A deductivedatabase system is a database system which can make Deductive reasoning deductions i.e. conclude additional facts based on wiktionary rule rules and facts stored in the deductivedatabase. Datalog is the language typically used to specify facts, rules and queries in deductive databases. Deductive databases have grown out of the desire to combine logic programming with relational database s to construct systems that support a powerful formalism and are still fast and able to deal with very large datasets. Deductive databases are more expressive than relational databases but less expressive than logic programming systems. Deductive databases have not found widespread adoptions outside academia, but some of their concepts are used in today s relational databases to support the advanced features of more recent SQL standards. Deductive databases and logic programming Deductive databases reuse a large number of concepts from logic programming rules and facts specified in the deductivedatabase language Datalog look very similar to those in Prolog . However, there are a number of important differences between deductive databases and logic programming Order sensitivity and procedurality in Prolog, program execution depends on the order of rules in the program and on the order of parts of rules these properties are used by programmers to build efficient programs. In database ... in deductive databases. Function symbols Logic Programming languages allow Functional predicate function symbols to build up complex symbols. This is not allowed in deductive databases. Tuple oriented processing Deductive databases use set oriented processing while logic programming languages concentrate .... ISBN 978 0387517285 Author Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe Fundamentals of Database Systems 3rd edition . Publisher Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0 201 54263 3 Database models Category Database management systems database stub cs Deduktivn datab ze de Deduktive Datenbank fa ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 A deductive language is a computer programming language in which the program is a collection of predicates facts and rules that connect them. Such a language is used to create knowledge based system s or expert system s which can deduce answers to problems set them by applying the rules to the facts they have been given. An example of a deductive language is Prolog , or it s database query cousin, Datalog . DEFAULTSORT Deductive Language Compu lang stub Category Computer programming Category Databases ... more details
A deductive system also called a deductive apparatus of a formal system consists of the axiom s or axiom schema ta and rules of inference that can be used to formal proof derive the theorem s of the system. ref Hunter, Geoffrey, Metalogic An Introduction to the Metatheory of Standard First Order Logic, University of California Pres, 1971 ref Such a deductive system is intended to preserve deductive reasoning deductive qualities in the formula mathematical logic formula s that are expressed in the system. Usually the quality we are concerned with is truth as opposed to falsehood. However, other modal logic modalities , such as justification or belief may be preserved instead. In order to sustain its deductive integrity, a deductive apparatus must be definable without reference to any intended interpretation of the language. The aim is to ensure that each line of a Mathematical proof derivation is merely a syntactic consequence of the lines that precede it. There should be no element of any Interpretation logic interpretation of the language that gets involved with the deductive nature of the system. See also Formal grammar Natural deduction Axiomatic system Proof calculus References reflist logic Category Syntactic entities Category Proof theory Category Deduction Category Formal systems el es Sistema deductivo nl Deductief systeem pt Sistema dedutivo ... more details
The deductive mood is an epistemic modality epistemic grammatical mood that indicates that the truth of the statement was deduced from other information, rather than being directly known. ref cite web url http www.sil.org linguistics GlossaryOflinguisticTerms WhatIsDeductiveMood.htm title What is deductive mood? publisher SIL International work Glossary of linguistic terms last Loos first Eugene E. coauthors Susan Anderson Dwight H. Day, Jr. Paul C. Jordan J. Douglas Wingate accessdate 2009 12 28 ref In English, deductive mood is often indicated by the word wikt must must , which is also used for many other purposes. By contrast, some other languages have special words or verb affixes to indicate deductive mood specificially. An example in English language English There s gas in the house Someone must have left the stove on deductive indicated by must References references Grammatical moods Category Grammatical moods Ling morph stub ... more details
wiktionary Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning , also called deductive logic , is reasoning which constructs or evaluates deductive Argument logic argument s. Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion logical consequence necessarily follows from a set of premises or hypotheses. A deductive argument is valid if the conclusion does follow necessarily from the premises, i.e., if the conclusion must be true provided that the premises are true. A deductive argument is Soundness sound if it is valid and its premises are true. Deductive arguments are valid or invalid, sound or unsound, but are never false nor true. Deductive reasoning is a method of gaining knowledge. An example of a deductive argument All men are mortal Socrates is a man Therefore, Socrates is mortal The first premise states that all objects classified as men have the attribute mortal . The second premise states that Socrates is classified as a man a member of the set men . The conclusion states that Socrates must be mortal because he inherits this attribute from his classification as a man. Law of Detachment The law of detachment is the first form of deductive reasoning. A single conditional statement is made, and then a hypothesis P is stated. The conclusion Q is deduced from the hypothesis and the statement ... Q from P by using the law of detachment from deductive reasoning. ref http www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th ... of the second statement. Deductive logic Deductive arguments are generally evaluated in terms ... is validity valid , but not soundness sound . The theory of deductive reasoning known as categorical ... sentential logic and predicate logic . Deductive reasoning can be contrasted with inductive reasoning ... of truth Defeasible reasoning Decision making Decision theory Fallacy Geometry Hypothetico deductive ... DEFAULTSORT Deductive Reasoning Category Deduction Category Problem solving Category Reasoning ar ... pt M todo dedutivo ro Ra ionament deductiv ru simple Deductive reasoning ... more details
Refimprove date May 2010 Wiktionary fallacy A deductive fallacy is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument itself could have true premise s, but still have a false logical consequence conclusion . ref cite web url http www.nizkor.org features fallacies title Description of Fallacies last Labossiere first Michael year 1995 publisher The Nizkor Project accessdate 2008 09 09 ref Thus, a deductive fallacy is a fallacy where deduction goes wrong, and is no longer a logical process. Logical fallacy The standard Aristotelian logical fallacies are Fallacy of four terms Quaternio terminorum Fallacy of the undistributed middle Fallacy of illicit process of the illicit major major or the illicit minor term and Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise . Other logical fallacies include The begging the question self reliant fallacy In philosophy , the term logical fallacy properly refers to a formal fallacy a flaw in the structure of a deductive reasoning deductive logical argument argument , which renders the argument validity invalid . However, it is often used more generally in informal discourse to mean an argument that is problematic for any reason, and thus encompasses informal fallacy informal fallacies as well as formal fallacies valid but soundness unsound claims or poor non deductive argumentation. The presence of a formal fallacy in a deductive argument does not imply anything about the argument s premises or its conclusion see fallacy fallacy . Both may actually be true, or even more probable as a result of the argument e.g. appeal to authority , but the deductive argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises in the manner ... is not a deductive one for instance an inductive argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability ... of beaked creature besides birds but this premise is not the one that was given. In this way, the deductive ... relevance fallacies formal fallacy informal fallacy DEFAULTSORT Deductive Fallacy Category Deduction ... more details
Other uses Closure disambiguation Peter D. Klein , in the second edition of The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy , defines closure mathematics closure as follows blockquote A set mathematics set of objects, var O var , is said to exhibit closure or to be closed under a given closure operator operation , var R var , provided that for every object, var x var , if var x var is a member of var O var and var x var is var R var related to any object, var y var , then var y var is a member of var O var . links not in original blockquote In propositional logic , the set of all propositions exhibits deductive closure if set var O var is the set of propositions, and operation var R var is logical entailment math vdash math , then provided that proposition var p var is a member of var O var and var p var is var R var related to var q var i.e., p math vdash math q , var q var is also a member of var O var . In the philosophical branch of epistemology , many philosophers have and continue to debate whether particular subsets of propositions&mdash especially ones ascribing knowledge or justification of a belief to a subject&mdash are closed under deduction. Epistemic closure It is not the case that knowledge is closed under deduction that is, if person var S var knows var p var , and var p var entails var q var , then var S var knows var q var sometimes called the straight principle . ref name stanford Luper, Steven. The Epistemic Closure Principle. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Dec 31, 2001. http plato.stanford.edu entries closure epistemic CloPri accessed November 2, 2006 . ref A subject may not actually believe var q var , for example, regardless of whether he or she is justified or warranted. Thus, one might instead say that knowledge is closed under known deduction if, while knowing var p var , var S var believes var q var because var S var knows that var p var entails var q var , then var S var knows var q var . ref name stanford An even stronger formul ... more details
