dablink This article is about the lining of blood and lymphatic vessel s. For the endothelium of the cornea , see corneal endothelium refimprove date October 2008 Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Anatomy artery.png Caption Diagram showing the location of endothelial cells Image2 Microvessel.jpg Caption2 Endothelial cells, which form the tunica intima , encircle an erythrocyte E . Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 02.0.02003 The endothelium is the thin layer of cell biology cells that lines the interior surface of blood and lymphatic vessel s, ref DorlandsDict three 000035470 Endothelium ref forming an interface between circulating blood and lymph in the lumen anatomy lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. The cells that form the endothelium are called endothelial cells . Endothelial cells in direct contact with blood are called vascular endothelial cells whereas those in direct contact with lymph ... , hemostasis , neutrophil recruitment , and hormone trafficking . Endothelium of the interior surfaces ... Endothelial cell title FMA format work accessdate 2008 12 12 ref . Many considered the endothelium a specialized ... biology, including Atherosclerosis Barrier function the endothelium acts as a semi selective ... edema swelling. Coagulation Blood clotting thrombosis & fibrinolysis . The endothelium normally provides ... consequence of damage to the endothelium is the release of pathological quantities of von ... s Endothelial progenitor cell s Endothelium derived relaxing factor EDRF Robert F. Furchgott ... Weibel Palade body Weibel Palade bodies References reflist External links eMedicineDictionary Endothelium ... EM, Low BUHistology 21402ooa http www.informaworld.com smpp title content t713617829 Endothelium ... 2689 Endothelium and inflammation http courses.washington.edu conj bloodcells platelets.htm Platelet ... eo Endotelio fr Endoth lium gl Endotelio it Tessuto endoteliale kk la Endothelium ml ... more details
dablink For the lining of blood vessels, see endothelium Infobox Anatomy Name Corneal endothelium Latin ... cornea from near the margin. Corneal endothelium is 5, labeled at bottom right. Image2 Caption2 ... DorlandsSuf 12339164 The corneal endothelium is a single layer of cells on the inner surface of the cornea ... and faces the anterior chamber of the human eye eye . The corneal endothelium governs fluid and solute ... endothelium is embryologically derived from the neural crest . The postnatal total endothelial cellularity ... and postnatal cellularity of the human corneal endothelium. A quantitative histologic study. Invest ... cells mm . The normal corneal endothelium is a monolayer of uniformly sized cells with a predominantly ... Cornea endothelium specular.jpg thumb Hexagonal cells of corneal endothelium visualized by specular microscopy . The principal physiological function of the corneal endothelium is to allow leakage of solutes ... function of the corneal endothelium is described by the pump leak hypothesis. Since the cornea ... keratocytes, and corneal endothelium must occur via diffusion of glucose and other solutes from the aqueous humor, across the corneal endothelium. The corneal endothelium then actively transports water ... natal human cornea. Wounding of the corneal endothelium, as from trauma or other insults, prompts healing ... healing or regeneration of the corneal endothelium. In early stages of corneal edema, symptoms of blurred ... corneal edema ensues, and the only effective remedy is replacement of the diseased corneal endothelium ... replacement of the diseased corneal endothelium. This approach, termed endokeratoplasty, is most appropriate for disease processes that exclusively or predominantly involve the corneal endothelium ... to the corneal endothelium, but to other layers of the cornea as well. Compared to full thickness ..., the diseased host endothelium and associated Descemet s membrane are removed from .... This layer consists of posterior stroma, Descemet s membrane, and endothelium that has been dissected ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The lymphatic endothelium is a specialised form of epithelium, distinct from but similar to vascular endothelium . Although lymphatics were first described by Hippocrates in 400BC and rediscovered as milky veins in the gut of a well fed dog in the 17th century by Gasparo Aselli , they were ignored for centuries until in 1937 Howard Florey showed that lymphatics enlarge in inflammation. At this stage vascular and lymphatic endothelia were seen to be morphologically distinct and lymphatic vessels considered less important. Later it was discovered that VEGF R3 and VEGF C VEGF D were the key growth factors controlling lymphatic endothelial proliferation. Markers of lymphatic endolthelium were not discovered until relatively recently. These being LYVE 1 Jackson et al.,1999 ref name J.Cell Biol cite web title J.Cell Biol LYVE 1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph specific receptor for hyaluronan 1 url http www.jcb.org cgi content full 144 4 789?maxtoshow &HITS 10&hits 10&RESULTFORMAT &fulltext lyve 1&searchid 