogenesis , RNA world hypothesis RNA world and iron sulfur world theory iron sulfur world , prebiotic ref From the roots pre meaning before and biotic referring to life , the word prebiotic can refer to the time before life appeared on the earth or any other planet with the capacity to harbor it. ref processes existed before the development of the cell membrane. The difficulty with this idea, however, is that it is almost impossible to create a complex molecule such as RNA or even its molecular precursor, pre RNA directly from simple organic molecules dissolved in a global ocean Joyce, 1991 , because without some mechanism to concentrate these organic molecules, they would be too dilute to generate the necessary chemical reaction s to transform them from simple organic molecules into genuine prebiotic molecules. To address this problem, W chtersh user proposed that concentration might occur by concentration upon adsorption to the surfaces of minerals. With the accumulation of enough amphipathic molecules such as phospholipid s , a bilayer will self organize, and any molecules caught inside will become the contents of a liposome , and would be concentrated enough to allow chemical reactions to transform organic molecules into prebiotic molecules. Although developed for his own iron sulfur world model, the idea of the primordial sandwich has also been adopted by some adherents of the RNA world model. See also Primordial sea Notes references Additional information http www.earth.cardiff.ac.uk admissions phd PhDtopicDetails minerals life.html Minerals and the Origin of Life http astrobiology.gsfc.nasa.gov deamer 2002.pdf Astrobiology, Volume 2, Number 4, The First Cell Membranes Categor ... more details
Orphan date June 2008 tone date August 2010 A niosome is a non ionic surfactant based liposome . Niosomes are formed mostly by cholesterol incorporation as an excipient . Other excipients can also be used. Niosomes have more penetrating capability than the previous preparations of emulsion s. ref http jeepakistan.blogspot.com 2008 05 d.html Your Source of Information Niosomes Bot generated title ref They are structurally similar to liposomes in having a bilayer, however, the materials used to prepare niosomes make them more stable and thus niosomes offer many more advantages over liposomes. Structure Niosomes are lamellar structures that are microscopic in size. They constitute of non ionic surfactant of the alkyl or dialkyl polyglycerol ether class and cholesterol with subsequent hydration in aqueous media. The surfactant molecules tend to orient themselves in such a way that the hydrophilic ends of the non ionic surfactant point outwards, while the hydrophobic ends face each other to form the bilayer. The figure in this article on http pharmaxchange.info articles niosomes niosomes.html Niosomes gives a better idea of the lamellar orientation of the surfactant molecules. ref http pharmaxchange.info articles niosomes niosomes.html PharmaXChange.info Niosomes http www.pharmainfo.net keywords niosomes Article on niosomes covering topics such as structure, methods of preparation, advantages and applications ref Methods of preparation Niosomes can be prepared by various methods, including ether injection method hand shaking method reverse phase evaporation technique trans membrane pH gradient the Bubble method formation of niosomes from proniosomes ref http pharmaxchange.info articles niosomes niosomes.html PharmaXChange.info Niosomes ref Applications Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system that are finding application in drug targeting antineoplastic treatment leishmaniasis treatment delivery of peptide drugs studying immune response carriers for haemoglobin transdermal ... more details
A virosome is a drug carrier drug or vaccine delivery mechanism consisting of unilamellar phospholipid lipid bilayer bilayer vesicle lipidomics vesicle incorporating virus derived proteins to allow the virosomes to fuse with target cells. Virosomes are not able to replicate but are pure fusion active vesicles. Influenza virosomes In contrast to liposome s, virosomes contain functional viral envelope glycoprotein s influenza virus hemagglutinin HA and neuraminidase NA intercalated in the phospholipid bilayer membrane. They have a typical mean diameter of 150 nm. Essentially, virosomes represent reconstituted empty influenza virus envelopes, devoid of the nucleocapsid including the genetic material of the source virus . ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 16026906 The virosome concept for influenza vaccines. 