Merge from Database administrator date January 2010 A database is a system intended to organize, store ... database management system s, which store database contents, allowing data creation and maintenance, and search and other access. Architecture Database architecture consists of three levels external ... model relational database model that dominates 21st century databases. ref name date31 harvnb Date .... A single database can have any number of views at the external level. The internal level defines how ... of indirection between internal and external. It provides a common view of the database that is uncomplicated ... into a coherent whole. ref name date31 Database management systems Main Database management system A database management system DBMS consists of software that operates databases, providing storage, access, security, backup and other facilities. Database management systems can be categorized according to the database model that they support, such as relational model relational or XML database ... s that access the database, such as SQL or XQuery , performance trade offs, such as maximum scale ... Access, SQL Server, FileMaker,Oracle,Sybase, dBASE, Clipper,FoxPro etc. Almost every database software comes with an Open Database Connectivity ODBC driver that allows the database to integrate with other ... web url http en.wikibooks.org wiki Design of Main Memory Database System Overview of DBMS title Design of Main Memory Database System Overview of DBMS publisher En.wikibooks.org date accessdate 2010 ... DBMS RDBMS include Data Definition Language DDL for defining the structure of the database, Data Control ... , Firebird database server FireBird Python programming language Python . SQL engine This component ... of objects instead of relational rows. Types unreferenced section date January 2011 Analytical database Analysts may do their work directly against a data warehouse or create a separate analytic database ... are the norm. Distributed database These are databases of local work groups and departments ... more details
Multiple issues disputed March 2008 POV March 2008 The hypothetico deductive model or method , first so named by William Whewell , ref William Whewell 1837 History of the Inductive Sciences ref ref William Whewell 1840 , Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences ref is a proposed description of scientific method . According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that could conceivably be falsified by a test on observable data. A test that could and does run contrary to predictions of the hypothesis is taken as a Falsifiability falsification of the hypothesis. A test that could but does not run contrary to the hypothesis corroborates the theory. It is then proposed to compare the explanatory value of competing hypotheses by testing how stringently they are corroborated by their predictions. Quotation2 From the long tradition of empiricism we have inherited the hypothetico deductive model of scientific research . p.86 Brody, Thomas A. 1993 , The Philosophy Behind Physics , Springer Verlag, ISBN 0 387 55914 0 . Luis De La Pe a and Peter E. Hodgson, eds. Qualification of corroborating evidence is sometimes raised as philosophically problematic. The raven paradox is a famous example. The hypothesis that all ravens are black would appear to be corroborated by observations of only black ravens. However, all ravens are black is Logical equivalence logically equivalent to all non black things are non ravens this is the contraposition form of the original implication ... Knowledge , pp. 30, 360. ref Despite the philosophical questions raised, the hypothetico deductive ... statement of the hypothetico deductive method ref Peter Godfrey Smith 2003 Theory and Reality ... references Related subjects Confirmation bias Deductive nomological Explanandum Explanandum and explanans ... Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Analogy philosophy of science DEFAULTSORT Hypothetico Deductive Model Category Scientific method Category Philosophy of science Category Conceptual models ... more details
The deductive nomological model or D N model is a Formal science formalized Citation needed date March 2011 view of science scientific explanation in natural language . It characterizes scientific explanations primarily as deductive reasoning deductive arguments with at least one natural law statement among its premises. Nomological comes from the Greek word nomos nomos , i.e., law. Background The D N model is known by many names, including the covering law model , the subsumption theory , Hempel s model , the Hempel Oppenheim model , and the Popper Hempel model of explanation Niiniluoto, 1995 . Its introduction in the philosophical literature is part of a broad general discussion about the nature of scientific explanation i.e., what it is, what it should be, etc. . The D N model is taught implicitly in schools, and approximates our pre theoretical conception of science, which many non experts hold. It was initially formalized by Carl Hempel and Paul Oppenheim in their article Studies in the Logic of Explanation 1948 . A sketch of it can be found in Karl Popper s Logic of Scientific Discovery 1934 . Formalization The model offers the following account of scientific explanation , where an explanation is set out as a formalized argument Let p be the explanandum the statement that describes the phenomenon or phenomena to be explained. Let s sub 1 sub . . . s sub n sub be the explanans the statements that explain the statement P . In the D N model, at least one of the statements s sub i sub must be a law like statement Citation needed date March 2011 a problematic concept, but initially thought to be captured by term logic universal affirmatives , i.e., statements of the form ... constitutes a correct deductive nomological explanation of p s sub 1 sub . . . s sub n sub ... Hypothetico deductive model Models of scientific inquiry Philosophy of science Scientific method Types of inference Abductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning philo stub philosophy ... more details