1&FIRSTINDEX 0&volume 144&issue 4&resourcetype HWCIT accessdate ref and PDPN podoplanin Kerjaschki,1999 ref name American Journal of Pathology cite web title Am. J. Pathol Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capillaries podoplanin as a specific marker for lymphatic andothelium 2 url http ajp.amjpathol.org cgi content full 154 2 385?maxtoshow &HITS 10&hits 10&RESULTFORMAT &titleabstract Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capill&searchid 1&FIRSTINDEX 0&firstpage 385&fdate 1 1 1999&tdate 12 31 1999&resourcetype HWCIT accessdate ref References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Jackson DG title The lymphatics revisited new perspectives from the hyaluronan receptor LYVE 1 journal Trends Cardiovasc. Med. volume 13 issue 1 pages 1 7 year 2003 pmid 12554094 doi 10.1016 S1050 1738 02 00189 5 cite journal author ... more details
Endothelium derived relaxing factor EDRF is produced and released by the endothelium to promote smooth muscle relaxation. The best characterized is nitric oxide NO . Some sources equate EDRF and nitric oxide. ref DorlandsDict three 000038536 endothelial derived relaxing factor ref It is released in response to a variety of chemical and physical stimuli. It causes the smooth muscle in the vessel wall to relax. EDRF was discovered and characterized by Robert F. Furchgott , a winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1998 with his co researchers Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad . According to Furchgott s website at SUNY Downstate Medical Center , ...we are investigating whether the endothelium derived relaxing factor EDRF is simply nitric oxide or a mixture of substances . ref name urlRobert Furchgott cite web url http www.hscbklyn.edu pharmacology furch.htm title Robert Furchgott format work ... an endothelium derived relaxing factor journal J Hum Hypertens volume 15 issue 4 pages 219 27 year 2001 ... refers not only to nitric oxide but also to other substances. ref MeshName Endothelium Dependent ... Role of non nitric oxide non prostaglandin endothelium derived relaxing factor s in bradykinin vasodilation ... pmid 9876291 doi url ref Endothelium actually produces a number of endothelial derived relaxing factors ... Activation of vascular smooth muscle K channels by endothelium derived relaxing factors journal Clin ... nlm pubmed&issn 0305 1870&date 1999&volume 26&issue 2&spage 180 ref Endothelium derived hyperpolarizing ..., F l tou M, et al. title An endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor distinct from NO and prostacyclin is a major endothelium dependent vasodilator in resistance vessels of wild type and endothelial ... H, Cox JA, Parkington HC, Evans RG title Contributions of endothelium derived relaxing factors ..., Hong Lim C, Bund SJ title Functional evidence that K is the non nitric oxide, non prostanoid endothelium ... 6466 pages 62 5 year 1994 month March pmid 8107883 doi 10.1038 368062a0 ref The endothelium also produces ... more details
In blood vessels Endothelium Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor or EDHF is proposed to be a substance and or electrical signal that is generated or synthesized in and released from the endothelium its action ... Luksha L, Agewall S, Kublickiene K title Endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor in vascular ... month February pmid 18656197 doi 10.1016 j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.008 url ref Introduction The endothelium ... of another endothelium derived vasodilator known as endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor EDHF ... to the endothelium dependent relaxation is currently appreciated as an important feature of healthy endothelium. Since EDHF s contribution is greatest at level of small arteries, the changes in the EDHF ... that explain EDH Diffusible factors are endothelium derived substances that are able to pass through ... K title Hydrogen peroxide is an endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor in animals and humans ... and it has been found at high concentrations particularly in endothelial Cells. Endothelium derived ... the endothelium participates in the regulation of vascular tone. ref cite journal author Griffith,TM title Endothelium dependent smooth muscle hyperpolarization do gap junctions provide a unifying ... that lack both Endothelium Nitric OxideSynthase eNOS and COX 1 Cyclooxygenase 1, a protein that acts ... assessment of the involvement of EDHF to endothelium dependent relaxation in small arteries. In mice ..., EDHF has been suggested to be more important in female arteries to confer endothelium dependent ... ref name Luksha2009 Summary Based on current evidence, the term of endothelium derived hyperpolarising factor should represent a mechanism rather than a specific factor. The mechanism s of endothelium ... sense, although to some extend and when EDHF acts as backup mechanism for endothelium dependent ... function. However, once the involvement of a certain endothelium derived vasodilator for a given vascular bed is confirmed, it should preferably be described by their proper name i.e., endothelium ... more details
