Urban Climatology refers to a specific branch of climatology , it is the branch of climatology concerned with the interactions between urban areas and the atmoshpere the impacts they have on one another and examines these processes and responses at various scales see also urban climate History Luke Howard is considered the father figure of urban climatology based on his book The Climate of London , which contained continuous daily observations from 1801 to 1841 of wind direction, atmospheric pressure, maximum temperature, and rainfall ref Mills, G. 2007 Luke Howard and The Climate of London. Weather 63, 153 157 ref . Urban climatology has gained much momentum in recent centuries based on global industrialization and more importantly, urbanization . The process of urbanization changes the physical surroundings and induces alterations in the energy, moisture, and motion regime near the surface. Most of these alterations may be traced to causal factors such as air pollution anthropogenic heat surface waterproofing thermal properties of the surface materials and morphology of the surface and its specific three dimensional geometry building spacing, height, orientation, vegetative layering, and the overall dimensions and geography of these elements. Other factors that must be considered are relief, nearness to water bodies, size of the city, population density, and land use distributions ref Oke, T.R. 1988 Street design and urban canopy layer climate. Energy and Buildings 11, 103 113 ref . Research In general, cities are warmer than their surroundings, as documented over a century ago by Howard ref Mills, G. 2009 LUKE HOWARD, TIM OKE AND THE STUDY OF URBAN CLIMATES IAUC newsletter ... change The study of Urban Climatology is strongly linked to research surrounding global climate change ... and most dramatic impact e.g. Frence heat wave 2003 and thus are a major focus for urban climatology ... ref . Bibliography Reflist DEFAULTSORT Urban Climatology Category Climatology Category Physical ... more details
Historical climatology is the study of historical changes in climate and their effect on human history and development. This differs from paleoclimatology which encompasses climate change over the entire history of the earth . The study seeks to define periods in human history where temperature or precipitation meteorology precipitation varied from what is observed in the present day. The primary sources include written records such as sagas , chronicles , maps and local history literature as well as pictorial representations such as painting s, drawing s and even rock art . The archaeological record is equally important in establishing evidence of settlement, water and land usage. Techniques of historical climatology In literate societies, historians may find written evidence of climatic variations over hundreds or thousands of years, such as phenology phenological records of natural processes, for example viticulture viticultural records of grape harvest dates. In preliterate or non literate societies, researchers must rely on other techniques to find evidence of historical climate differences. Past population levels and habitable ranges of humans or plants and animals may be used to find evidence of past differences in climate for the region. Palynology , the study of pollens, can show not only the range of plants and to reconstruct possible ecologies ecology , but to estimate the amount of precipitation in a given time period, based on the abundance of pollen in that layer of sediment or ice. Evidence of climatic variations The eruption of the Toba catastrophe theory Toba supervolcano , 70,000 to 75,000 years ago reduced the average global temperature by 5 degrees Celsius for several years and may have triggered an ice age. It has been postulated that this created a bottleneck ... cdiac.ornl.gov epubs ndp ushcn newushcn.html US Historical Climatology Network http www.eh resources.org podcast podcast.html 29 Historical climatology and the cultural memory of extreme weather events ... more details
journal last Holden first J coauthors Wright, A title UK tornado climatology and the development .... ref name European tornado climatology Tornadoes kill an average of 52 people per year in Bangladesh ... Zealand, and far eastern Asia. ref name EB tornado climatology cite web url http www.britannica.com ... Climatology accessdate 2006 09 13 author Kelly, Schaefer, McNulty, et al. date 1978 04 10 format ... Britannica Online page 6 ref ref cite journal last Holzer first A. M. year 2000 title Tornado Climatology ... climatology of Austria.html accessdate 2007 02 27 ref ref cite journal last Dotzek first Nikolai ... btorcli0.htm title Bangladesh Tornado Climatology accessdate 2007 02 27 last Finch first Jonathan ... 10.1175 2F1520 0493 1978 106 3C1172 AATC 3E2.0.CO 3B2 title An Augmented Tornado Climatology accessdate ... p.m. local time, ref A. M. Holzer. http tordach.org at Tornado climatology of Austria.html Tornado Climatology ... 115319.pdf A Climatology of Tornadoes in Finland. Retrieved on 2006 10 25. ref On average, there are around ... term trends The reliable climatology of tornadoes is limited in geographic and temporal scope only ... States DEFAULTSORT Tornado Climatology Category Tornado ... more details
