Infobox Anatomy Name Apoptosis Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Hypertrophic Zone of Epiphyseal Plate.jpg Caption Apoptosis increasing from normal cells top to apoptotic ones bottom . Image2 Caption2 Width 306 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf Apoptosis IPAc en icon p ... sigs aig Aboutapo.html title About Apoptosis quote Apoptosis Interest Group, preferred pronunciation ..., chromatin condensation , and chromosome chromosomal DNA fragmentation. See also Apoptosis DNA fragmentation . Unlike necrosis , apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that surrounding ... chapter Chapter 18 Apoptosis Programmed Cell Death Eliminates Unwanted Cells year 2008 isbn 978 0 ... acute cellular injury, apoptosis, in general, confers advantages during an organism s life cycle. For example ... number billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult. MEDCN date October ... die a day. MEDCN date October 2010 Research in and around apoptosis has increased substantially ... processes have been implicated in an extensive variety of diseases. Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy ... and etymology Main History and highlights in apoptosis research German scientist Carl Vogt was first to describe the principle of apoptosis in 1842. In 1885, anatomist Walther Flemming delivered ... Kerr at University of Queensland was able to distinguish apoptosis Ancient Greek Greek apo from off ... Journal of Cancer . ref cite journal author Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR title Apoptosis a basic ... was called apoptosis . Kerr, Wyllie and Currie credited James Cormack, a professor of Greek language at University of Aberdeen , with suggesting the term apoptosis. Kerr received the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize on March 14, 2000, for his description of apoptosis. He shared the prize ... and apoptosis journal Med. J. Aust. volume 173 issue 11 12 pages 616 7 year 2000 pmid 11379508 doi ... was awarded to Sydney Brenner , Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work regarding apoptosis ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 The Inhibitors of Apoptosis IAP are a family of functionally and structurally related proteins, which serve as endogenous inhibitors of programmed cell death apoptosis . A common feature of all IAPs is the presence of a BIR Baculovirus IAP Repeat, a 70 amino acid domain in one to three copies. The human IAP family consists 8 members, and IAP homologs have been identified in numerous organisms. The first members of the IAPs identified were from the baculovirus IAPs, Cp IAP and Op IAP, which bind to and inhibit caspases as a mechanism that contributes to its efficient infection and replication cycle in the host. Later, five more human IAPs were discovered which included XIAP , BIRC2 c IAPl , Baculoviral IAP repeat containing protein 3 C IAP2 , NAIP , and survivin . The best characterized IAP is XIAP , which binds caspase 9 , caspase 3 and caspase 7 , thereby inhibiting their activation and preventing apoptosis . Also cIAP1 and cIAP2 have been shown to bind caspases, although how the IAPs inhibit apoptosis mechanistically at the molecular level is not completely understood. Activity of XIAP is blocked by binding to Diablo homolog DIABLO Smac and HtrA serine peptidase 2 HTRA2 Omi proteins released from mitochondria after pro apoptic stimuli. See also XIAP BIRC2 cIAP1 BIRC3 cIAP2 survivin External links The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors http merops.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin merops.cgi?id I32.002 I32.002 MeshName Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins Apoptosis signaling pathway DEFAULTSORT Inhibitor Of Apoptosis Category Cell biology de Apoptose Inhibitor ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death involving the degradation of cellular constituents by a group of cysteine proteases called caspase s. The caspases can be activated through either the intrinsic mitochondrial mediated or extrinsic death receptor mediated apoptotic pathways. