About the unit of energy Infobox Unit bgcolour name Joule image caption standard SI derived unit quantity Energy symbol J namedafter James Prescott Joule units1 SI base unit s inunits1 1 kilogram kg · ... hour s inunits3 val 2.78 e 7 u kW h units3 kilocalorie s inunits3 val 2.39 e 4 u kcal The joule IPAc ... resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule 1818 1889 . ref http education.yahoo.com reference dictionary entry joule American Heritage Dictionary ... , and W is the watt . One joule can also be defined as The work required to move an electric charge ... can be used to define the watt. Usage SI unit lowercase James Prescott Joulejoule J Confusion with newton metre Main newton metre It is dimensionally correct to say that 1 joule equals 1 newton metre ... by combining base units with derived units having special names. Joule, for example, may formally ... the difference, consider that the distance part of a Joule is parallel to the force, while the distance ..., even though they carry the same unit. Practical examples One joule in everyday life is approximately ... examples, see Orders of magnitude energy class infobox SI multiples unit joule symbol J note Common ... joule. One nanojoule is about 1 160 of the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito. ref http public.web.cern.ch ... to one millionth of one joule. The Large Hadron Collider LHC is expected to produce collisions on the order ... thousandth of one joule. Kilojoule The kilojoule kJ is equal to one thousand joules. Food label ... On Earth water on Earth by 1 Celsius. Conversions Main Conversion of units of energy 1 joule is equal ... 44 u Foe unit foe exactly Units defined exactly in terms of the joule include 1 thermochemical calorie ... formularium.org ?go 122 Unit conversion from joule SI Derived units Footer energy Category SI derived units Category Units of energy af Joule ar an Joule ast Xuliu unid bn be , be x old bo bs D ul br Joul bg ca Joule cv cs Joule cy Joule da ... more details
The joule is the derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. Joule may also refer to People James Prescott Joule 1818 1889 , physicist and brewer John Joule , chemist Reggie Joule born 1952 , politician Yzak Joule , fictional character Energy Gough Joule effect Joule heating Joule per mole Joule s laws Joule second Joule Thomson effect Other 12759 Joule , an asteroid Joule crater Joule programming language Optimal Energy Joule , electric car The Joule Hotel Joule Biotechnologies Inc. See also Brayton cycle , sometimes known as the Joule cycle Olivia Joules and the Overactive Imagination Disambig surname de Joule Begriffskl rung es Joule fr Joule homonymie ko la Joule nds Joule pl Joule tr Joule ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Dablink For information about the unit joule second see watt The joule second is a unit equal to a joule multiplied by a second , used to measure action physics action or angular momentum . The joule second is the unit used for Planck s constant . In SI base units, the joule second is math frac kg cdot m 2 s math . Action The action physics action of a system has the dimensions of energy integrated over time it is therefore measured in joule seconds. Angular momentum The angular momentum of an object is the integral with respect to time of the torque on the object. Torque in the SI system has the unit Newton unit N metre m , so angular momentum has the unit N m s, or J s. DEFAULTSORT Joule Second Category SI derived units ... more details
lunar crater data latitude 27.3 N or S N longitude 144.2 E or W W diameter 96 km depth Unknown colong 145 eponym James Prescott Joule Joule is a Moon lunar impact crater that lies on the Far side Moon far side of the Moon . It is located to the north northeast of the walled plain Mach crater Mach . To the northwest of Joule is the crater Blazhko crater Blazhko . This is a worn and eroded crater formation. A pair of smaller craters lies along the northeastern rim, and a crater is intruding into the northwest rim. To the south is an outward projection that has the appearance of a crater partly overlain by Joule. The remainder of the rim and inner wall is somewhat irregular. The interior floor is more level than the terrain surrounding the crater, but is marked by some small craterlets. At the mid point of the interior floor is a central peak. Joule T, located less than a crater diameter to the west of Joule, lies at the center of a ray system . These rays primarily project to the south of the crater, with the most prominent ray crossing the crater Harvey crater Harvey to the south. Only faint traces of this ray system actually cross into Joule, and are generally restricted to the western rim, inner sides and floor. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid point that is closest to Joule. class wikitable width 25 style background eeeeee Joule width 25 style background eeeeee Latitude width 25 style background eeeeee Longitude width 25 style background eeeeee Diameter align center K align center 25.8 N align center 141.9 W align center 16 km align center L align center 26.1 N align center 144.1 W align center 69 km align center T align center 27.7 N align center 148.2 W align center 37 km References Lunar crater references Category Impact craters on the Moon it Joule cratere ... more details
Infobox planet minorplanet yes width 25em bgcolour FFFFC0 apsis name Joule symbol image caption discovery yes discovery ref discoverer E. W. Elst discovery site European Southern Observatory discovered October 9, 1993 designations yes mp name 12759 alt names 1993 TL18 named after James Prescott Joule mp category orbit ref epoch May 14, 2008 aphelion 3.4648043 perihelion 2.9700747 semimajor eccentricity 0.0768825 period 2107.9680137 avg speed inclination 4.80704 asc node 40.90716 mean anomaly 74.76195 arg peri 102.17213 satellites physical characteristics yes dimensions mass density surface grav escape velocity sidereal day axial tilt pole ecliptic lat pole ecliptic lon albedo temperatures temp name1 mean temp 1 max temp 1 temp name2 max temp 2 spectral type abs magnitude 13.0 12759 Joule 1993 TL18 is an Outer asteroid belt outer main belt asteroid discovered on October 9, 1993 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory . References Reflist External links http ssd.jpl.nasa.gov sbdb.cgi?sstr 12759 Joule JPL Small Body Database Browser on 12759 Joule Minor planets navigator 12758 Kabudari 12760 Maxwell Small Solar System bodies DEFAULTSORT Joule Category Main Belt asteroids Category Asteroids named for people Category Astronomical objects discovered in 1993 Beltasteroid stub fa it 12759 Joule hu 12759 Joule pl 12759 Joule pt 12759 Joule ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Joule heating , also known as ohmic heating and resistive heating , is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor material conductor releases heat . It was first studied by James Prescott Joule in 1841. Joule immersed a length of wire in a fixed mass of water and measured the temperature rise due to a known current flowing through the wire for a 30 minute period. By varying the current and the length of the wire he deduced that the heat produced was proportionality mathematics proportional to the square algebra square of the current multiplied by the electrical resistance of the wire. math Q propto I 2 cdot R math This relationship is known as Joule s first law Joule s First Law . The SI unit of energy was subsequently named the joule and given the symbol J . The commonly known unit of power, the watt , is equivalent to one joule per second. It is now known that Joule heating is caused by interactions between the moving Subatomic particle particles that form the current usually, but not always, electrons and the atom ic ions that make up the body of the conductor. charge physics Charge d particles in an electric circuit are acceleration accelerated by an electric field but give up some of their kinetic energy each time they collide with an ion. The increase in the kinetic or vibration al energy of the ions manifests itself as heat and a rise in the temperature of the conductor. Hence energy is transferred from the electrical power supply to the conductor and any materials with which it is in thermal contact conductance thermal contact . Joule heating is referred to as ohmic heating or resistive heating because of its relationship to Ohm s law Ohm s Law . It forms the basis for the myriad of practical ... to outlets at lower currents, thus reducing Joule heating in the wires. Joule heating can be defeated using superconductivity superconducting materials. See also Joule s laws DEFAULTSORT Joule ... more details