Tight binding could mean Leukocyte extravasation Tight binding biology of leukocytes to the endothelium of vessels. Tight Binding physics of electrons to lattice sites. Disambig ... more details
Cavernous tissue refers to blood filled spaces lined by endothelium and surrounded by smooth muscle . It is present in the erectile tissue of the penis and clitoris . genitourinary stub circulatory stub Category Sexual anatomy ... more details
Gamna Favre bodies are large, Cytoplasm intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusion bodies seen in Endothelium endothelial cells in patients with lymphogranuloma venereum . They are named after Carlos Gamna and Maurice Favre . External links WhoNamedIt synd 3203 Gamna Favre bodies med stub Category Histology ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject 138 GrayPage 535 Image Gray493.png Caption Interior of right side of heart. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart. Its Cell biology cells are embryology embryologically and biology biologically similar to the endothelium endothelial cells that line blood vessel s. The endocardium underlies the much more voluminous myocardium , the muscular tissue responsible for the contraction of the heart. The outer layer of the heart is termed epicardium and the heart is surrounded by a small amount of fluid enclosed by a fibrous sac called the pericardium . Function Recently, it has become evident that the endocardium, which is primarily made up of endothelial cells, controls myocardial function. This modulating role is separate from the homeometric and heterometric regulatory mechanisms that control myocardial contractility. Moreover, the endothelium of the myocardial heart muscle capillaries, which is also closely appositioned to the cardiomyocytes heart muscle cells is involved in this modulatory role. Thus, the cardiac endothelium both the endocardial endothelium and the endothelium of the myocardial capillaries controls the development of the heart in the embryo as well as in the adult, for example during hypertrophy. Additionally, the contractility and electrophysiological environment of the cardiomyocyte are regulated by the cardiac endothelium. The endocardial endothelium may also act as a kind of blood heart barrier analogous to the blood brain barrier , thus controlling the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid in which the cardiomyocytes bathe. Role in disease In myocardial infarction , ischemia of the myocardium can extend to the endocardium, disrupting the inner lining of the heart transmural infarction . Less extensive infarctions are often subendocardial and do no ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Schwalbe s line is the anatomical line found on the interior surface of the eye s cornea , and delineates the outer limit of the corneal endothelium layer. Specifically, it represents the termination of Descemet s membrane . In many cases it can be seen via gonioscopy . DEFAULTSORT Schwalbe s Line Category Eye anatomy Eye stub Eye anatomy pl Linia Schwalbego ... more details
Microvessel or microvasculature can refer to Arteriole , a small diameter blood vessel that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries Capillary , the smallest blood vessels Metarteriole , a vessel that links arterioles and capillaries Sinusoid blood vessel , similar to a capillary, but with a discontinuous endothelium Venule , a blood vessel that allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins Microcirculation , the system of smaller blood vessels that distribute blood within tissues disambig Long comment to prevent listing on Special Shortpages.......................................................................... more details
unref date December 2011 Keratic precipitate KP is an inflammatory cellular deposit seen on corneal endothelium. Acute KPs are white and round in shape whereas old KPs are faded and irregular in shape. Mutton fat KPs are large in shape and are greasy white in color and are formed from macrophages and epithelioid cells. Uncategorized stub date November 2011 medicine stub ... more details
forces the so called Starling forces in the movement of fluid across capillary endothelium . Capillary Exchange of Solutes, e.g. glucose Small solutes move across the endothelium by passing through ... more details
Hassall Henle bodies are small transparent growths on the posterior surface of Descemet s membrane at the periphery of the cornea . These bodies contain collagenous matter in which numerous cracks and fissures are filled with extrusions of the corneal endothelium . The condition is usually associated with the aging process. Hassall Henle bodies are named after British physician Arthur Hill Hassall 1817 1894 and German anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle 1809 1885 . They are sometimes referred to as Hassall Henle warts or Henle s warts . References M. J. Hogan, L. E. Zimmermann Ophthalmic pathology. An Atlas and textbook. Category Ophthalmology ... more details