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is characterized by permeabilisation of the mitochondria and release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm . Cytochrome c then forms a multi protein complex known as the apoptosome and initiates activation of the caspase cascade through caspase 9. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated by death receptors on the plasma membrane such as tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 TNFR1 and Fas CD95 . As ligand s bind to these receptors, the death inducing signaling complex DISC is formed leading to initiation of the caspase cascade through caspase 8. References Danial, N.N., and Korsmeyer, S.J. 2004 . Cell death critical control points. Cell 116, 205 219. Kroemer, G., Galluzzi, L., and Brenner, C. 2007 . Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death. Physiol Rev 87, 99 163. Taylor, R.C., Cullen, S.P., and Martin, S.J. 2008 . Apoptosis controlled demolition at the cellular level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9, 231 241. Category Apoptosis ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 UVB induced apoptosis is the Apoptosis programmed cell death of cells that become damaged by Ultraviolet ultraviolet rays . This is notable in skin cells, to prevent melanoma . Some studies have shown that exercise accelerates this process. External links http www.livescience.com humanbiology 060513 skin cancer.html LiveScience article on the subject DEFAULTSORT Uvb induced apoptosis Category Cell signaling Category Immune system Category Programmed cell death cell biology stub ... more details
protein Name CSE1 chromosome segregation 1 like yeast caption image width HGNCid 2431 Symbol CSE1L AltSymbols EntrezGene 1434 OMIM 601342 RefSeq NM 001316 UniProt P55060 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 20 Arm q Band 13 LocusSupplementaryData The cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein CAS is an exportin which in the nucleus is bound to RanGTP . See also Nuclear pore Import of proteins External links MeshName Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility Protein gene 20 stub Cell cycle proteins ... more details
protein Name BCL2 binding component 3 caption image width HGNCid 17868 Symbol BBC3 AltSymbols JFY1, PUMA EntrezGene 27113 OMIM 605854 RefSeq NM 014417 UniProt PDB ECnumber Chromosome 19 Arm q Band 13.3 LocusSupplementaryData 13.4 The p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis , or PUMA, is a pro apoptosis apoptotic member of the Bcl 2 protein family. ref name pmid11463392 cite journal author Nakano K, Vousden KH title PUMA, a novel proapoptotic gene, is induced by p53 journal Mol. Cell volume 7 issue 3 pages 683 94 year 2001 month March pmid 11463392 doi 10.1016 S1097 2765 01 00214 3 url ref ref name pmid11572983 cite journal author Han J, Flemington C, Houghton AB, Gu Z, Zambetti GP, Lutz RJ, Zhu L, Chittenden T title Expression of bbc3, a pro apoptotic BH3 only gene, is regulated by diverse cell death and survival signals journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 98 issue 20 pages 11318 23 year 2001 month September pmid 11572983 pmc 58727 doi 10.1073 pnas.201208798 url ref Bcl 2 family members can form hetero or homodimers, and they act as anti or pro apoptosis apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. The expression of PUMA is regulated by the tumor suppressor p53 , and PUMA has been shown to be involved in p53 mediated apoptosis. See also Apoptosis Apoptosome Bcl 2 Bcl 2 associated X protein BAX BH3 interacting domain death agonist BID Caspases Cytochrome c Noxa Mitochondrion References Reflist gene 19 stub Category Apoptosis Category Programmed cell death Category Proteins ... more details