Infobox Officeholder name Reggie Joule image imagesize 220px smallimage caption order office state house Alaska state Alaska district 40 sup th sup term start January 13, 1997 term end president predecessor Don Long birth date birth date and age 1952 7 14 birth place Nome, Alaska death date death place nationality party Democratic Party United States Democratic spouse Linda relations children residence Kotzebue, Alaska alma mater University of Alaska, Fairbanks occupation profession net worth religion signature website footnotes Reggie Joule is a Democratic Party United States Democratic member of the Alaska House of Representatives , representing the 40th District since 1996. ref http ballotpedia.org wiki index.php Reggie Joule ref Before the beginning of the 26th Legislature in January 2008 Representative Joule, along with Democrats Bryce Edgmon Rep. Bryce Edgmon and Bob Herron Rep. Bob Herron , began caucusing with the Republicans in the House Majority Caucus. Representative Joule is currently serving as a member of the Finance Committee. He also Chairs the Health & Social Services .... ref http housemajority.org joule index.php ref Before elected to office Reggie Joule was a building maintenance and construction contractor. ref http housemajority.org joule index.php?p bio ref TOC Personal life Representative Joule has a wife Linda, five children Lovisa, Reggie III, Angela, Dawn and Puyuk. Reggie Joule graduated from Copper Valley High School in 1970 and attended the University ... to entering politics, Reggie Joule was well known as a top competitor in the World Eskimo Indian ... class of the Alaska Sports Hall of Fame . See also http housemajority.org joule index.php Alaska State ... http votesmart.org bio.php?can id 12721 Project Vote Smart profile Follow the Money Reggie Joule ... reflist 1 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Joule, Reggie ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT ... House of Representatives DEFAULTSORT Joule, Reggie Category 1952 births Category Living people ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 File ProfJAJoule.jpg right 240px thumb Professor John Joule speaking at 52nd Polish Chemical Society Congress on September 12 16 in Lodz, Poland. John Arthur Joule did his BSc , MSc , and PhD degrees at The University of Manchester , obtaining his PhD with George Smith in 1961. He then undertook post doctoral work at with Professor Richard K. Hill at Princeton University and Professor Carl Djerassi at Stanford University . Then in 1963 he joined the academic staff of the Chemistry Department at The University of Manchester, where he is currently a Professor. In 1996 he received an Royal Society of Chemistry RSC Medal for Heterocyclic Chemistry . He co wrote the textbook http www.amazon.co.uk dp 0632054530 Heterocyclic Chemistry , initially with George Smith, but then with other authors in later editions. References http people.man.ac.uk mbdssjaj John Joule University Homepage DEFAULTSORT Joule, John Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people Category Alumni of the University of Manchester Category Academics of the University of Manchester Category British chemists UK chemist stub ... more details
next to the Joule. According to pictures available at the Dallas Public Library, in 1951 ... catalog for additional images. Gallery gallery perrow 3 Image JouleHotel.jpg The Joule Hotel Image Joule Facade 1.jpg 1530 Main St, Dallas, TX Image Joule Facade 4.jpg 1530 Main St, Dallas, TX Image Joule Facade 6.jpg 1530 Main St, Dallas, TX Image Joule Facade 8.jpg 1530 Main St, Dallas, TX gallery ...?propertyID 3321 The Joule Hotel Official site DEFAULTSORT Joule Hotel, The Category National Register ... more details
bdigest 2010 06 03 portrait of a transformative technology joule unlimited Portrait of a Transformative Technology Joule Unlimited , Biofuels Digest, June 3, 2010 ref . Helioculture allows ... such as cellulosic ethanol require fresh water. Joule Unlimited claims that its product will be cost ... All Fossil Fuels , technologyreview.com, July 27, 2009 ref Joule Unlimited has not revealed the name ... Globe, July 27, 2009 ref In September, 2010, Joule received a patent for genetically altered bacterium. ref http www.nytimes.com 2010 09 14 science earth 14fuel.html? r 1&scp 1&sq joule 20unlimited ... Joule was founded by David Berry inventor David Berry and Noubar Afeyan of Flagship Ventures. In addition to its founders, Joule s Board of Directors includes Graham T. Allison Graham Allison , Stelios ... ref . Joule s Scientific Advisory Board includes synthetic biologists George Church and James Collins ... Web page of Joule Biotechnologies http blogs.wsj.com venturecapital 