Refimprove date November 2010 Genotyping is the process of determining the genes genotype of an individual by examining the individual s DNA sequence by using bioassay biological assays . More accurately, genotyping is the use of DNA sequences to define biological populations, by use of molecular tools such as restriction fragment length polymorphism identification RFLPI of genomic DNA, random amplified polymorphic detection RAPD of genomic DNA, and amplified fragment length polymorphism detection AFLPD . Genotyping does not necessarily involve defining the genes of an individual. Current methods of genotyping include PCR , DNA sequencing , Allele specific oligonucleotide ASO probes, and Sequencing by hybridization hybridization to DNA microarray s or beads. Genotyping is important in research of genes associated with disease. Due to current technological limitations, almost all genotyping is partial. That is, only a small fraction of an individual s genotype is determined. New ref cite web url http www.illumina.com pages.ilmn?ID 151 title Illumina, Inc publisher Illumina.com date accessdate 2010 12 04 ref Next generation sequencing High throughput sequencing mass sequencing technologies promise to provide whole genome genotyping or whole genome sequencing in the future. Genotyping applies to a broad range of individuals, including microorganisms. For example, viruses and bacteria can be genotyped. Genotyping in this context may help in controlling the spreading of pathogens, by tracing the origin of outbreaks. This area is often referred to as molecular epidemiology or forensic ... s. When genotyping transgenic organisms, a single genomic region may be all that needs to be examined ... error Quantitative trait locus SNP genotyping genetics stub References reflist External links http ... genotyping to make medicine personal http www.genetyper.com Gene Typer High throughput PCR mouse genotyping ... UCLA Genotyping Core http minisatellites.u psud.fr resources for genotyping microorganisms Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Advances in molecular DNA sequencing in some cases allow researchers to obtain high quality DNA samples from small quantities of hair, feathers, scales, or other body parts. These so called noninvasive samples are an improvement over older allozyme and DNA sampling techniques that often required larger samples of tissue and blood or the destruction of the studied organism. DEFAULTSORT Noninvasive Genotyping Category Genetics Genetics stub ... more details
SNP genotyping is the measurement of genetic variation of single nucleotide polymorphism s SNPs between members of a species. It is a form of genotyping , the measurement of the genetic variation more ... range of SNP genotyping methods. This article provides an overview of the major strategies for interrogating ... DASH genotyping takes advantage of the differences in the melting temperature in DNA that results .... A SNP will result in a lower than expected Tm Howell et al. 1999 . Because DASH genotyping ... high fidelity SNP genotyping methods. Restriction fragment length polymorphism Restriction fragment ... large scale SNP genotyping projects Olivier 2005 . Primer extension Primer extension is a two step ... & Harbron 2004 . A different approach is used by Sequenom s iPLEX SNP genotyping method, which uses ... 2004 . Illumina Incorporated s Infinium assay is an example of a whole genome genotyping pipeline that is based ... is an arrayed primer extension genotyping method which is able to identify hundreds of SNPs or mutations ... Taq DNA polymerase s 5 nuclease activity is used in the Taqman assay for SNP genotyping. The Taqman ... available equipment. However compared to other SNP genotyping methods, the sensitivity of this assay ... in question small amplicon genotyping, Liew, 2004 or amplify a larger region 100 400bp in length for scanning purposes. For simple genotyping of an SNP, it is easier to just make the amplicon small to minimize .... SNPlex main SNPlex SNPlex is a proprietary genotyping platform sold by Applied Biosystems . Sequencing ... small regions to perform SNP genotyping. Compared to other SNP genotyping methods, sequencing is in particular .... . 2006 Whole genome genotyping. Methods Enzymol . 410 359 76 Howell W., Jobs M., Gyllensten U., Brookes ... C. 2004 Genotyping of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms by High Resolution Melting of Small Amplicons ... J Hum Genet . 57, A266. Olivier M. 2005 The Invader assay for SNP genotyping. Mutat Res . 573 1 2 103 10. Rao K.V., Stevens P.W., Hall J.G., et al. 2003 Genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms ... more details
Summary Overview of how SNP genptyping works using the Invader assay. Author Daniel Horspool. Based on the paper Olivier M. 2005. The Invader assay for SNP genotyping. Licensing PD self date December 2005 ... more details