Macrocystic lymphatic malformation s are a cutaneous condition characterized by interconnected, large lymphatic cysts lined by a thin endothelium, commonly called cystic hygromas. ref name Bolognia cite book author Rapini, Ronald P. Bolognia, Jean L. Jorizzo, Joseph L. title Dermatology 2 Volume Set publisher Mosby location St. Louis year 2007 pages isbn 1 4160 2999 0 oclc doi accessdate ref See also Cystic lymphatic malformation List of cutaneous conditions References reflist Dermatology stub Category Cutaneous congenital anomalies ... more details
Infobox Vein Name Venule Latin venula GraySubject GrayPage Image Illu capillary.jpg Caption Illustration of capillary Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaHistologica 3 09 02.0.03002 A venule is a very small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called vein s. Venules range from 8 to 100 m in diameter and are formed when capillaries unite come together . Venules are blood vessels that drain blood directly from the capillary beds. Many venules unite to form a vein. Structure Venule walls have three layers An inner endothelium composed of squamous Endothelium endothelial cell s that act as a biological membrane membrane , a middle layer of muscle and elastic tissue and an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue . The middle layer is poorly developed so that venules have thinner walls than arterioles . They are extremely porous so that fluid and blood cells can move easily from the bloodstream through their walls. In contrast to regular venules, high endothelial venules are a special type of venule where the endothelium is made up of simple cuboidal cells. Lymphocytes exit the blood stream and enter the lymph nodes via these specialized venules when an infection is detected. They form from anastomosis of capillaries, using the beta form of semi red blood cells and white blood cells to form. External links MeshNumber A07.231.432.952 Venules Cardiovascular system Related information Arteriole Category Veins circulatory stub bs Venula de Venole es V nula it Venula nl Venule ja nds Venool pt V nula ru sv Venoler zh yue ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 1 Image Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 1.JPEG Caption Appearance of the abnormal corneal endothelial cells that have become transformed into stratified squamous epithelium. Periodic acid Schiff stain DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 122000 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy 1 PPCD1 sometimes also Schlichting dystrophy is a rare disease of the cornea , characterised by changes in Descemet s membrane and Corneal endothelium endothelial layer . Symptoms mainly consist of decreased vision due to corneal edema . In some cases they are present from birth, other patients are asymptomatic. Histopathological analysis shows that the cells of endothelium have some characteristics of epithelial cells, and endothelium itself sometimes consists of more than one cell layer. The disease was first described in 1916 by Koeppe as keratitis bullosa interna . ref name Koeppe1916 cite journal author Albrecht von Graefes title Klinische Beobachtungen mit der Nernstspaltlampe und dem Hornhautmikroskop journal Arch. Klin. Exp. Ophthal. volume 91 pages 363 379 year 1916 ref See also Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 2 Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 3 References reflist External links EMedicine article 1197057 Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy OMIM 122000 CORNEAL DYSTROPHY, POSTERIOR POLYMORPHOUS, 1 PPCD1 Human corneal dystrophy Category Diseases of the eye and adnexa medicine stub ru , 1 ... more details
Merge to Microvesicles date December 2011 Endothelial microparticles are small vesicle biology vesicle s that are released from endothelium endothelial cell biology cells and can be found circulating in the blood . ref name PavelReview The microparticle consists of a plasma membrane surrounding a small amount of cytosol . The membrane of the endothelial microparticle contains receptor biochemistry receptors and other cell surface molecule s which enable the identification of the endothelial origin of the microparticle, and allow it to be distinguished from microparticles from other cells, such as platelet s. Although circulating endothelial microparticles can be found in the blood of normal individuals, increased numbers of circulating endothelial microparticles have been identified in individuals with certain disease s, including hypertension and cardiovascular disorders ref name Chantalreview , and pre eclampsia and various forms of vasculitis. The endothelial microparticles in some of these disease states have been shown to have arrays of cell surface molecules reflecting a state of endothelium endothelial dysfunction . Therefore, endothelial microparticles may be useful as an indicator or index of the functional state of the endothelium in disease, and may potentially play key roles in the pathogenesis of certain diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis . ref name BoilardScience References reflist refs . ref name PavelReview cite journal author Davizon, Pavela & L pez, Jos year 2009 month September title Microparticles and thrombotic disease. journal Current Opinion in Hematology volume 16 pmid 19606028 issue 5 pages 334 341 url doi 10.1097 MOH.0b013e32832ea49c ref . ref name Chantalreview cite journal author Boulanger, Chantal M year 2010 month March title Microparticles, vascular function and hypertension. journal Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension volume 19 issue 2 pages 177 180 url http journals.lww.com co nephrolhypertens Abstract 2010 03000 Micr ... more details
