In linguistics , contraction can mean Contraction grammar , the formation of a new word from two or more individual words, for example didn t did not , I m I am . Synaeresis , the contraction of two vowels into a diphthong. disambig ... more details
wiktionary Contraction may refer to In physiology Muscle contraction , one that occurs when a muscle fiber lengthens or shortens Uterine contraction , contraction of the uterus , such as during childbirth Wound healing ContractionContraction , a stage in wound healing In linguistics Synalepha , merging of two syllables of adjacent words Elision , the loss of a sound Syncope phonetics , the loss of sounds inside a word Contraction grammar , the shortening of a word or words by loss of a sound or sounds Synaeresis , the pronunciation of two vowels as a diphthong Crasis , contraction of two vowels into one monophthong In science Lanthanoid contraction , the decrease in size of the ionic radius of lanthanide elements with their growing atomic number series of Rare Earth Elements REE in the Mendeleev Table The reverse of thermal expansion In mathematics Contraction mapping , in mathematics, a type of function on a metric space Contraction operator theory Edge contraction or vertex contraction, graph operations used in graph theory Tensor contraction in tensor theory Other Economic contraction or recession , a reversal of economic growth the opposite of economic expansion A structural rule in proof theory see idempotency of entailment disambig cs Kontrakce de Kontraktion es Contracci n fr Contraction nl Contractie pl Kontrakcja sv Kontraktion ... more details
about the field of study the journal Linguistics journal linguisticsLinguistics is the scientific study of human language . ref Cite book title Linguistics An Introduction to Linguistic Theory last Fromkin ... 0631197117 page 3 ref ref cite book title Elements of General Linguistics last Martinet first Andr authorlink Andr Martinet others Tr. Elisabeth Palmer Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i. location London publisher Faber year 1960 page 15 ref ref Cite book title On Language and Linguistics first ... title Linguistics and ethnology journal Southwestern Journal of Anthropology volume 4 pages 140 47 year 1948 last Greenberg first Joseph authorlink Joseph Greenberg ref Linguistics can be broadly broken ... of rules followed by the speakers or hearers of a language. It encompasses morphology linguistics morphology ... from these words , and phonology sound systems . Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics ... and perceived. The study of language Meaning linguistics meaning is concerned with how languages ... context includes evolutionary linguistics , which considers the origins of language historical linguistics ... of texts and conversations. Although linguistics is the scientific study of language, a number ... theory Literary theorists study the use of language in literature . Linguistics additionally draws ... analysis linguistics synchronic analysis , however, this focus has shifted ref Cite book last ..., ref A. Morpurgo Davies Hist. Linguistics 1998 4 I. 22. ref where it was never as popular as it was elsewhere ... linguistics is first attested in 1847. ref name etymonline linguist http www.etymonline.com index.php ..., applies within the field to someone who either studies linguistics or uses linguistic methodologies ... Houghton Mifflin Harcourt year 2000 isbn 978 0395825174 ref Fundamental concerns and divisions Linguistics ... govern how native speakers use language. Linguistics has many sub fields concerned with particular ... linguistics include Phonetics , the study of the physical properties of speech or signed production ... more details
In mathematics , contraction principle may refer to the Banach fixed point theorem , also known as the contraction mapping theorem principle the Contraction principle large deviations theory contraction principle in large deviations theory mathdab ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 A poetic contraction is a contraction grammar contraction used primarily in poetry . An example is o er . These are different from contractions such as can t , in that they are primarily used for a certain sound and are uncommon in modern speech and writing. DEFAULTSORT Poetic Contraction Category Writing Poetry stub ... more details
Vaginal contraction is a muscle contractioncontraction of the pelvic muscles surrounding the vagina , which are most commonly associated with sexual intercourse and orgasm . Although these are generally an involuntary muscular response, some women can control the muscles of the vagina to perform vaginal contractions at will, providing a pleasurable sensation for both parties during sexual intercourse. Involuntary spasm of the muscles around the vagina, usually caused by anxiety, can result in vaginismus . Vaginal contractions should not be confused with uterine contraction s. See also Pelvic floor muscles Muscle tone External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 8174183?dopt Abstract http www.greenjournal.org cgi content full 104 5 922 DEFAULTSORT Vaginal Contraction Category Gynecology sex stub med stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 Nebular contraction is the fragmentation and densitation of matter and gasses in a nebular cloud related to the creation of Solar objects theorized as the Solar Nebular theory . DEFAULTSORT Nebular Contraction Category Nebulae Astronomy stub Nebula stub ... more details