Summary Overview of SNP genotyping using the DASH method. Fixed spelling mistake. Author Daniel Horspool Licensing GFDL self migration relicense Format ShouldBeSVG PNG version available SNP Dash 1updated.png ... more details
SNPlex is a platform for SNP genotyping sold by Applied Biosystems ABI . It is based on capillary electrophoresis , which allows the assay to be performed on ABI s popular 3730xl DNA analyzers. Currently, up to 48 Single nucleotide polymorphism SNPs can be genotyped in a single reaction. ref cite journal last Tobler first Andreas R. year 2005 month 12 title The SNPlex Genotyping System A Flexible and Scalable Platform for SNP Genotyping journal Journal of Biomolecular Techniques volume 16 issue 4 pages 398 406 pmid 16522862 last2 Short first2 S last3 Andersen first3 MR last4 Paner first4 TM last5 Briggs first5 JC last6 Lambert first6 SM last7 Wu first7 PP last8 Wang first8 Y last9 Spoonde first9 AY pmc 2291745 ref References references External links http marketing.appliedbiosystems.com mk submit snpb RD? JS T&rd h SNPlex Genotyping System Category Molecular biology Category DNA Category Genetics Category Biotechnology genetics stub ... more details
Multiple issues cleanup August 2009 orphan August 2009 Restriction Fragment Mass Polymorphism RFMP is a technology which Restriction digest digests DNA into oligonucleotide fragments, and detects variation of DNA sequence s by molecular weight of the fragments. RFMP is a Property proprietary technology of GeneMatrix and can be utilized for genotyping viruses and microorganisms , and for human genome research. References Kim, Y 2005 . Population Genotyping of Hepatitis C Virus by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Short DNA Fragments , Clinical Chemistry , 51 1123 1131 External links http www.genematrix.net eng sic 01.htm RFMP platform technology Category DNA sequencing biotech stub ... more details
Summary Overview of SNP genotyping using the DASH method. Fixed spelling mistake. Author Daniel Horspool Licensing GFDL self migration relicense Format ShouldBeSVG artifacts History of File SNP Dash 1updated.jpg 2009 05 27T01 43 14Z User Brighterorange Brighterorange User talk Brighterorange Talk Special Contributions Brighterorange contribs 185 bytes nowiki should be svg definitely not jpeg nowiki 2007 05 10T13 38 05Z User Cydebot Cydebot User talk Cydebot Talk Special Contributions Cydebot contribs 143 bytes nowiki Robot Fixing GFDL tags project wide per Wikipedia GFDL standardization . nowiki 2007 03 03T03 37 30Z User Dhorspool Dhorspool User talk Dhorspool Talk Special Contributions Dhorspool contribs nowiki Overview of SNP genotyping using the DASH method. Fixed spelling mistake. Author Daniel Horspool nowiki 2007 03 03T03 37 30Z User Dhorspool Dhorspool User talk Dhorspool Talk Special Contributions Dhorspool contribs 418x510 90097 bytes ... more details
Diversity Arrays Technology DArT is the name of a technology used in molecular genetics to develop sequence marker s for genotyping and other genetics genetic analysis. DArT is based on microarray hybridizations that detect the presence versus absence of individual fragments in genomic representations ref cite journal author Jaccoud D, Peng K, Feinstein D, Kilian A title Diversity arrays a solid state technology for sequence information independent genotyping journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 29 issue 4 pages E25 year 2001 month February pmid 11160945 pmc 29632 doi url ref . The technology has significant advantages over other array based Single nucleotide polymorphism detection technologies in the analysis of polyploid plants ref cite journal author Wenzl P, Carling J, Kudrna D, et al. title Diversity Arrays Technology DArT for whole genome profiling of barley journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 101 issue 26 pages 9915 20 year 2004 month June pmid 15192146 pmc 470773 doi 10.1073 pnas.0401076101 url http www.pnas.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 15192146 ref . External resources http www.diversityarrays.com applicationsdart.html Applications of DArT . http www.diversityarrays.com molecularprincip.html Description of the technology . References references Category Genetics Category Molecular genetics genetics stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Ribotyping involves the Genetic fingerprinting fingerprinting of genomic DNA Restriction digest restriction fragments that contain all or part of the genes coding for the 16S ribosomal RNA 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA 23S rRNA . Conceptually, ribotyping is similar to probing restriction fragments of chromosomal DNA with Hybridization