Database theory encapsulates a broad range of topics related to the study and research of the theoretical realm of database s and database management system s. Theoretical aspects of data management include, among other areas, the foundations of query languages, computational complexity and expressive power of queries, finite model theory , database design theory, dependency theory database theory dependency theory , foundations of concurrency control and database recovery , deductivedatabase s, temporal database temporal and spatial database s, real time database s, managing uncertain data and probabilistic database s, and Web data. Most research work has traditionally been based on the relational model , since this model is usually considered the simplest and most foundational model of interest. Corresponding results for other data models, such as object oriented or semi structured model s, or, more recently, graph data models and XML , are often derivable from those for the relational model. A central focus of database theory is on understanding the complexity and power of query languages and their connection to logic . Starting from relational algebra and first order logic which are equivalent by Codd s theorem and the insight that important queries such as graph reachability are not expressible in this language, more powerful language based on logic programming and fixpoint logic such as datalog were studied. Another focus was on the foundations of query optimization and data integration . Here most work studied conjunctive query conjunctive queries , which admit query ... in the area are the ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems PODS and the International Conference on Database Theory ICDT . References Serge Abiteboul , Richard B. Hull , Victor Vianu ... query Expressive power DEFAULTSORT Database Theory Category Database management systems Category Database theory lv Datu b u teorija tr Veritaban kuram zh ... more details
Notability Books date January 2010 Primary sources date January 2010 Radiohead and Philosophy Fitter Happier More Deductive is a book edited by Brandon W. Forbes and George A. Reisch, published as Volume 38 in the Popular Culture and Philosophy series of the Open Court Publishing Company . It is a collection of philosophical insights into various aspects of Radiohead s music, by a varied group of academics and other writers, including David Dark , Tim Footman and Mark Greif . References http radioheadandphilosophy.com Radiohead and Philosophy website http www.opencourtbooks.com books n radiohead.htm Open Court Publishing Company Book Review http www.opencourtbooks.com podcast.htm Podcast of Selected Chapters Category Radiohead ... more details
Protein database may refer to Any protein structure database Any protein sequence database Exact names Protein NIH Protein database of the National Institute of Health Protein Database of Bio Synthesis, Inc. disambig ... more details
wiktionarypar DatabaseDatabase may refer to Database , central article discussing the organised collection of data Springfield Elementary School Students DatabaseDatabase , a character on The Simpsons Bibliographic database , in libraries, a collection of bibliographic information on a particular topic Glass database , a collection of glass compositions and related properties disambig ... more details
Database state may refer to Database state, in database technology the set of stored data. Entering, modifying, or deleting information changes the database state. A state that practices Mass surveillance . disambig ... more details
The Diseases Database is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms , and medications . The database is run by Medical Object Oriented Software Enterprises Ltd, a small company based in London , UK . It directly integrates the Unified Medical Language System . External links http www.diseasesdatabase.com Diseases Database Category Bioinformatics Category Medical literature website stub med org stub ar az Diseases Database bs Diseases Database ca Diseases Database cy Cronfa ddata o Afiechydon et Diseases Database es Diseases Database fa fr Diseases Database gl Diseases Database ko id Diseases Database jv Diseases Database no Diseases Database pl Diseases Database pt Diseases Database ru Diseases Database sr Diseases Database sv Diseases Database ta tr Hastal k Veri Taban uk Diseases Database ur vi Diseases Database zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A database machine or back end processor is a computer or special hardware that stores and retrieves data from a database. It is specially designed for database access and is coupled to the main front end computer s by a high speed channel. This contrasts with a database server, which is a computer in a local area network that holds a database. The database machine is tightly coupled to the main CPU, whereas the database server is loosely coupled via the network. An example is the IBM System 38 . FOLDOC compu hardware stub Category History of computing ... more details
NMR database NMR nuclear magnetic resonance may refer to NMR spectra database , a collection of NMR spectra for a large number of compounds NMR database method , a strategy to identify the stereochemistry of certain chiral compounds dab ... more details
The Openedge Database is a relational database with some growing Object capabilities . It was formerly known as the Progress RDBMS. see also Progress Software Corporation OpenEdge Advanced Business Language database software stub Category Proprietary database management systems ... more details
Mergeto Database date January 2010 Notability date September 2009 A database administrator DBA is a person responsible for the design, implementation, maintenance and repair of an organization s database . They are also known by the titles Database Coordinator or Database Programmer , and is closely related to the Database Analyst , Database Modeler , Programmer Analyst , and Systems Manager . The role includes the development and design of database strategies, monitoring and improving database performance ... and implement security measures to safeguard the database. ref cite web url http www.acs.org.au ictcareers index.cfm?action show&conID 200707200948211895 title Database Administrator publisher ICT Careers Portal Australian Computer Society ref Employing organizations may require that a database administrator have a certification or degree for database systems for example, the Microsoft Certified Professional Microsoft Certified Database Administrator .28MCDBA.29 Microsoft Certified Database Administrator . Some organizations have a hierarchical level of database administrators, generally ... f27a4a19 254b 4fb6 a469 768d14d1fc81 40sessionmgr10&vid 4 title Database Administrator? DBA publisher ... skills br Willing to pursue education throughout your career br Database administrator s activities can be listed as below ref cite web url http www.developer.com db article.php 718491 What Is a Database Administrator.htm title What is a Database Administrator? DBA publisher Developer.com ref ref cite web url http www.developer.com db article.php 718491 What Is a Database Administrator.htm title What is a Database Administrator? DBA publisher Developer.com ref ref cite web url http www.businessdictionary.com definition Database Administrator DBA.html title Database Administrator DBA publisher BusinessDictionary.com ref Transferring Data Replicating Data Maintaining database and ensuring its availability to users Controlling privileges and permissions to database users Monitoring database ... more details