About contraction in the grammar of modern languages, which involves elision contraction in Ancient Greek , the Fusion phonetics coalescence of two vowels into one crasis Image Contraction of I am.png right thumb I am contracted to I m A contraction is the shortening of a word, syllable, or word group ... author Roberts R et al. rp p.167 ref In traditional grammar , contraction can denote the formation ... grammar An informal type of contraction occurs frequently in speech and writing, in which a syllable ... contraction is ain t , for am not or is not . A commonly used English contraction of two words that does not fall into either of the above categories is let s , a contraction of let us that is used ... always acceptable to write out or say all of the words of a contraction, though native speakers of English ... contractions. The possessive form its has no apostrophe, while the contraction of it is or it has does have an apostrophe it s . The same is true of the possessive form of you your with its contraction ... Contraction ref name pulleyblank Transliteration ref name starostin Notes ref name pulleyblank t w ta In some rarer cases can also be contraction for . can be used on its own with the meaning ... tradition in linguistics bacalado for bacalao stockfish or Bilbado for Bilbao . ref name RAE http ... contraction patterns involving up to entire sentences. In speech, words are often concatenated, frequently ... I am unwilling do not want which was formed by a contraction of non volo volo meaning I want . Similarly ... Form Transliteration Contraction Transliteration lang ja etc. te iru te ita te ... s tivaldu , with the two words forming a contraction and the p lenition leniting into a v or w ... Blend Contractions of negated auxiliary verbs in English Elision Poetic contraction Portmanteau ... grammar contractions list.shtml ZoomAstronomy.com , Common English contractions DEFAULTSORT Contraction ... yezhoniezh de Schmelzwort fr Contraction grammaire la Contractio nl Samentrekking ja pt ... more details
A tetanic contraction or tetanized state occurs when a motor unit has been maximally stimulated by its motor neuron . This occurs when a muscle s motor unit is stimulated at a sufficiently high frequency of multiple impulses. Each stimulus causes a twitch. If stimuli is delivered slow enough, the tension in the muscle will relax between successive twitches. If stimuli is delivered at high frequency, then the twitches will add up, resulting in tetanic contraction. When tetanized, the contracting tension in the muscle remains constant in a steady state . This is the maximal contraction. Tetanic contraction may also occur as part of an extrapyramidal adverse drug reaction of some typical antipsychotic drugs, specifically the opisthotonos effect of acute dystonic reaction in which tetanic heightening of entire body, head and belly up occurs. Tetanic contraction may be observed following the use of a device intended to apply transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation EMS through skin contact electrodes for the purpose of improving abdominal muscle tone. Diseases Tetanic contractions are a symptom of hypoparathyroidism , due to an underdeveloped parathyroid, or injury to the Parathyroid gland parathyroid . ref Hole s Essentials of human anatomy, pg 301 tenth edition ref References reflist See also Muscle contraction Muscle fatigue Tetanus Tetanospasmin Category Electrophysiology Category Symptoms symptom stub it Contrazione tetanica ja ... more details
Contraction alkalosis refers to the increase in blood pH that occurs as a result of fluid losses volume contraction . The change in pH is especially pronounced with acidic fluid losses caused by problems like vomiting . Pathophysiology Volume contraction ECF volume contraction Extracellular fluid ECF volume contraction is associated with decreased blood volume and decreased renal perfusion pressure. Three compensation mechanisms engage as a result renin secretion is increased, production of angiotensin II is increased, and secretion of aldosterone is increased. Increases in angiotensin II cause increased Na sup sup H sup sup exchange and increased HCO sub 3 sub sup sup bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule due to increased luminal H sup sup . Increased aldosterone secretion stimulates the H ATPase of alpha intercalated cells of the collecting duct, which causes 1 increased distal tubule H sup sup secretion, worsening the metabolic alkalosis, and 2 increased generation of new bicarbonate within these same cells, which will be reabsorbed. Additionally, increased aldosterone secretion causes increased distal tubule K sup sup secretion, in turn causing the hypokalemia seen with contraction alkalosis. Treatment Treatment consists of Sodium chloride NaCl infusion to correct ECF volume contraction and administration of K sup sup to replace urinary losses. References http www.nature.com ki journal v54 n6 full 4490448a.html Water electrolyte imbalance and acid base imbalance Category Electrolyte disturbances pt Alcalose de contra o ... more details