2009 07 27 joule biotechnologies unveils liquid fuel from solar power ?mod rss WSJBlog Joule Biotechnologies Unveils Liquid Fuel ... science post.cfm?id joule biotechnologies announce new 2009 07 27 Joule Biotechnologies announce new ... joule biofuel berry technology breakthroughs joule.html A Cagey Bet On Clean Tech , Forbes, July 27, 2009 Patents assigned to Joule Unlimited small http www.patentlens.net patentlens patents.html?patnums ... of n alkanes , 2010 09 14 small Patent applications Joule Unlimited personnel small http www.patentlens.net ... Cardayre SB, Science 2010 Jul 30 329 5991 559 62. Category Alternative energy energy stub eo Joule Unlimited ... more details
Joule s laws are a pair of laws concerning the heat produced by a current and the energy dependence of an ideal gas to that of pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively. Joule s first law , also known as the Joule effect , is a physical law expressing the relationship between the heat generated by the electric current current flowing through a conductor material conductor . It is named for James Prescott Joule who studied the phenomenon in the 1840s. It is expressed as math Q I 2 cdot R cdot t math where Q is the heat generated by a constant electric current current I flowing through a conductor of electrical resistance R , for a time t . When current, resistance and time are expressed in ampere s, Ohm unit ohm s, and second s respectively, the Units of energy unit of Q is the joule . Joule s first law is sometimes called the Joule Lenz law since it was later independently discovered by Heinrich Lenz . The heating effect of conductors carrying currents is known as Joule heating . Joule ... and in light of conservation of energy and electrical potential , Joule s first law and Ohm s law ..., before the notions of conservation of energy and electrical potential were well developed. Joule ... ALLTYPES&ei Ap6pSZOJBZLOlQTUkKSnBA ref math P I 2 cdot R. math Joule arrived at this result experimentally ... this formula for current into one or both factors of current in Joule s law, the power dissipated ... V cdot I math is actually more generally applicable than either Joule s law or Ohm s law, as it represents ... or Joule s law, it may be used to derive the other. ref cite book title The Challenge of Science ... energy balance energy balance of groundwater flow see also Darcy s law an hydraulic equivalent of Joule ... Joule da Joules love de Joulesches Gesetz eo ula le o es Efecto Joule fr Effet Joule it Effetto Joule mk nl Wet van Joule ja pl Prawo Joule a pr d elektryczny pt Lei de Joule ru sr tr Joule yasas uk zh ... more details
Joule thief is a nickname for a wiktionary minimalist minimalist self oscillating voltage booster that is small, low cost, and easy to build typically used for driving light loads. It can use nearly all of the energy in an Battery electricity electric battery , even far below the voltage where other circuits consider the battery fully discharged or dead . Hence the name suggests the notion that the circuit is stealing energy or Joule s from the source. The term is a pun on the expression jewel thief , one who steals jewelry and or gemstone s. The circuit uses the self oscillating properties of the blocking oscillator , combined with a flyback converter circuit, to form an unregulated Boost converter voltage boost converter . As with all power conversion technology, no energy is actually created by the circuit. Instead, the output voltage is increased at the expense of higher current draw on the input. As a result, the amount of power entering the circuit is the same as the amount leaving, minus the Energy conversion efficiency losses in the conversion process . History In the November 1999 issue of Everyday Practical Electronics EPE a simple circuit was published by Z. Kaparnik that consisted of a transformer feedback single transistor voltage booster voltage converter . Description Image joule thief.png 250px thumb Example of a joule thief circuit driving an LED. The coil consists ... 