A lexical database is a lexical resource which has an associated software environment database which permits access to its contents. The database may be custom designed for the lexical information or a general purpose database into which lexical information has been entered. Information typically stored in a lexical databasedatabase includes lexical category and synonyms of words, as well as semantic relations between different words or sets of words. See also Machine readable dictionary WordNet External links http wordnet.princeton.edu The WordNet Home Page http lexicaldatabase.com Lexical Database Category Linguistics Category Translation databases database stub ar ... more details
Notability date October 2008 Unreferenced date October 2008 The LOLI List of LIsts Database is an international chemical regulatory database developed and maintained by ChemADVISOR, Inc. The LOLI database is one of the primary sources of information for the creation of material safety data sheet s and other hazard communication documents. The database was first created in 1986. Since then, the database has grown to include over 3000 separate lists from 93 countries. See also Chemical database External links http www.chemadvisor.com Products Lolidb.aspx ChemADVISOR, Inc. LOLI Database Category Occupational safety and health Category Chemical databases ... more details
A database refactoring is a simple change to a database schema that improves its design while retaining both its behavioral and informational semantics. A database refactoring is conceptually more difficult than a code refactoring code refactorings only need to maintain behavioral semantics while database refactorings also must maintain informational semantics. ref Scott Ambler and Pramod Sadalage 2006 . Refactoring databases Evolutionary database design . Addison Wesley. ISBN 978 0321293534 ref The process of database refactoring is the act of applying database refactorings to evolve an existing database schema database refactoring is a core practice of evolutionary database design . You refactor a database schema for one of two reasons to develop the schema in an evolutionary manner in parallel with the evolutionary design of the rest of your system or to fix design problems with an existing legacy database schema Database refactoring does not change the way data is interpreted or used and does not fix computer bug bug s or add new functionality. Every single refactoring to a database leaves the system in a working state, thus not causing maintenance lags, provided the meaningful data exists in the production environment. An example of database refactoring would be splitting an aggregate table into two different tables in the process of database normalization See also Test driven development Unit testing Refactoring Tools LiquiBase References reflist Refimprove date May 2009 External links http www.infoq.com presentations ambler database refactoring Database refactoring presentation at InfoQ.com by Scott W. Ambler http www.agiledata.org essays databaseRefactoring.html The Process of Database Refactoring by Scott W. Ambler http www.agiledata.org essays databaseRefactoringCatalog.html Catalog of Database Refactorings . by Scott W. Ambler. http www.databaserefactoring.com Database Refactoring Website by Pramod Sadalage Category Extreme Programming ... more details
A database server is a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs or computer s, as defined by the client server software modeling model . The term may also refer to a computer dedicated to running such a program. Database management system s frequently provide database server functionality, and some database management system DBMSs e.g., MySQL rely exclusively on the client server model for database access. Such a server is accessed either through a front end running on the user s computer which displays requested data or the back end which runs on the server and handles tasks such as data analysis and storage. In a Master slave technology master slave model, database master servers are central and primary locations of data while database slave servers are synchronized backups of the master acting as proxies. Some examples of Database servers are Oracle Corporation Oracle , DB2 , Informix , Ingres , SQL Server . Every server uses its own query logic and structure. The SQL query language is more or less the same in all the database servers. See also Replication computer science Database replication Database replication Category Data management Category Servers software type stub database stub de Datenbankserver id Server basis data nl Databaseserver ... more details
A Centralized database is a database located and maintained in one location, unlike a distributed database . ref http kalgaming.net forums ref One main advantage is that all data is located in one place. The disadvantage is that bottlenecks may occur. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Centralised Database Category Data management Category Databases database stub web stub ... more details
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