probe cloned probes randomly cloned probes or probes derived from a specific coding sequence such as that of a virulence factor . See also Genotyping Genetics stub de Ribotyping es Ribotyping it Ribotipia sv Ribotypning Category Genetics ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A tag SNP is a representative single nucleotide polymorphism SNP in a region of the genome with high linkage disequilibrium the non random association of alleles at two or more loci . It is possible to identify genetic variation without genotyping every SNP in a chromosome chromosomal region. Tag SNPs are useful in whole genome SNP association studies in which hundreds of thousands of SNPs across the entire genome are genotyped. For this reason, the International HapMap Project hopes to use tag SNPs to discover genes responsible for certain disorders. See also International HapMap Project Genealogical DNA test DEFAULTSORT Tag Snp Category Population genetics ... more details
Image InnogeneticsBldg 080116.jpg thumb Innogenetics building in Zwijnaarde . Innogenetics is an international biopharmaceutical company, with headquarters in Ghent , Belgium. The company has two divisions a specialty diagnostics business, and a therapeutics business that develops therapeutic vaccine s. The CEO is Christiaan De Wilde . History Innogenetics was founded on 18 July 1985, by Erik Tambuyzer , Hugo Van Heuverswyn and Rudi Mari n . In 1992 , the company launched the first commercial tests for cystic fibrosis in Europe INNO LiPA CFTR and in 1993 the first commercial test for Hepatitis C virus HCV genotyping worldwide INNO LiPA HCV . In 1995 , the first commercial Alzheimer s disease research test for Tau protein hTau was launched INNOTEST hTau Ag . In 1998 , the company launched the first commercial Alzheimer s disease research test for Amyloid and in 2002 the first commercial test for Hepatitis B virus HBV genotyping INNO LiPA HBV Genotyping . The company was one of the first biotech companies to be listed on a European stock exchange , in 1996 it was the first biotech company listed on EASDAQ, now NASDAQ Europe. Innogenetics has its shares traded on Euronext Brussels . On 1 October 2007, the therapeutics division was separated into a new company GENimmune NV for the development of immune therapeutics. Solvay Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of the Solvay Group, the chemical and pharmaceutical group, announced in September 2008 that it had acquired Innogenetics in a cash transaction valued at EUR 6.5 per share, representing EUR 200.7 million for 100 of the Innogenetics shares. See also EuropaBio FlandersBio Source http www.innogenetics.com site annualreport.html Annual report Jannes G, De Vos D., A review of current and future molecular diagnostic tests for use in the microbiology laboratory, Methods Mol Biol. 2006 345 1 21. Tortoli E, Marcelli F.,Use of the INNO LiPA Rif.TB for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA directly in clinical specimens and ... more details
Hervotype ref Jha AR, Pillai SK, et al. 2009. Cross sectional dating of novel haplotypes of HERV K113 and HERV K115 indicate these proviruses originated in Africa before Homo sapiens . Mol Biol Evol. doi 10.1093 molbev msp180 http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract msp180v1 ref is a specific sequence of a particular Endogenous retrovirus Human endogenous retroviruses human endogenous retroviral HERV insertion. Hervotyping, like genotyping , is the process of determining the specific sequence of a particular HERV. With more research on HERV, it is now known that HERV may not be monomorphic and a HERV insertion may be present in various allele s. Therefore, it is important to know the hervotype of a HERV insertion as the sequences can give more information on their ages. It is now believed that it is not enough to say whether a HERV is present or present in full form but hervotypes are essential in evaluating their relationship to human disease and to know their true contribution in evolution of humans. References references Category Retroviruses ... more details