Infobox Journal cover Image JAMCcover.jpg thumb center The cover of the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology discipline Meteorology and Climatology website http ams.allenpress.com amsonline publisher American Meteorological Society country United States of America U.S.A frequency Monthly abbreviation J. Appl. Meteorol. JAM ISSN 1558 8424 eISSN 1558 8432 history 1962 to present openaccess after 5 years link1 http ams.allenpress.com perlserv ?request get archive&issn 1558 8432 link1 name Archive The Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology formerly Journal of Applied Meteorology is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society . Applied research related to the physical meteorology, cloud physics , hydrology , weather modification , satellite meteorology , boundary layer processes, air pollution meteorology including dispersion and chemical processes , agricultural and forest meteorology, and applied meteorological numerical models of all types. See also List of scientific journals List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences External links http ams.allenpress.com perlserv ?request get moreinfo&issn 1558 8432 AMS publication site sci journal stub climate stub Journals published by the American Meteorological Society Category Meteorology journals Category Air dispersion modeling Category Publications established in 1962 Category English language journals fr Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ... more details
Image GHCN Temperature Stations.png thumb right 250px Map of temperature station locations with record lengths indicated by coloring. The Global Historical Climatology Network GHCN is a database of temperature , Precipitation meteorology precipitation and pressure records managed by the National Climatic Data Center , Arizona State University and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center . The aggregate data are collected from many continuously reporting fixed stations at the Earth s surface and represent the input of approximately 6000 temperature stations 7500 precipitation stations 2000 pressure stations This work is often used as a foundation for reconstructing past instrumental temperature record global temperatures , and is used in two of the official reconstructions, that prepared by the National Climatic Data Center NCDC , and that prepared by NASA as its Goddard Institute for Space Studies GISS temperature set. http data.giss.nasa.gov gistemp The average temperature record is 60 years long with 1650 records greater than 100 years and 220 greater than 150 years based on GHCN v2 in 2006 . The earliest data included in the database were collected in 1697. References cite journal author Peterson, Thomas C. and Russell S. Vose year 1997 title An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network temperature data base journal Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society volume 78 pages 2837 2849 doi 10.1175 1520 0477 1997 078 2837 AOOTGH 2.0.CO 2 Website http www.ncdc.noaa.gov ghcnm GHCN Database Category Climate change organizations Category Arizona State University Category Glass science institutes Category Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration Category National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service Climatic Data Center Category National Weather Service Climatic Data Center Category Oceanography climate stub ... more details
Tropicalcyclone A tropical cyclone rainfall climatology is developed to determine rainfall characteristics of past tropical cyclones. A tropical cyclone rainfall climatology can be used to help forecast current or upcoming tropical cyclone impacts. The degree of a tropical cyclone rainfall impact depends upon speed of movement, storm size, and degree of vertical wind shear. One of the most significant threats from tropical cyclone s is heavy rainfall. Large, slow moving, and non sheared tropical cyclones produce the heaviest rains. The intensity of a tropical cyclone appears to have little bearing on its potential for rainfall over land, but satellite measurements over the last several years show that more intense tropical cyclones produce noticeably more rainfall over water. Flooding from tropical cyclones remains a significant cause of fatalities, particularly in low lying areas. Anticipating a flood event See also Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting While inland flood ing is common to tropical cyclones, there are factors which lead to excessive rainfall from tropical cyclones. Slow motion, as was seen during Hurricane Danny 1997 and Hurricane Wilma , can lead to high amounts of rainfall. The presence of mountains hills near the coast, like across much of Mexico , Haiti , the Dominican Republic , Central America , Madagascar , R union , China , and Japan acts to magnify rainfall potential due to forced upslope flow into the mountains. Strong upper level forcing from a trough moving through the Westerlies and its associated cold front , as was the case during Hurricane Floyd ... rainfall climatology Between 1970 2004, inland flooding from tropical cyclones caused a majority of the fatalities ... cyclones China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Extratropical cyclone List of wettest tropical ... United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology References Printed media Ivan Ray Tannehill ... Are You Ready? Hurricanes Good article DEFAULTSORT Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology ... more details