to x in G . Vertex identification Vertex identification sometimes called vertex contraction removes the restriction that the contraction must occur over vertices sharing an incident edge. Thus, edge contraction is a special case of vertex identification. The operation may occur on any pair ... contraction Path contraction occurs upon a the set of edges in a Path graph theory path that contract ... Both edge and vertex contraction techniques are valuable in proof by induction on the number .... Edge contraction is used in 3D modelling packages either manually, or through some feature of the modelling ... Mathworld Edge Contraction Category Graph operations ... more details
Multiple issues wikify December 2010 refimprove January 2009 orphan January 2009 A contraction is a period of economic decline marked by falling real GDP. ref cite book last Sullivan first arthur authorlink Arthur O Sullivan coauthors Steven M. Sheffrin title Economics Principles in action publisher Pearson Prentice Hall year 2003 location Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 pages 548 url http www.pearsonschool.com index.cfm?locator PSZ3R9&PMDbSiteId 2781&PMDbSolutionId 6724&PMDbCategoryId &PMDbProgramId 12881&level 4 doi id isbn 0 13 063085 3 ref See Recession . During the 1870s and 1880s, the recalling of paperbacks, due to pressure by hardmoney Republicans caused a contraction reducing the amount of money per capita by 5 cents. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Contraction Economics Category Economic problems econ problem stub ... more details
In applied mathematics, the method of contraction hierarchies is a technique to simplify shortest path routing by first creating precomputed contracted versions of the connection graph . It can be regarded as a special case of highway node routing . ref cite web url http algo2.iti.kit.edu documents routeplanning geisberger dipl.pdf title Contraction Hierarchies Faster and Simpler Hierarchical Routing in Road Networks author Robert Geisberger publisher Institut f r Theoretische Informatik Universit t Karlsruhe date 1 July 2008 accessdate 2010 12 27 ref Contraction hierarchies can be used to generate shortest path routes much more efficiently than Dijkstra s algorithm or previous highway node routing approaches, fact date December 2010 and are used in the OpenTripPlanner software. ref cite web url http opentripplanner.com learn title Learn OpenTripPlanner accessdate 2010 12 27 ref References reflist algorithm stub Category Network theory Category Graph algorithms ... more details
In multilinear algebra , a tensor contraction is an operation on one or more tensor s that arises from ... to each other in an expression. The contraction of a single mixed tensor occurs when a pair of literal ... tensor with Tensor Tensor rank rank or order reduced by 2. Tensor contraction can be seen as a generalization ... V be a vector space over a field mathematics field k . The core of the contraction operation, and the simplest ... is in V . The map C defines the contraction operation on a tensor of type 1,1 , which is an element ..., defines the k , l contraction operation, which is a linear map which yields a tensor of type m ..., the general contraction operation is sometimes called the trace. Contraction in index notation In abstract index notation , the basic contraction of a vector and a dual vector is denoted by math tilde ... case follows let math mathbf T T i j mathbf e i e j math be a mixed dyadic tensor. Then its contraction ... contraction is denoted by labeling one covariant index and one contravariant index with the same ... mathbf e j math , whose rank is 2. Metric contraction As in the previous example, contraction on a pair ... the usual operation of contraction. The combined operation is known as metric contraction . ref ..., 1983, p. 86. ref Application to tensor fields Contraction is often applied to tensor fields over spaces e.g. Euclidean space , manifold s, or scheme mathematics schemes . Since contraction is a purely ... field on Euclidean space, then in any coordinates, its contraction a scalar field U at a point x is given ... contractions are crucial to the theory. For example, the Ricci tensor is a non metric contraction of the Riemann curvature tensor , and the scalar curvature is the unique metric contraction of the Ricci tensor. One can also view contraction of a tensor field in the context of modules over an appropriate ... of the contraction of a tensor field, let V be a vector field on a Riemannian manifold for example ... one lower than that of T . ref name o neill Contraction of a pair of tensors One can generalize the core ... more details