Refimprove date July 2008 A Mendelian error in the Genetics genetic analysis of a species, describes an allele in an individual which could not have been received from either of its biological parents by Mendelian inheritance . Inheritance is defined by a set of related individuals who have the same or similar phenotype s for a locus of a particular gene. A Mendelian error means that the very structure of the inheritance as defined by analysis of the parental genes is incorrect one parent of one individual is not actually the parent indicated therefore the assumption is that the parental information is incorrect. ref cite web url http 209.85.165.104 search?q cache n4FmMX6xBZIJ www.inra.fr mia T degivry Schiex05a.pdf Mendelian error&hl en&ct clnk&cd 2&gl us title Mendelian error detection in complex pedigree using weighted constraint satisfaction techniques publisher 209.85.165.104 accessdate 2008 07 13 last first ref The possible explanations are multiple and can be due to experimental genotyping errors or to the erroneous assignment of the individuals as relatives. Mendelian error is established by demonstrating the existence of a trait which is inconsistent with every possible combination of genotype compatible with the individual. This method of determination requires pedigree checking, however, and establishing a contradiction between phenotype and pedigree is an NP complete problem. Genetic inconsistencies which do not correspond to this definition are Non Mendelian Errors. Statistical genetics analysis is used to detect these errors and to detect the possibility of the individual being linked to a specific disease linked to a single gene. Examples of such diseases in humans caused by single genes are Huntington s disease or Marfan syndrome . ref cite web url http bioinf.wehi.edu.au folders melanie statgenhowto.html title Statistical Genetics Analysis publisher bioinf.wehi.edu.au accessdate 2008 07 13 last first ref See also SNP genotyping Footnotes reflist htt ... more details
cgi content full 121 3 493 Genotyping studies In genotyping studies where ... . Concordance can therefore be used as a method of assessing the accuracy of a genotyping assay platform ... more details
Infobox Company name Sequenom company logo type Public company Public foundation location city location country location San Diego, California locations key people area served industry Biotechnology products MassARRAY, iPLEX SNP genotyping kits, SEQureDx services SNP genotyping, methylation detection, quantitative gene expression revenue operating income net income market cap num employees parent divisions subsid slogan homepage http www.sequenom.com www.sequenom.com dissolved footnotes intl Enter yes to change labels to international instead of US terminology Sequenom NASDAQ SQNM is a manufacturer of DNA massarray s, based in San Diego, California , United States. The MassARRAY platform is used for SNP genotyping, methylation detection and quantitative gene expression analysis. Sequenom also manufactures clinical tests, such as SEQureDx, a noninvasive prenatal test formerly under development for Down syndrome . ref http www.medicalnewstoday.com articles 131724.php ref ref http news.moneycentral.msn.com provider providerarticle.aspx?feed AP&date 20090203&id 9561461 ref In 2008, Sequenom largely reinvented itself from a genomics instrumentation provider to a genetic diagnostics company. In 2009, Sequenom Center for Molecular Medicine SCMM was expected to launch the SEQureDx prenatal screening tests for Down syndrome and Rhesus D. However, subsequent investigation revealed significant flaws in the studies of the test s effectiveness. ref http www.marketwatch.com story acs xerox could see more volume after hours 2009 09 28?siteid rss&rss 1 Sequenom shares plunge after probe reveals test flaws , MarketWatch , Sept. 28, 2009 ref As a result, the board of directors of Sequenom fired CEO Harry Stylli, senior vice president of research and development Elizabeth Dragon and three other employees after a probe discovered that the company had failed to adequately supervise its Down syndrome test. CFO Paul Hawran also resigned. Board chairman Harry F. Hixson Jr. was named as the ... more details
An STR multiplex system is used to quickly identify specific short tandem repeat s. STR Polymorphism biology polymorphism s are genetic marker s that may be used to identify a DNA sequence . The FBI uses 13 specific STR loci in their database. These may be used in many areas of genetics in addition to their legal uses. One can think of a STR Multiplex System as collection of certain specific STRs which are positionally conserved on a target genome. Hence these can be used as markers. A number of different STRs along with their loci in a particular genome can be used for genotyping . As for example the STR Multiplex System AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus contain these STRs D3S1358, VWA, FGA, Amelogenin, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, and they can be used as markers for human genome is used for human identification purpose. Unreferenced date September 2009 DEFAULTSORT Str Multiplex Systems Category Repetitive DNA sequences Category DNA profiling techniques Category Forensic equipment biochem stub law enforcement stub forensics stub ... more details