Apoptosis DNA Fragmentation is a key feature of programmed Cell biology cell death and also occurs in certain stages of necrosis . Apoptosis is characterized by the activation of endogenous endonucleases ... thereof. DNA cleavage during apoptosis occurs at sites between nucleosomes , protein containing ... on agarose gels. DNA fragmentation is a secondary consequence, rather than an integral cause, of apoptosis ... have shown that specific proteases residing in the cytoplasm mediate the terminal events of apoptosis ... in the same cells. Apoptosis can be initiated by a myriad of different mechanisms in different cell ... on the cell system. There are many methods to assess the DNA fragmentation caused by apoptosis and also ... by flow cytometry and fluorescent assays. Programmed Cell Death Apoptosis Historical background The discovery of stereotypical internucleosomal fragmentation of chromatine DNA as a hallmark of apoptosis ... and cellular biology as apoptosis or programmed cell death. In 1951 Glucksmann A. described ... A. described on morphological grounds the features of a programmed cell death apoptosis which exhibits ... of apoptosis. Since 1972 Kerr J., Wyllie A., and Currie A. it is accepted that glucocorticoids induced death of lymphocytes belongs to the apoptosis. In 1978 Zakharyan Robert A., Pogosian R. originally ... cleavege pattern of DNA degradation occurred during apoptosis. Thus, the first link between programmed cell death apoptosis and internucleosomal fragmentation of chromatin DNA was discovered and soon became as a specific feature of apoptosis. In 1980 Wyllie A. reported additional evidence ... thymocytes undergoing apoptosis. Internucleosomal DNA cleavage pattern was observed as a specific feature of apoptosis in 1978 1980 and became as a hallmark of programmed cell death and ERA of apoptosis ... and is found complexed with ICAD in proliferating cells. When cells are induced to undergo apoptosis ... DNA fragmentation during apoptosis, although they do exhibit some other features of apoptosis ... more details
protein Name AIFM1 apoptosis inducing factor, mitochondrion associated, 1 caption Crystallographic structure of the human apoptosis inducing factor rainbow color cartoon diagram, N terminus blue, C terminus red . ref name pmid12198487 PDB 1M6I cite journal author Ye H, Cande C, Stephanou NC, Jiang S, Gurbuxani S, Larochette N, Daugas E, Garrido C, Kroemer G, Wu H title DNA binding is required for the apoptogenic action of apoptosis inducing factor journal Nat. Struct. Biol. volume 9 issue 9 pages 680 4 year 2002 month September pmid 12198487 doi 10.1038 nsb836 url issn ref image apoptosis inducing ... 004208 UniProt O95831 PDB ECnumber Chromosome X Arm q Band 25 LocusSupplementaryData q26 Apoptosis ..., Hangen E, Hanada T, Modjtahedi N, Penninger JM, Kroemer G title AIF not just an apoptosis inducing ... doi 10.1111 j.1749 6632.2009.04681.x url issn ref Apoptosis inducing factor is involved in initiating a caspase independent pathway of apoptosis positive intrinsic regulator of apoptosis by causing ... is to regulate the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane upon apoptosis. Normally it is found ... that it is involved in apoptosis. ref name pmid19723031 ref name pmid12022952 cite journal author Cand C, Cohen I, Daugas E, Ravagnan L, Larochette N, Zamzami N, Kroemer G title Apoptosis inducing ... ref Function Apoptosis Inducing Factor AIF is a protein that triggers chromatin condensation and DNA ... changes. The process triggering apoptosis starts when the mitochondria releases AIF, which exits .... The x linked inhibitor of apoptosis XIAP has the power to influence the half life of AIF along ... apoptosis inducing factor isozymes include AIFM1 AIFM2 AIFM3 See also Apoptosis References Reflist External links MeshName Apoptosis inducing factor Flavoproteins Apoptosis signaling pathway Cell signaling DEFAULTSORT Apoptosis Inducing Factor Category Programmed cell death Category Cell signaling Category Apoptosis pl Czynnik indukuj cy apoptoz ... more details
apoptosis induced channel MAC. journal Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. year 2004 volume 286 ... during apoptosis? journal Cell Death and Differentiation year 2006 volume 13 url http www.nature.com ... of the Putative Cytochrome c Release Channel MAC, Mitochondrial Apoptosis induced Channel. journal ... 2 Bcl 2 protein family regulate apoptosis by controlling the formation of MAC the pro apoptotic members ... Bax Channel Inhibitors Prevent Mitochondrion mediated Apoptosis and Protect Neurons in a Model of Global ..., Kathleen W. Kinnally title MAC inhibitors suppress mitochondrial apoptosis. journal Biochem ... inhibition, the end result is prevention of cytochrome c release and apoptosis. References div class references small Reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Mitochondrial Apoptosis Induced Channel Category Cell signaling Category Death Category Programmed cell death Category Apoptosis ... more details