related change that affects the inner layer of the corneal, the Corneal endotheliumendothelium ... layer of the cornea, the endothelium. References Reflist External links http www.nei.nih.gov health ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin lamina suprachorioidea GraySubject 225 GrayPage 1010 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 02 DorlandsSuf 12476786 The choroid consists mainly of a dense capillary plexus , and of small arteries and veins carrying blood to and returning it from this plexus. On its external surface is a thin membrane, the suprachoroid lamina , composed of delicate non vascular lamellae each lamella zoology lamella consisting of a network of fine elastic fibers among which are branched pigment cells. The spaces between the lamell are lined by endothelium , and open freely into the perichoroidal lymph space , which, in its turn, communicates with the periscleral lymph space periscleral space by the perforations in the sclera through which the vessels and nerves are transmitted. Category Eye anatomy eye stub Gray s Eye anatomy ... more details
Integrin alpha4beta1 Very Late Antigen 4 is an integrin protein dimer dimer . It is composed of CD49d alpha and CD29 beta . VCAM 1 integrin receptor binds to the integrin VLA 4 which are normally expressed on leukocyte plasma membranes, but they do not adhere to their appropriate ligands until the leukocytes are activated by chemotactic agents or other stimuli often produced by the endothelium or other cells at the site of injury . Only then do the integrins undergo the conformational change necessary to confer high binding affinity for the endothelial adhesion molecules. External links MeshName Integrin alpha4beta1 http cmkb.cellmigration.org report.cgi?report compl overview&compl acc cc00000018 ITGA4 ITGB1 Info with links in the http www.cellmigration.org index.shtml Cell Migration Gateway Cell adhesion molecules Integrins Immunology stub Category Integrins ... more details
Image Alprostadil.svg thumb Prostaglandin E1 PGE1 Alprostadil Image Dinoprostone.png thumb Prostaglandin E2 PGE2 Dinoprostone Prostaglandin E is a family of naturally occurring prostaglandin s and may be used pharmaceutically in medicine. Types include Prostaglandin E1 Prostaglandin E sub 1 sub also termed Alprostadil Prostaglandin E2 Prostaglandin E sub 2 sub also termed Dinoprostone It is created from prostaglandin E synthase . Prostaglandin E2 Prostaglandin E2 is secreted in microvessels by the endothelium. It is a direct vasodilator and it inhibits the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerve terminals. It doesn t have the effect on platelets PGI2 does. References Pharmacology 2007. Rang, Dale, Ritter, Flower. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. External links MeshName Prostaglandins E Eicosanoids Biochem stub Category Prostaglandins pl Prostaglandyna E sl Prostaglandin E ... more details
File Cryptococcosis of lung in patient with AIDS. Mucicarmine stain 962 lores.jpg thumb Cryptococcosis of lung in patient with AIDS. Mucicarmine stain. Histopathology of lung shows widened alveolar septum containing a few inflammatory cells and numerous yeasts of Cryptococcus neoformans . The inner layer of the yeast capsule stains red. The alveolar septum separates adjacent alveoli in lung tissue. The minimal components of an alveolar septum consist of the basement membrane s of alveolar lining epithelium mostly type I pneumocyte s and capillary endothelium . Thicker alveolar septa may also contain elastic fibers, collagen, interstitial cells , smooth muscle cells, mast cells , lymphocytes and monocytes . References Robbins and Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th Ed. pp 712 713. DEFAULTSORT Alveolar Septum Category Lung anatomy Respiratory stub ... more details
The Genous Bio engineered Stent OrbusNeich is a bare metal stent coronary stent coated with an endothelial progenitor cell EPC capture technology that promotes the accelerated natural healing of the vessel wall after stent implantation. ref Bylander, Jessica 27 October 2008 . New Stents On The Block Innovators Look Beyond Drug Coatings. The Gray Sheet. ref The pro healing technology has an antibody surface coating that captures circulating CD34 EPCs to the device, forming a functional endothelium endothelial layer over the stent to protect against thrombus and minimize restenosis . ref Expert Rev Med Devices. 2009 Jul 6 4 365 75. Genous endothelial progenitor cell capturing stent system a novel stent technology.Klomp M, Beijk MA, de Winter RJ. ref References Reflist External links http www.orbusneich.com OrbusNeich Web site Category Implants ... more details
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