Infobox grape variety name Mavro image Monotlithos Mavro Grapes .jpg caption Mavro grapes species Vitis vinifera also called origin Cyprus hazards Viticultural hazards regions wines Commandaria Mavro lang el , meaning black is an indigenous red grape cultivated on the island of Cyprus . The grape takes its name from its dark colour. The Italian ampelographer, Count Giuseppe di Rovasenda refers to it in 1877 as Cipro Nero Cyprus black ref cite book last di Rovasenda first Giuseppe authorlink coauthors title Saggio di Ampelografia Universale Essay on Universal Ampelography publisher year 1877 location Italy pages url doi id isbn ref . An ancient variety, its suitability to the hot Cypriot climate has made it the dominant cultivated vine on the island. It accounts for 70 of cultivated vines ref page 454, Larousse Encyclopaedia of Wine by Christopher Foulkes, ISBN 0 600 60475 6. ref . Of note is that Mavro continues to grow on ancient rootstock unlike most mainland European grapes that are grafted on North American rootstock. This is a consequence of Cyprus escape from the phylloxera Great French Wine Blight epidemic that had devastated most other European vineyards, in the 19th century. ref cite news first last coauthors title Cyprus wine comes of age date 13 January 1994 publisher CatererSearch url http www.caterersearch.com Articles 1994 01 13 5877 cyprus wine comes of age.html work Caterer and Hotelkeeper Archive pages accessdate 2007 11 01 language ref Mavrud is a Bulgarian wine with a similar name made from mavrud grapes. Recent genotyping has shown that these two varieties Mavro and Mavrud are not related ref cite journal title Genotyping Vitis vinifera L. cultivars of Cyprus by microsatellite analysis. journal Vitis year 2005 first T last Hvarleva coauthors Hadjinicoli, A., Atanassov, I., Atanassov, A., Ioannou, N. volume 44 issue 2 pages 93 97 id url http www.cababstractsplus.org google abstract.asp?AcNo 20053121220 format accessdate 2007 10 30 ref ... more details
extensively in the HapMap project for large scale SNP genotyping ref name 1Hardenbol et al. as well ... M, Willis TD, Landegren U, Davis RW year 2003 title Multiplexed genotyping with sequence tagged ... multiplexed molecular inversion probe genotyping over 10,000 targeted SNPs genotyped in a single ... nucleotide polymorphism SNP genotyping ref name 1Hardenbol et al. to several hundred nucleotide s for Locus ... Probe In order to perform SNP genotyping , Hardenbol et al. ref name 1Hardenbol et al. modified ... SNPs was performed on genotyping arrays where each spot on the array contained sequences complementary ... the framework for high throughput SNP genotyping in the HapMap project ref name 2Hardenbol et al. . Connector ... genotyping , copy number variation or allelic imbalance studies, to name a few. SNP Genotyping In Single nucleotide polymorphism SNP genotyping , the probes are separated into four reactions and a different ... are then hybridized to either four genotyping arrays or two, dual colour arrays one channel for each ... can also be used for copy number variation CNV detection. This dual role in SNP genotyping as well as CNV analysis of MIP is similar to the high density SNP array SNP genotyping arrays which have ... signal intensities from genotyping data and use that to generate CNV results. These techniques ... the success of MIP for copy number variation and genotyping studies in formalin fixed paraffin ... MIP to obtain high quality copy number variation copy number and genotyping data from formalin ... technique has also been used in the field of pharmacogenomics . Genotyping of genes important in drug ... year 2007 title Multiplex assay for comprehensive genotyping of genes involved in drug metabolism, excretion ... polymorphism SNP genotyping using MIPs. Single noise ratio Ratio of true genotype counts over background ... of probes that produce genotyping results. Call rate For a given Single nucleotide polymorphism SNP ... of MIP Unlike some of the other SNP genotypinggenotyping techniques, the need to PCR PCR amplify ... more details
Real time fluorescence genotyping of factor V Leiden during rapid cycle PCR. Clin Chem. 1997 Dec 43 .... However, for genotyping applications, where large volumes of samples must be processed, the cost of development ... probe based genotyping methods. See also High Resolution Melt High Resolution Melt Analysis Microscale ... more details