Pfam box Symbol BIR Name Inhibitor of Apoptosis domain image 1QBH BIRC2.png width caption Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy NMR solution structure of the BIR domain of human BIRC2 protein. ref name pmid10404221 PDB 1QBH cite journal author Hinds MG, Norton RS, Vaux DL, Day CL title Solution structure of a baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis IAP repeat journal Nat. Struct. Biol. volume 6 issue 7 pages 648 51 year 1999 month July pmid 10404221 doi 10.1038 10701 url issn ref The protein is rainbow colored cartoon diagram N terminus blue, C terminus red while the coordinated zinc is represented by a grey sphere. Pfam PF00653 InterPro IPR001370 SMART PROSITE PS50143 SCOP 1qbh TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB2 1c9q , PDB2 1e31 , PDB2 1f3h , PDB2 1f9x , PDB2 1g3f , PDB2 1g73 , PDB2 1i3o , PDB2 1jd4 , PDB2 1jd5 , PDB2 1jd6 , PDB2 1m4m , PDB2 1nw9 , PDB2 1oxn , PDB2 1oxq , PDB2 1oy7 , PDB2 1q4q , PDB2 1qbh , PDB2 1sdz , PDB2 1se0 , PDB2 1tfq , PDB2 1tft , PDB2 1tw6 , PDB2 1xb0 , PDB2 1xb1 , PDB2 1xox , PDB2 2i3h , PDB2 2i3i The inhibitor of apoptosis domain also known as IAP repeat , u B u aculovirus u I u nhibitor of apoptosis protein u R u epeat , or BIR is a structural motif found in protein s with roles in apoptosis , cytokine production, and chromosome segregation . ref name pmid11329368 cite journal author Silke J, Vaux DL title Two kinds of BIR containing protein inhibitors of apoptosis, or required for mitosis journal J. Cell. Sci. volume 114 issue Pt 10 pages 1821 7 year 2001 month May pmid 11329368 doi url ref Proteins containing BIR are known as inhibitor of apoptosis proteins IAPs , or BIR containing proteins BIRPs or BIRCs , and include BIRC1 NAIP , BIRC2 cIAP1 , BIRC3 cIAP2 , BIRC4 xIAP , BIRC5 survivin and BIRC6 . ref name pmid11329368 ref name pmid11516343 cite journal author Verhagen AM, Coulson EJ, Vaux DL title Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins ... ion. ref name pmid8139034 cite journal author Birnbaum MJ, Clem RJ, Miller LK title An apoptosis ... more details
A timeline of apoptosis research can be found in cite journal author Vaux DL title Apoptosis timeline journal Cell death and differentiation volume 9 issue 4 pages 349 54 year 2002 month Apr pmid 11965486 doi 10.1038 sj onc 4400990 url Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. From its early conceptual beginnings in the 1950s, it has exploded as an area of research within the life sciences community. As well as its implication in many diseases, it is an integral part of biological developmental biology development . Early research, and the worm people at Cambridge Sydney Brenner s studies on animal development began in the late 1950s in what was to become the Laboratory of Molecular Biology LMB in Cambridge , UK. It was at this lab that during the 1970s and 1980s, a team led by John Sulston succeeded in tracing the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans entire embryonic cell lineage. In other ... pathways of programmed cell death. Coining of the term apoptosis In a signal article published in 1972, John F. Kerr, Andrew H. Wyllie and A. R. Currie, coined the term apoptosis in order to differentiate ... tissue injury. ref name keyarticle cite journal author Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR title Apoptosis ... Sinauer Associates location Stamford ref The word apoptosis is a combination of the prefix apo and the root ... changes of apoptosis were present in cells that died in order to maintain an equilibrium between ... of apoptosis with the mechanism for programmed cell death in the worm. 1990s and later In 1991 ... and Chand Desai had made the first discovery of genes that encode apoptosis inducing proteins ced ... and apoptosis revealing them to be the same, evolutionarily conserved process. ref name vaux cite ... to apoptosis and illuminated whole new avenues of research on inflammatory diseases, cancer, and apoptosis ... written by an important contributor to apoptosis research, Pierre Golstein, in the 28 August 1998 ... History And Highlights In Apoptosis Research Category Programmed cell death ... more details