File MeanMonthlyP.gif thumb right 340px Long term mean precipitation by month Earth rainfall climatology encompasses the rain fall distribution across different regions of the planet Earth . In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the monsoon trough , or intertropical convergence ... of Washington title Africa Rainfall Climatology author Todd Mitchell date October 2001 accessdate ... title Africa Rainfall Climatology author Todd Mitchell date October 2001 accessdate 2010 01 02 ref .... International Journal of Climatology, 28 3 , 329 342. ref ref Patrick Laux et al. 2009 Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa. International Journal of Climatology ... econf C0709107 pdf 308.pdf title Madagascar rainfall climatology Extreme Phenomena publisher ... median rainfall index.shtml title Australian Rainfall Climatology Maps author Bureau of Meteorology ... title Precipitation climatology over Mediterranean Basin from ten years of TRMM measurements ... Journal of Climatology volume 5 number 6 pages 607 616 doi 10.1002 joc.3370050603 ref Places with significant ... . ref E. J uregui. http www.ejournal.unam.mx atmosfera Vol16 4 ATM16401.pdf Climatology of landfalling ... 48 United States Main article United States rainfall climatology Late summer and fall extratropical ... title The Contribution of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology of the Southwest ... cgi bin sercc cliMAIN.pl?pr6992 Pico del Este Climatology. Retrieved on 2008 01 23. ref ref ... Climatology. Retrieved on 2008 01 23. ref the United States Virgin Islands , ref Central Intelligence ... China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Typhoons in the Philippines United States rainfall climatology References reflist 2 Category Climate ... more details
Climatology of the Southwest United States author Kristen L. Corbosiero, Michael J. Dickinson, and Lance ... and Mark R. Hjelmfelt. http www.crh.noaa.gov images unr soo sels19.pdf Climatology and Structure ... of Georgia. Retrieved on 2008 03 19. ref ref name SCCLI South Carolina State Climatology Office ... C. Elliot. http www.srh.noaa.gov hun research Elliott PrecipClimo.pdf A Rainfall Climatology of the WSO ... States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology During the summer, the subtropical ridge in the Atlantic ... del Este Climatology. Retrieved on 2008 01 23. ref ref Southern Region Climate Center. http www.sercc.com cgi bin sercc cliMAIN.pl?pr5693 Magueyes Island Climatology. Retrieved on 2008 01 23. ref Despite ... more details
The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project ISCCP was established as the first project of the World Climate Research Program WCRP . Since its inception in 1982, there have been two phases, 1983 1995 and 1995 present. ref name npolar cite web url http clic.npolar.no disc disc datasets metadata.php?s 0&desc 1&table Datasets&id DISC GCMD ISCCP D1&tag All&Category &WCRP &Location All&stype phrase&limit 10&q title International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project ISCCP Stage D1 3 Hourly Cloud Products Revised Algorithm in Hierarchical Data Format ISCCP D1 date 2004 12 22 publisher npolar.no accessdate 2008 10 13 ref The project is responsible for collection and analysis of weather satellite radiance measurements. It infers cloud s global distribution and properties, along with their Day diurnal , seasonal , and interannual variations. The results are studied to understand clouds in climate, including their effects on Radiative forcing radiative energy exchanges, plus their role in the global water cycle. These datasets provide a systematic view of cloud behavior. ref cite web url http isccp.giss.nasa.gov overview.html title ISCCP OVERVIEW publisher nasa.gov accessdate 2008 10 13 ref The ICCSP headquarters are located at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York . ref cite web url http badc.nerc.ac.uk data isccp title International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project ISCCP Data C2 publisher nerc.ac.uk accessdate 2008 10 13 ref ISCCP data is stored at the ISCCP Central Archive and at NASA . While the data are typically used for climate study, they are also a valuable resource for astronomical pursuits. ref cite web url http home.cc.umanitoba.ca jander clouds globalclouds.html title Global Cloud Cover Maps publisher umanitoba.ca accessdate 2008 10 13 ref From ... and validate a global cloud climatology. Promote research using ISCCP data to improve parameterizations ... title Accomplishments of the INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE CLOUD CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT publisher nasa.gov ... more details