Contraction and Convergence C&C is a proposed global framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change . Conceived by the Global Commons Institute GCI in the early 1990s, the Contraction ... level contraction , where the global emissions are reduced because every country brings emissions ... carbon levels at any level. Advocates of Contraction and Convergence stress that negotiations ... endorsements.html File Web C&C.png 6 Region C&C Gross and Per Capita The C&C Proposal The contraction part of Contraction and Convergence model calculates the total amount of carbon being put into the atmosphere as a path integral or a total contraction event . Future global emissions will shrink over ... would continue to fall, subject to the contraction event required to by UNFCCC compliant ... would result from population growth. Acceptable concentration levels Both the basic concept of Contraction ... level of risk. However, supporters of Contraction and Convergence believe that a safe level at which ... Contraction and Convergence C&C was developed over a period of three years in response to the objective ... term contraction budget for global emissions consistent with stabilising atmospheric concentrations ... at the UNFCCC negotiations internationally share this emissions contraction budget in a way that is less ... convergence of all Parties to the global per capita average arising under the chosen contraction rate ... but within the agreed contraction budget. Support C&C has wide support as shown here for example ref ... negotiations, publicly said, Stabilization inevitably requires contraction and convergence slide ... http www.gci.org.uk Global Commons Institute Contraction and Convergence http www.gci.org.uk endorsements.html ... Documents GCI EAC.pdf http climatechangeaction.blogspot.com 2007 01 contraction and convergence short video.html Video explaining Contraction and Convergence DEFAULTSORT Contraction And Convergence Category Climate change policy Category Carbon finance de Kontraktion und Konvergenz fr Contraction ... more details
In mathematics , a contraction mapping , or contraction , on a metric space M,d is a function mathematics function f from M to itself, with the property that there is some nonnegative real number math k 1 math such that for all x and y in M , math d f x ,f y leq k ,d x,y . math The smallest such value of k is called the Lipschitz constant of f . Contractive maps are sometimes called Lipschitzian maps . If the above condition is satisfied for math k leq 1 math , then the mapping is said to be non expansive . More generally, the idea of a contractive mapping can be defined for maps between metric spaces. Thus, if M,d and N,d are two metric spaces, and math f M rightarrow N math , then one looks for the constant k such that math d f x ,f y leq k ,d x,y math for all x and y in M . Every contraction mapping is Lipschitz continuous and hence uniformly continuous for a Lipschitz continuous function, the constant k is no longer necessarily less than 1 . A contraction mapping has at most one fixed point mathematics fixed point . Moreover, the Banach fixed point theorem states that every contraction mapping on a nonempty completeness topology complete metric space has a unique fixed point, and that for any x in M the iterated function sequence x , f x , f f x , f f f x , ... converges to the fixed point. This concept is very useful for iterated function systems where contraction mappings are often used. Banach s fixed point theorem is also applied in proving the existence of solutions of ordinary differential equations, and is used in one proof of the inverse function theorem . ref name shifrin Theodore Shifrin, Multivariable Mathematics , Wiley, 2005, ISBN 0 471 52638 X, pp. 244 260. ref Firmly non expansive mapping A non expansive mapping with math k 1 math can be strengthened to a firmly ... map Contraction operator theory Note reflist References Vasile I. Istratescu, Fixed Point Theory ... Academic, London ISBN 0 7923 7073 2 DEFAULTSORT Contraction Mapping Category Metric geometry Category ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 The Great Contraction is Milton Friedman s term for the recession which led to the Great Depression . ref name Friedman 1 http www.scribd.com doc 8228118 The Great Contraction by Milton Friedman source 1 , New Preface page ix ref Friedman labelled it thus because he believed that the depression lasted so long due to the Federal Reserve s mismanagement. He argued that the Reserve contracted the monetary supply dramatically, prolonging the Depression, which Friedman claims could have been over by 1931. ref name Friedman 2 http www.thefreemanonline.org featured the great depression according to milton friedman source 2 , Dangers of Centralized Power ref Economists such as Paul Krugman refer to the similarly named and sometimes confused with Great Compression as a period during which economic equality rose due to the progressive tax policies instituted during the years of WWII and the policies of the Roosevelt Administration. References Reflist Category Great Depression econ stub ... more details