Sequencing by Hybridization is a class of methods for determining the order in which nucleotides occur on a strand of DNA . Typically used for looking for small changes relative to a known DNA sequence . The binding of one strand of DNA to its complementary strand in the DNA double helix aka hybridization is sensitive to even single base mismatches when the hybrid region is short or is specialized mismatch detection proteins are present. This is exploited in a variety of ways, most notable via DNA chips or microarrays with thousands to billions of synthetic oligonucleotides found in a genome of interest plus many known variations or even all possible single base variations. This technology has largely been displaced by Sequencing by synthesis based methods. Examples of commercial systems Affymetrix http www.completegenomics.com Complete Genomics Inc. References Drmanac R et al. Sequencing by hybridization SBH advantages, achievements, and opportunities. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2002 77 75 101. PMID 12227738 Hanna GJ et al. Comparison of Sequencing by Hybridization and Cycle Sequencing for Genotyping of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase . J Clin Microbiol. 2000 July 38 7 2715 2721. PMID 10878069 Church, George M. Genomes for all. Scientific American. 2006 Jan 294 1 52. DOI 10.1038 scientificamerican0106 46 PMID 16468433 See also Sequencing by ligation Category DNA sequencing Category Laboratory techniques ... more details
Infobox Company name Illumina, Inc. logo File ILLUMINA.jpg 250px type Public company Public nasdaq ILMN genre foundation 1998 founder location city San Diego, California location country United States U.S. location locations area served key people industry Biotechnology products services revenue 212.00 million Q2 2010 operating income net income owner num employees parent divisions subsid slogan homepage http www.illumina.com footnotes intl Illumina, Inc. nasdaq ILMN is a company incorporated in April 1998 that develops, manufactures and markets integrated systems for the analysis of genetic variation and biological function. Using its technologies, the company provides a line of products and services that serve the sequencing , genotyping and gene expression markets. Customers include genomic research centers, pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, clinical research organizations and biotechnology companies. Its tools provide researchers with the capability to perform genetic tests needed to extract medical information from advances in genomics and proteomics . Its headquarters are located in San Diego , California . History Illumina was founded in April 1998 by David Walt, Ph.D., CW Group Larry Bock , John Stuelpnagel, D.V.M., Anthony Czarnik, Ph.D., and Mark Chee, Ph.D. While working with CW Group, a venture capital firm, Larry and John uncovered what would become Illumina s BeadArray technology at Tufts University and negotiated an exclusive license to that technology. Illumina completed its initial public offering in July 2000. Illumina began offering single nucleotide polymorphism SNP genotyping services in 2001 and launched its first system, the Illumina BeadLab, in 2002, using GoldenGate Genotyping technology. Illumina currently offers microarray based products and services for an expanding range of genetic analysis sequencing, including SNP genotyping, gene expression , and protein analysis . Illumina s technologies are used by a broad range of ... more details
distinguish Enterococcus faecalis Taxobox regnum Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Lactobacillales familia Enterococcaceae genus Enterococcus species E. faecium binomial Enterococcus faecium binomial authority Orla Jensen 1919 br Schleifer & Kilpper B lz 1984 Enterococcus faecium is a Gram positive , group D, alpha hemolitic or nonhemolitic, bacterium in the genus Enterococcus . ref name Sherris cite book author Ryan KJ, Ray CG editors title Sherris Medical Microbiology edition 4th pages 294 5 publisher McGraw Hill year 2004 isbn 0 8385 8529 9 ref It can be commensal innocuous coexisting organism in the human intestine, but it may also be pathogen ic, causing diseases such as neonatal meningitis . Antibiotic resistant E. faecium is often referred to as vancomycin resistant enterococcus VRE . ref name pmid16477546 cite journal author Mascini EM, Troelstra A, Beitsma M, et al. title Genotyping and preemptive isolation to control an outbreak of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium journal Clin. Infect. Dis. volume 42 issue 6 pages 739 46 year 2006 month March pmid 16477546 doi 10.1086 500322 url http www.journals.uchicago.edu doi abs 10.1086 500322?url ver Z39.88 2003&rfr id ori rid crossref.org&rfr dat cr pub 3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov ref It is used as a probiotic in animals. ref http www.vetscriptions.co.uk PROTEXINBIO2.html ref Treatment Linezolid is used to treat VRE. The streptogramins , such as quinupristin dalfopristin , may also be used for vancomycin resistant E. faecium , but not E. faecalis . References reflist Gram positive bacterial diseases DEFAULTSORT Enterococcus Faecium Category Lactobacillales bacteria stub pl Enterococcus faecium ... more details
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