3.2 V might be used. ref name Clive http www.bigclive.com joule.htm Make a joule thief , www.bigclive.com ... frac V s R s L M math br Image Joule Thief Waveforms2.PNG 800px thumb center Example of voltage and current waveforms in a simulated joule thief circuit. In the above example, given a 1.5V battery ... The above does not explain why a Joule Thief operates satisfactorily from a well regulated power ... Image Joule Thief shunt regulator.png 250px thumb right A simple Voltage regulator DC voltage stabilizers ... links http madscientisthut.com wordpress ?p 342 Joule Thief Simulation Category Electrical power ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2010 Image JouleExpansion.svg thumb 300px The Joule expansion, in which a volume math V 0 math is expanded in a thermally isolated chamber. The Joule expansion is an Irreversible process thermodynamics irreversible process in thermodynamics in which a volume of gas is kept in one side of a thermally isolated container via a small partition , with the other side of the container being evacuated the partition between the two parts of the container is then opened, and the gas fills the whole container. This process is a useful exercise in classical thermodynamics, as it is easy to work out the resulting increase in entropy . Description One mole unit mole of ideal gas at pressure math P i math and temperature math T i math is confined to the left hand side as drawn of a thermally isolated container, and occupies a volume math V 0 math . The right hand side of the container, also containing a volume math V 0 math , is evacuated. The tap solid line between the two halves of the container is then suddenly opened and the gas fills the entire container, of volume math 2V 0 math . We propose that both the previous and new temperature and pressure math T f math , math P f math follow the Ideal Gas Law , so that initially we have math P i V i RT i math and then, when the tap is opened, we have math P f V f RT f math , where math R math is the ideal gas constant . As the system is thermally isolated, the change in internal energy math Delta U 0 math , and because the internal energy is a function of temperature only for the ideal gas, we know that math Delta T 0 math also, and so math T i T f math . This implies that math P i V 0 P f 2V 0 math , and thus the pressure ... P ,dV math , and hence the change in entropy for the Joule expansion is math Delta S int i f dS ... to make sure it ends up in the same final state as in case of Joule expansion. During the reversible ... the Joule expansion has occurred, the gas is put back into the left hand side by compressing ... more details
Joule is a concurrent programming language concurrent dataflow programming language, designed for building distributed computing distributed applications . It is so concurrent, that the order of statements within a block is irrelevant to the operation of the block. Statements are executed whenever possible, based on their inputs. Everything in Joule happens by sending messages. There is no control flow . Instead, the programmer describes the flow of data, making it a dataflow programming language. It is considered the precursor to the E programming language . Infobox programming language name Joule logo paradigm multi paradigm programming language multi paradigm object oriented programming object oriented , distributed computing distributed , Dataflow year 1996 designer E. Dean Tribble developer latest release version latest release date typing untyped implementations dialects influenced by Logic Programming Concurrent logic programming Concurrent Logic Programming , Actor model Actors influenced http erights.org history original e index.html E External links http www.erights.org history jouleJoule The Great Synthesis http c2.com cgi wiki?PromisePipelining C2 Promise Pipelining http www.erights.org history joule index.html The Joule Manual Category Concurrent programming languages Category Object oriented programming languages Category Secure programming languages Category Capability systems compu lang stub ... more details
Infobox Scientist name James Prescott Joule image Joule James sitting.jpg image width 200px caption James Joule Physicist birth date birth date df yes 1818 12 24 birth place Salford, Greater Manchester ... of Thermodynamics prizes James Prescott Joule Fellow of the Royal Society FRS pron en d u l ref ... for IPA en d o l , it is almost certain that J. P. Joule and at least some of his relatives used IPA d u l . The Joule brewery used the confusion in its pronunciation in advertising cite journal last ... in Salford, Greater Manchester Salford , Lancashire . Joule studied the nature of heat , and discovered ..., the joule , is named after him. He worked with William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin Lord Kelvin to develop ... called Joule s law . Early years File