and myosin cross bridge cycling. While under tension, the muscle may Eccentric contraction lengthen , Concentric contraction shorten or Isometric contraction remain the same . Although the term contraction ... tension with the help of motor neuron s the terms twitch tension , twitch force , and fiber contraction are also used . Voluntary muscle contraction is controlled by the central nervous system. Voluntary muscle contraction occurs as a result of conscious effort originating in the brain. The brain ... section date August 2009 For voluntary muscles, contraction occurs as a result of conscious ... to increase the intensity of overall muscle contraction. This can be achieved in two ways ref E. Shwedyk ... motor units are activated, the force of muscle contraction becomes progressively stronger. A concept known as the size principle allows for a gradation of muscle force during weak contraction ... at muscles synchronously, and, during a contraction, some fraction of the fibers in the muscle ... organ s and Renshaw cell s . This low level of contraction is a protective mechanism to prevent avulsion fracture avulsion of the tendon&mdash the force generated by a 95 contraction of all fibers ... sites on the actin filaments and contraction ceases. Classification of voluntary muscular contractions ... contraction, a short burst of stimulation causes the muscle to contract, but the duration ... vs time in a twitch contraction can give information about the relative rates of calcium release ... peak force and plateaus at this level, resulting in a tetanic contraction. If the stimulation is not intense ... to as contractions . In Concentric contraction concentric contraction , the force generated is sufficient ... think of as a muscle contraction. In Eccentric contraction eccentric contraction , the force generated .... An eccentric contraction is used as a means of decelerating a body part or object, or lowering a load gently rather than letting it drop. In Isometric exercise isometric contraction , the muscle ... more details
A uterine contraction is a muscle contraction of the uterine smooth muscle . Throughout menstrual cycle The uterus frequently contracts throughout the entire menstrual cycle , and these contractions have been termed endometrial waves or contractile waves . ref name aguilar2010 cite doi 10.1093 humupd dmq016 ref These appear to involve only the sub endometrial layer of the myometrium . ref name aguilar2010 In the early follicular phase , these contractions occur once or twice per minute and last 10 15 seconds with a low amplitude of usually 30 mmHg. ref name aguilar2010 The frequency increases to 3 4 per minute towards ovulation . During the luteal phase , the frequency and amplitude decrease, possibly to facilitate any Implantation human embryo implantation . If implantation does not occur, the frequency remains low, but the amplitude increases dramatically to between 50 and 200 mmHg producing labor like contractions at the time of menstruation . ref name aguilar2010 These contractions are sometimes termed menstrual cramps , ref name medicinenet http www.medicinenet.com menstrual cramps page3.htm medicinenet.com Menstrual Cramps Retrieved January 2011 ref although that term is often used for menstrual pain in general. These contractions may be uncomfortable or even painful, but they are generally significantly less painful than contractions during labour. A hot water bottle or exercising has been found to help. A shift in the myosin expression of the uterine smooth muscle has been hypothesized to avail for changes in the directions of uterine contractions that are seen during the menstrual cycle. ref name aguilar2010 In childbirth In obstetrics , a contraction may refer specifically to the motion of the uterus ref MeshName Uterine Contraction ref as part of the process of childbirth . Contractions, and labour in general, is one condition that releases the hormone oxytocin ... ca Contracci uterina de Wehe fr Contraction ut rine ru uk ... more details
Volume contraction is a decrease in body fluid volume, also including any concomitant loss of osmolyte s. The loss of the water component of body fluid is specifically termed dehydration . ref http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 2933 MedicineNet Definition of Dehydration Retrieved on July 2, 2009 ref By body fluid compartment Volume contraction is more or less a loss of extracellular fluid ECF and or intracellular fluid ICF . ECF volume contraction Main Hypovolemia Volume contraction of extracellular fluid is directly coupled to and almost proportional to volume contraction of blood plasma , which is termed hypovolemia . ref http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 3871 MedicineNet Definition of Hypovolemia Retrieved on July 2, 2009 ref ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com hypovolemia TheFreeDictionary.com hypovolemia Citing Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. Retrieved on July 2, 2009 ref Thus, it primarily affects the circulatory system , potentially causing hypovolemic shock . ECF volume contraction or hypovolemia is usually the type of volume contraction of primary concern in emergency, since ECF is approximately half the volume of ICF and is the first to be affected in e.g. bleeding . Volume contraction is sometimes even used synonymously with hypovolemia. ICF volume contraction Volume contraction of intracellular fluid may occur after substantial fluid loss, since it is much larger than ECF volume, or loss of potassium K sup sup see section below . ICF volume contraction may cause disturbances in various organs throughout the body. Dependence on lost solutes Na sup sup loss approximately correlates with fluid loss from ECF, since Na sup sup has a much higher concentration in ECF than ICF. In contrast, K sup sup has a much higher concentration in ICF than ECF, and therefore its loss rather correlates with fluid ... fluid loss See also Contraction alkalosis , the increase in blood pH that occurs as a result References ... more details