with Dlk ZIP kinase and interferes with apoptosis. journal FEBS Lett. volume 462 issue 1 2 pages 187 ... in cerebellar granule neurons. Modulation during neuronal apoptosis. journal Mol. Cell. Neurosci ... with apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor and enhances androgen receptor mediated transcription ... more details
Apo2.7 is a protein confined to the mitochondrial Outer mitochondrial membrane membrane . It can be detected during early stages of apoptosis . It can be used to detect apoptosis via flow cytometry . protein stub signaltransduction stub Category Apoptosis Category Proteins ... more details
The Bcl 2 homologous antagonist killer BAK protein is a apoptosis pro apoptotic member of the Bcl 2 gene family which is involved in initiating apoptosis . It has a relative molecular weight of 23,400 and contain 211 amino acids . Dysregulation of the BAK gene has been implicated in human gastrointestinal cancers , indicating that the gene plays a part in the pathogenesis of some cancers ref name qiang cite journal author Qiang Song Tong, et al. title BAK overexpression mediates p53 independent apoptosis inducing effects on human gastric cancer cells journal BMC Cancer year 2004 volume 4 issue 33 url http www.biomedcentral.com 1471 2407 4 33 doi 10.1186 1471 2407 4 33 pages 33 pmid 15248898 pmc 481072 ref . Image Signal transduction v1.png 300px thumb right Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis . See also Programmed cell death BAK1 References reflist Fas apoptosis signaling pathway DEFAULTSORT Bcl 2 Homologous Antagonist Killer Category Apoptosis Category Programmed cell death Category Proteins molecular biology stub ... more details
The death inducing signaling complex or DISC is a multi protein complex formed by members of the death receptor family of apoptosis inducing cellular receptors. The typical example is FasR , which forms the DISC upon trimerization as a result of its ligand FasL binding. Dogma states that the DISC is composed of the death receptor, FADD , and caspase 8 . It transduces a downstream signal cascade resulting in apoptosis. Image Fas signaling.jpg thumbnail center 500px Signaling pathway of Tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF R1. Dashed grey lines represent multiple steps External links MeshName DISC Death Inducing Signaling Complex Category Programmed cell death Category Apoptosis molecular biology stub Adaptor proteins Fas apoptosis signaling pathway ... more details
MIB1 may refer to MIB1 gene MIB1 , a gene that regulates apoptosis . MIB 1, an antibody against Ki 67 protein Ki 67 , a protein expressed in cell division proliferating cell biology cell s. disambig ... more details
Fadd may refer to Fadd, Hungary , a town in Hungary FADD , a receptor mediating cellular apoptosis disambig eo Fadd it Fadd hu Fadd nl Fadd sk Fadd ... more details
Caspase activated DNAse CAD is a caspase found in the extrinsic apoptosis apoptotic pathway of cells. In the absence of apoptotic signals, CAD is inhibited by ICAD protein ICAD i nhibitor of c aspase a ctivated D NAase . During apoptosis, caspase 3 inhibits ICAD, thereby freeing CAD to cleave DNA at random sections of linker DNA , the only DNA fully exposed in the case that DNA is wrapped around histones , as it is in vivo . protein stub Category Human proteins ... more details
Image nuclear changes.jpg thumb right 300px Morphological characteristics of pyknosis and other forms of nuclear destruction Image Apoptosis.png thumb 300px Apoptosis Karyorrhexis is the destructive fragmentation of the Cell nucleus nucleus of a dying cell biology cell ref name zamzami cite journal author Zamzami N, Kroemer G. title Apoptosis Condensed matter in cell death journal Nature year 1999 volume 401 issue 127 pmid 10490018 pages 127 8 doi 10.1038 43591 ref whereby its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm. It is usually preceded by pyknosis and is followed by karyolysis and can occur as a result of either programmed cell death or necrosis . See also Apoptosis Karyolysis References reflist Cell biology stub Pathology Category Cellular processes Category Programmed cell death de Karyorrhexis ru sv Karyorrhexi ... more details