2005 ref The unique properties of virosomes partially relate to the presence of biologically active influenza HA in their membrane. This viral protein not only confers structural stability and homogeneity to virosome based formulations, but it significantly contributes to the immunological properties of virosomes, which are clearly distinct from other liposomal and proteoliposomal carrier systems. It has been shown that a physical association between the virosome and the antigen of interest is necessary for the full immunologic adjuvant adjuvant effect of virosomes. Fact date July 2007 Such physical association can be achieved by a variety of methods, depending on the properties of the antigen. Antigens can be incorporated into virosomes, adsorption adsorbed to the virosome surface, or integrated into the lipid membrane, either via hydrophobic domains or lipid moieties cross linked to the antigen. Virosomes therefore represent an innovative, broadly applicable adjuvant and carrier system with prospective applications in areas beyond conventional vaccines. They are one of only three adjuvant systems widely approved by regulatory authorities Fact date July 2007 and ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 Exogenous DNA refers to any DNA deoxyribonucleic acid that originates outside of the organism of concern or study. The introduction of exogenous DNA into a cell is called transfection . This can take place naturally, as occurs when a virus infects cells, or artificially. Methods of artificial transfection include a chemical methods, including calcium phosphate precipitation, DEAE dextran complexation and lipid mediated DNA transfer b physical methods, including electroporation, microinjection, and biolistic particle delivery gene gun and c using recombinant, lab manipulated viruses as vectors. The process by which cells take up exogenous DNA from the outside is called Transformation genetics transformation . Bacteria need to be in a certain physiological state to successfully take up exogenous DNA, which is described as one of competence. Some bacteria are naturally competent, but usually only for a brief time at a certain stage of their growth cycle. Bacteria can also be made competent through a variety of chemical treatments including exposure to calcium ions, or a mixture of polyethylene glycol and dimethylsulfoxide, which make the cell membrane more permeable, leading to the uptake of the exogenous DNA. Another treatment method is the ustilisation of electricity as the membrane permeabilizing agent electroporation or electrotransformation . Finally, liposome mediated transformation can be used. In this method DNA is coated with lipid. Fusion of this lipid and the membrane lipid can occur, facilitating the entry of DNA. Transformation of bacteria, plant cells and animal cells has important research and commercial functions. Targeted introduction of exogenous DNA is used to identify genes because the introduced DNA can act cause a mutation or altered expression of the gene into which it inserts. This technology, known as insertion mutagenesis, often employs retrovirus es as the vectors of DNA delivery. Such insertion mutagenesis has ... more details
Flex power is a topical analgesic cream that is intended to relieve muscle and joint pain associated with arthritis , backaches , knee pain, shoulder pain, tendinitis , strains, sprains , and bruises . Initially created for professional athletes to enhance performance, it is promoted as a daily topical pain relief cream. Its producers also claim that the product can be used as a pre activity cream that loosens muscles and joints, and a post activity cream that alleviates body aches. Flex power s characteristics include a non offensive medicinal smell, gradual heating sensation and its use of nanotechnology . ref cite news title Nice Nanostuff, But Is It Safe? first Eliza last Strickland publisher East Bay Express date 25 January 2006 url http www.eastbayexpress.com news nice nanostuff but is it safe Content?oid 290491 ref ref cite web url http www.usatriathlon.org sitecore content News 2006 December 121106 FlexPower Agreement.aspx publisher USA Triathlon accessdate 2008 02 05 date 13 December 2006 title USAT Partners with Flex Power archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20071130102048 http www.usatriathlon.org sitecore content News 2006 December 121106 FlexPower Agreement.aspx Bot retrieved archive archivedate 2007 11 30 ref Background Flex power was founded in 2001 by Bejan Esmaili and Rasheen Smith, athletes who disliked the smell of existing sports related pain relief products. They received guidance from PowerBar founder, Brian Maxwell and hired scientists who developed the Flexpower formula within a year. ref cite news url http money.cnn.com magazines fsb fsb archive 2004 04 01 366628 index.htm work CNN first Cora last Daniels title Flexing their Muscles The unlikely duo behind Flex Power first peddled their sports cream in professional locker rooms across the country. Now they re rushing into retail date 1 April 2004 ref The company indicates that liposome nanotechnology is used in Flex power to embed the active ingredients in tiny particles for delivery through ... more details