In physics , length contraction according to Hendrik Lorentz is the physical phenomenon of a decrease .... This contraction more formally called Lorentz contraction or Lorentz George FitzGerald Fitzgerald contraction is usually only noticeable at a substantial fraction of the speed of light the contraction ... contraction was postulated by George Francis FitzGerald 1889 and Hendrik Antoon Lorentz 1892 to explain ... aether Lorentz ether theory Length contraction Lorentz FitzGerald contraction hypothesis ..., and length contraction appeared to be a direct consequence of this model. Yet it was shown by Henri ... contraction. But this model was subject to the same problem as the original hypotheses Length contraction and the non electromagnetic forces were only invented to hide the motion of the preferred ... removed the ad hoc character from this hypothesis, by demonstrating that length contraction was no dynamical ... effects in spacetime . So length contraction is not of Kinetics physics kinetic , but Kinematics kinematic ... contraction Three blue rods are at rest in S, and three red rods in S . At the instant when the left ... in another inertial frame is shorter than the proper length. This contraction only occurs ... contraction is symmetrical If the rod is at rest in the train, it has its proper length in S and its ... proper length in S and its length is contracted in S . Derivation Length contraction can simply be derived ... diagram length contraction.png thumb left Minkowski diagram and length contraction. In S all ... show, that length contraction can be regarded as a trigonometric phenomenon, with analogy ... verifications A direct experimental confirmation of Lorentz contraction is of course hard to achieve ... not at rest in the same inertial frame, as the observer would undergo a contraction as well, that is, he ... the negative result of a famous experiment, that required the introduction of Lorentz contraction ... collisions can only be explained, when the increased nucleon density due to Lorentz contraction is considered ... more details
Lanthanide contraction is a term used in chemistry to describe the decrease in ionic radius ionic radii of the chemical element elements in the lanthanide series from atomic number 58, Cerium to 71, Lutetium , which results in smaller than otherwise expected ionic radii for the subsequent elements starting with 72, Hafnium . ref name Housecroft Housecroft2nd pages 536, 649, 743 ref ref name Cotton Cotton&Wilkinson5th pages 776, 955 ref ref name Jolly Jolly, William L. Modern Inorganic Chemistry , McGraw Hill 1984, p.22 ref The term was coined by the Norwegian geochemist Victor Goldschmidt in his famous series Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze Der Elemente . ref name Goldschmidt Goldschmidt, Victor M. Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze Der Elemente , Part V Isomorphie Und Polymorphie Der Sesquioxyde. Die Lanthaniden Kontraktion Und Ihre Konsequenzen , Oslo, 1925 ref class wikitable Element Cerium Ce praseodymium Pr neodymium Nd promethium Pm samarium Sm europium Eu gadolinium Gd terbium Tb dysprosium Dy holmium Ho erbium Er thulium Tm ytterbium Yb lutetium Lu Atomic electron configuration 4f sup 1 sup 5d sup 1 sup 6s sup 2 sup 4f sup 3 sup 6s sup 2 sup 4f sup 4 sup 6s sup 2 sup 4f sup 5 sup ... the decrease in radius caused by increasing nuclear charge. This leads to lanthanide contraction ... of the lanthanide contraction has been attributed to relativistic effect s. ref cite journal author ... radii does affect their chemistry, however. Without the lanthanide contraction, a chemical Separation process separation of lanthanides would be extremely difficult. However, this contraction makes the chemical ... contraction. The radii of the period 6 transition metals are smaller than would be expected if there were ..., since the effect of the additional electron shell is almost entirely offset by the lanthanide contraction ... d block contraction or scandide contraction References references External links http chemcases.com ... fr Contraction des lanthanides ko it Contrazione lantanoidea ru ... more details
, intermediate traces are not subject to the ECP because they are deleted at LF logical form linguistics ... West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics . Stanford, CA CSLI Publications, pp. 365 384 ... more details
saved book title Linguistics subtitle cover image cover color Linguistics Main article Linguistics Description and prescription Linguistic description Linguistic prescription History History of linguistics Schools of study Generative grammar Cognitive linguistics Category Wikipedia books on linguisticsLinguistics ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