AATF may refer to Air Assault Task Force Airport and Airway Trust Fund , a fund for the federal commitment to the USA s aviation system American Association of Teachers of French , a professional organisation for teachers of French in the United States Apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor , a human gene disambig DEFAULTSORT Aatf Category Initialisms ... more details
Discovered in the Caenorhabditis elegans C. elegans genome. Ced9 is the gene that codes for a protein that inhibits represses apoptosis . The human version of the gene is called Bcl 2 . The protein prevents the release of cytochrome c in the membrane of mitochondria http www.wormbase.org db gene gene?name WBGene00000423 class Gene Category C. elegans genes ... more details
NAIP may refer to NAIP or NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein , a human gene National Agriculture Imagery Program of the USDA Farm Service Agency Naval Acquisition Intern Program , see Naval Acquisition Career Center disambig ... more details
File Apoptotic DNA Laddering.png alt White DNA bands against a dark grey background, resembling the rungs of a ladder thumb right upright DNA laddering left visualised in an agarose gel by ethidium bromide staining. A Base pair Length measurements 1 kb DNA ladder marker middle and Scientific control control DNA right are included. DNA laddering is a phenomenon seen in laboratory tests it is a sensitive indicator of programmed cell death , specifically of apoptosis . It was first described in 1980 by A. H. Wyllie at the University of Edinburgh Medical School . ref cite journal author Wyllie AH date 1980 04 10 title Glucocorticoid induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation journal Nature journal Nature volume 284 issue 5756 pages 555 556 issn 0028 0836 doi 10.1038 284555a0 pmid 6245367 url http www.nature.com nature journal v284 n5756 abs 284555a0.html ref Endonuclease activation is a characteristic feature of apoptosis. This degrades genomic DNA at internucleosomal linker regions and produces 180 to 185 base pair DNA fragments. On Agarose gel electrophoresis , these give a characteristic laddered appearance. The dying cell s Morphology biology morphological changes are short lived and difficult to detect. DNA laddering has therefore become a sensitive method to distinguish apoptosis from Ischemia ischemic or necrosis toxic cell death . ref cite journal author Iwata M, Myerson D, Torok Storb B, Zager RA. year 1994 month December title An evaluation of renal tubular DNA laddering in response to oxygen deprivation and oxidant injury journal Journal of the American Society of Nephrology volume 5 issue 6 pages 1307 1313 issn 1046 6673 doi pmid 7893995 url http jasn.asnjournals.org cgi content abstract 5 6 1307 ref References reflist See also Apoptosis DNA fragmentation Endonuclease TUNEL assay Category Apoptosis Category Biological techniques and tools Category Cell biology Category Electrophoresis Category Laboratory techniques Cate ... more details
Receptor editing is a process that occurs during the maturation of B cells , which are part of the adaptive immune system. This process has the aim to change the specificity of the antigen receptor of immature B cells, in order to rescue them from programmed cell death, called apoptosis . During maturation in the bone marrow, B cells are tested for interaction with self antigens, which is called negative selection . If the maturing B cells strongly interact with these self antigens, they undergo death by apoptosis. Negative selection is important to avoid the production of B cells that could cause autoimmune diseases . They can avoid apoptosis by modifying the sequence of light chain V and J genes components of the antigen receptor so that it has a different specificity and may not recognize self antigens anymore. This process of changing the specificity of the immature B cell receptor is called receptor editing. References cite book last Abbas first Abul K. authorlink DaAbul K. Abbas title Basic immunology 2nd updated edition publisher Saunders Elsevier series year 2006 2007 doi isbn 1416029745 Category Cells ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