broadly similar to a liposome , the Transfersome thus differs from such more conventional vesicle ... , extrusion , low shear rate s mixing multilamellar liposome s , or high high shear homogenisation unilamellar liposome s of the crude vesicle suspension. References Reflist added under references ... more details
cleanup date November 2009 Infobox Journal title Drug Delivery cover Image Drug Delivery Journal cover.jpg editors Alfred Stracher and Vladimir Torchilin discipline Pharmaceutical Science language English abbreviation Drug Deliv publisher Informa Pharmaceutical Science Frequency 8 issues per year History First published 1993 openaccess No license impact 1.413 impact year 2009 website http www.informapharmascience.com drd link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS http www.informapharmascience.com action showFeed?ui 0&mi 3b4d5z&ai 9ir&jc drd&type etoc&feed rss atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1071 7544 eISSN 1521 0464 Drug Delivery is an academic journal that publishes research on all aspects of drug delivery a core aspect of drug development . Core Areas Topics covered include br all delivery systems and modes of entry Time Release Technology medicine controlled release systems microcapsules Liposome liposomes vesicles and macromolecular conjugates antibody targeting protein peptide delivery Drug Delivery is owned by Informa plc LSE INF which is a United Kingdom based publisher and conference company. Editors Alfred Stracher and Vladimir Torchilin are co editors of Drug Delivery . ref cite web url http www.informapharmascience.com page EditorialAdvisoryBoard?journalCode drd title Editorial Board Members accessdate 2009 05 22 format work informapharmascience.com ref Alfred Stracher is Distinguished Professor at SUNY Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn, New York, USA ref cite web url http www.downstate.edu biochemistry stracher.html title SUNY Downstate Medical Center accessdate 2009 06 05 format work www.downstate.edu ref Vladimir Torchilin was appointed co editor in 2009 ref cite web url http www.knowledgespeak.com newsArchieveview.asp?intMonth 2&intYear 2009 title www.knowledgespeak.com accessdate 2009 06 05 format work www.knowledgespeak.com ref and is currently Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences at The Bouv College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Bosto ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Lipoplatin Liposomal cisplatin is a nanoparticle of 110 nm average diameter composed of lipid s and cisplatin 1 . This new drug has successfully finished Phase I, Phase II and Phase III human clinical trials 2,3 . It has shown superiority to cisplatin in combination with paclitaxel as a chemotherapy regimen in Non small cell lung carcinoma non small cell lung cancer NSCLC adenocarcinoma s. Lipoplatin evades immune surveillance thus escaping clearance from macrophage s, circulates for long periods in body fluid s after intravenous administration with a half life of 120 h, and extravasate s through the compromised endothelium of the vasculature in tumor s created during the process of neoangiogenesis. Thus, Lipoplatin nanoparticles are concentrated to the primary tumor and Metastasis metastases . Human studies have shown 40 to 200 fold higher platinum concentration compared to the adjacent normal tissue in specimens from human Biopsy biopsies 20h post infusion of the drug 4 . EMEA has given the orphan drug status to Lipoplatin in 2007 in an ongoing registrational Phase II III study as a first line treatment in pancreatic cancer 5 . Lipoplatin, under the name Nanoplatin, received in 2009 the consent of European Medicines Agency EMEA to be tested as first line against non squamous NSCLC mainly composed of adenocarcinomas. In a randomized Phase III it has shown statistically significant reduction of the toxicity of cisplatin, mainly of nephrotoxicity , in an administration regimen that does not require hospitalization of the patients as in the case of cisplatin chemotherapy. Figure 1 shows a cartoon depicting the fusion process between a Lipoplatin liposome and the cell membrane and resulting in bypassing part of the platinum drug resistance mechanisms at the level of cisplatin import. Figure 2 shows a GG crosslink in the DNA inflicted by a molecule of cisplatin DNA damage . Users teni Desktop Figure 1. Fusion of Lipoplatin liposomes with cell ... more details
membrane has the same Lipid bilayer bilayer morphology of a liposome, with the hydrophobic blocks ... also Cell biology Liposome Polymer Copolymer Artificial cell References reflist Category Biomolecules ... more details
Modelling the Rheological Properties of Concrete ref to simulating liposome formation in biophysics ... Modelling Liposome formation in biophysics ref . Other recent three phase phenomena such as dynamic ... more details
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