21888982 title The Contribution of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology ... Tropical Storm Allison 2001 and Hurricane Danny 1997 . This graphic will be updated as the climatology ... Climatology For the United States. 25th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. American ... cyclones in the United States Tropical cyclone Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Tropical cyclone ... Cyclones in the United States and Mexico Climatology and Interannual Variability DEFAULTSORT United States Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology Category Tropical cyclone meteorology ... more details
Summary PNG version of http www.nhc.noaa.gov gifs peakofseason.gif from http www.nhc.noaa.gov pastprofile.shtml , a prettified version of http hurricanes.noaa.gov prepare images season.gif from http hurricanes.noaa.gov prepare season.htm . Not sure which years this graph is based on neither page lists them. Licensing PD USGov NOAA NOAA logo ... more details
Summary Temperature and salinity from Levitus Climatology, illustrating SAMW AAIW in South Central Pacific. Licensing PD self date April 2007 ... more details
Summary book cover fur Article Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Use Infobox OPTIONAL FIELDS Title Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Author Journal Publisher American Meteorological Society Cover artist Website see below Owner Commentary Year OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Source Portion Low resolution Purpose Replaceability Other information Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology http ams.allenpress.com amsonline ?request get archive&issn 1558 8432 Licensing Non free magazine cover ... more details
The term box model is used in Computer graphics see box modeling Cascading style sheets CSS see Internet Explorer box model bug Climatology see Climate model Box models disambig ... more details
Robert E. Davis is a Professor of Climatology at the University of Virginia s Department of Environmental Sciences. He was a contributing editor http www.worldclimatereport.com index.php personnel of World Climate Report . DEFAULTSORT Davis, Robert E. Category Living people Category Year of birth missing living people Category University of Virginia faculty Climate stub ... more details
The Institut National de la Statistique Benin is a national institute of Benin , which is dedicated to collecting data in the country. It collects data on demographics , population , climatology , education , employment , etc. External links http www.insae bj.org Official site benin stub Category National statistical services ... more details
Summary Annual mean sea surface CFC 11 concentration for the present day 1990s from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project climatology . CFC 11 here is in pico p mole unit mol kilogram kg sup 1 sup of seawater . It is plotted here using a Mollweide projection using MATLAB and the http www.eos.ubc.ca rich private M Map package . Note that the GLODAP climatology is missing data in certain oceanic provinces including the Arctic Ocean , the Caribbean Sea , the Mediterranean Sea and the Malay Archipelago . Licensing self GFDL with disclaimers cc by 2.5 migration relicense ... more details
Summary Annual mean sea surface CFC 12 concentration for the present day 1990s from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project climatology . CFC 12 here is in pico p mole unit mol kilogram kg sup 1 sup of seawater . It is plotted here using a Mollweide projection using MATLAB and the http www.eos.ubc.ca rich private M Map package . Note that the GLODAP climatology is missing data in certain oceanic provinces including the Arctic Ocean , the Caribbean Sea , the Mediterranean Sea and the Malay Archipelago . Licensing self GFDL with disclaimers cc by 2.5 migration relicense ... more details
Summary Vertically integrated CFC 11 for the present day 1990s from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project climatology . CFC 11 here is in Micro mole unit mol metre m sup 2 sup . It is plotted here using a Mollweide projection using MATLAB and the http www.eos.ubc.ca rich private M Map package . Note that the GLODAP climatology is missing data in certain oceanic provinces including the Arctic Ocean , the Caribbean Sea , the Mediterranean Sea and the Malay Archipelago . Licensing self GFDL with disclaimers cc by 2.5 migration relicense ... more details
Summary Vertically integrated CFC 12 for the present day 1990s from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project climatology . CFC 12 here is in Micro mole unit mol metre m sup 2 sup . It is plotted here using a Mollweide projection using MATLAB and the http www.eos.ubc.ca rich private M Map package . Note that the GLODAP climatology is missing data in certain oceanic provinces including the Arctic Ocean , the Caribbean Sea , the Mediterranean Sea and the Malay Archipelago . Licensing self GFDL with disclaimers cc by 2.5 migration relicense ... more details
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