James Prescott Joule.png thumb left 1892 illustration of Joule The son of Jerry Joule 1784&ndash 1858 , a wealthy brewer, James Prescott Joule was born in the house adjoining the Joule Brewery in New Bailey Street, Salford 24th December 1818. ref name Cassidy ... Henry and Manchester engineers Peter Ewart and Eaton Hodgkinson . Joule was subsequently tutored ... Joule became a manager of the brewery and took an active role until the sale of the business in 1854 ... s colleague William Sturgeon . He formulated Joule s laws in 1840 ref Joule, J.P. 1841 On the heat ... as a mere provincial dilettante. When Sturgeon moved to Manchester in 1840, Joule and he became ... and theology could and should be integrated. Joule went on to lecture at Sturgeon s Royal Victoria ... of energy in 1844. ref an early electric battery electricity battery . ref Smith 1998 p. 60 ref Joule ... pound force foot pound . ref name ODNB ref Joule s unit of the foot pound corresponds to a modern ... g is the standard gravity . Joule s unit is dimensionally correct if interpreted as foot pound force . Where SI units are employed, such energy is given in terms of the eponymous joule 1 foot pound 1.356 J. ref Joule was influenced by the thinking of Franz Aepinus and tried to explain the phenomena ... more details
computing . In thermodynamics , the Joule Thomson effect or Joule Kelvin effect or Kelvin Joule effect ... a throttling process or Joule Thomson process . ref cite book author F. Reif title Fundamentals ... , helium and neon cool upon expansion by the Joule Thomson process. ref cite book author A. W ... The effect is named for James Prescott Joule and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin who discovered it in 1852 following earlier work by Joule on Joule expansion , in which a gas undergoes free expansion ... plug under steady state conditions and without change in kinetic energy, is called the Joule Thomson ... in a Joule Thomson process proof below . A throttling process proceeds along a constant enthalpy line ... this leads to an increase in kinetic energy temperature . Below the Joule Thomson inversion temperature ... potential energy dominates Joule Thomson expansion causes a temperature increase. The Joule Thomson Kelvin coefficient Image Joule Thomson curves 2.svg thumb 400px Joule Thomson coefficients ... to pressure math P math in a Joule Thomson process that is, at constant enthalpy math H math is the Joule ... jadjte jadjte.html Joule Expansion by W.R. Salzman, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona ... T 1 right , math See the Derivation of the Joule Thomson Kelvin coefficient Derivation of the Joule ... at which the value of math mu mathrm JT math changes sign. The temperature of this point, the Joule ..., the following table explains when the Joule Thomson effect cools or warms a real gas class ... are two gases whose Joule Thomson inversion temperatures at a pressure of one atmosphere unit ... these gases can be cooled from room temperature by the Joule Thomson effect. ref name Perry ... upon being expanded at constant enthalpy. Applications In practice, the Joule Thomson effect is achieved ... e.g. for the production of liquid oxygen, nitrogen, and argon . Only when the Joule Thomson coefficient ... to liquefy helium, hydrogen, or neon . Proof that enthalpy remains constant in a Joule Thomson ... more details
The joule per mole symbol J mol sup 1 sup is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. Energy is measured in joule s, and the amount of material is measured in mole unit moles . Physical quantities measured in J mol sup 1 sup usually describe quantities of energy transferred during Phase transition phase transformations or Chemical reaction chemical reactions . Division by the number of moles facilitates comparison between processes involving different quantities of material and between similar processes involving different types of materials. The meaning of such a quantity is always context dependent and, particularly for chemical reactions, is dependent on the possibly arbitrary definition of a mole for a particular process. For convenience and due to the range of magnitudes involved, y these quantities are almost always quoted in kJ mol sup 1 sup rather than in J mol sup 1 sup . For example, heats of fusion and vaporization are usually of the order of 10 kJ mol sup 1 sup , bond energies are of the order of 100 kJ mol sup 1 sup , and ionization energies of the order of 1000 kJ mol sup 1 sup . 1 kJ mol sup 1 sup is equal to 0.239 Kilocalorie per mole kcal mol sup 1 sup or 1.04× 10 sup 2 sup Electronvolt eV per particle. At room temperature 25 Celsius C , 77 Fahrenheit F , or 298.15 Kelvin K 1 kJ mol sup 1 sup is equal to 0.4034 kT energy math k B T math . References reflist Unreferenced date December 2009 DEFAULTSORT Joule Per Mole Category SI derived units af Kilojoule per mol ar ast Quiloxuliu por mol ca Quilojoule per mol da Joule per mol es Kilojulio por mol eu Joule moleko fa fr Joule par mole it Joule per mole hu Joule per m l pl Kilod ule na mol pt Quilojoule por mol simple Kilojoule per mole sl D ul na mol sr sh Kilod ul po molu th ur zh ... more details
The Gough Joule effect aka Gow Joule effect is the tendency of elastomer s to contract when heated if they are under Tension physics tension . Elastomers that are not under tension do not see this effect. The effect is important in o ring seal design, where the seals can be mounted in a peripherally compressed state in hot applications to prolong life. ref name Practical Seal Design cite book last Martini first Leonard J. authorlink coauthors year 1984 title Practical Seal Design, P.233 publisher CRC location id ISBN 978 0824771669 ref The effect is relevant to rotary seals which can bind if the seal shrinks due to overheating. References references External links http www.pspglobal.com gland.html O ring Gland design notes, PSP Inc. http www.pslc.ws macrog demos solar.htm A solar power science project using the Gow Joule effect http ammtiac.alionscience.com pdf 2004MaterialEASE26.pdf explanation http www.rlhudson.com O Ring 20Book selecting thermal5.html condensedmatter stub Category Elastomers Category Condensed matter physics ... more details
car designer Keith Helfet . Keith is best known for the XJ220 , and the F type concept car. The Joule ... Energy ref http www.carmag.co.za article a joule of a plan 2010 04 06 ref . Class The Joule ... news singlepage.asp?in 9332 Cartoday.com Sep 2008 Joule powers SA to Paris show http www.engineeringnews.co.za ... 2008 South African Electric Car the Crown Joule of Paris Auto Show External links http www.optimalenergy.co.za ... company stub de Optimal Energy Optimal Energy Joule ... more details
Orphan date November 2010 Scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy is a form of scanning probe microscopy heavily based on atomic force microscopy that maps the temperature distribution along a surface. Resolutions down to 10 nm have been achieved ref name Gurrum and 1nm resolution is theoretically possible. Thermal measurements at the nanometer scale are of both academic and industrial interest, particularly ... thumb 400 px right Simplified schematic of Scanning Joule expansion microscope. Scanning Joule .... AC or pulsed electrical signal is applied to the sample creating Joule heating and resulting in periodic thermal expansion ref name Varesi J. Varesi, A. Majumdar, Scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy ... Measured by Scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy, Journal of Heat Transfer , 120, 297 1998 ... caused by Joule heating. Since AFM has feedback controller with a bandwidth, for example 20 ... by the feedback controller which then adjusts the z piezo to image surface topography. Joule ... Wieck, Study of the hot spot of an in plane gate transistor by scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy, Journal of Applied Physics , 84, 6917 1998 ref . A lock in amplifier is specially tuned to the Joule ... resolution around 25 nm ref name Majumdar . Scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy, however ... Thermal Microscopy are rather expensive and more importantly very fragile. Scanning Joule Expansion ... of Scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy . MS thesis, 1997 ref . Pressure waves When the sample heats and contracts due to rapid Joule heating from an applied AC power source, pressure waves ... When a bias is applied to the sample for Joule heating, there is also an electrostatic force ... of SJEM. The substrate expands when Joule heated, resulting in change in the measured profile by the cantilever ... by scanning Joule expansion microscopy, IEEE Electron Device Lett. , 21, 224 2000 . ref . In addition ... Metallic Films Investigated by Scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy , Journal of heat transfer ... more details
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