Wordusage is how a word , phrase , or concept is used in a language . lexicography Lexicographers gather samples of written or spoken instances where a word is used and analyze them to determine pattern s of regional or social usage as well as meaning. A word, for example the English word donny a round rock about the size of a man s head may be only a rare regional usage, or a word may be used world wide by all English speakers and have one or several evolving definition s such as the word hacker . Wordusage may also involve grammar and thus be the subject of profound analysis. See the following pages for some examples of word usages Who pronoun Than While Gender neutral pronoun External links http sterna.sakura.ne.jp English Wikipedia WordUsage Category Lexicology Category Syntactic entities ... more details
Saint Usage may refer to the following places in France Saint Usage, Aube , a commune in the department of Aube Saint Usage, C te d Or , a commune in the department of C te d Or geodis es Saint Usage fr Saint Usage it Saint Usage nl Saint Usage pl Saint Usage uk ... more details
Refimprove date August 2008 Usage analysis is any technique for understanding the usage statistics of something, for example the web statistics of a website . Category Web analytics ... more details
Wiktionary Usage share refers to the relative market adoption of various products, for example Usage share of web browsers Web browsers Usage share of BitTorrent clients BitTorrent clients Usage share of operating systems Operating systems Web search engine Market share and wars Web search engines Usage share of instant messaging clients Instant messaging clients See also Market share Market value Market power Market share analysis disambig Category Usage share ... more details
Drug usage is an umbrella term that may be used to refer to Substance abuse Responsible drug use Recreational drug use Medical cannabis disambiguation ... more details
at least two parameter to be run, a programmer could create a usage message using something similar to the following source lang bash if gt 2 then echo Usage basename 0 parameter1 parameter2 ... 1 ... to redirect the output of Echo command echo to stderr DEFAULTSORT Usage Message Category Online ... more details
Multiple issues wikify January 2011 dead end January 2011 orphan January 2011 New unreviewed article source ArticleWizard date December 2010 Usage data is the most effective way of evaluating the true relevancy and value of a web site. For example, if users arrive on a web site and go back immediately high bounce rate , chances are that it wasn t relevant to their query in the first place. However, if a user repeatedly visits a web site and spends a long time on the site, there is a high likelihood that it is extremely relevant. When it comes to search engines, relevant valuable sites get promoted while irrelevant sites get demoted. Search engines want their results to be highly relevant to web users to make sure that web users keep returning to the search engine for future searches. And the best way to establish relevance to users to know how they use web sites. Cookies are used by search engines to maintain a history of a user s search activity. References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Stokes, R. 2009 eMarketing The Essential Guide to Online Marketing, Second Edition, Quirk eMarketing Pty Ltd, pp 86 External links Category Web analytics DEFAULTSORT Usage Data ... more details
Other uses pp move indef A word is the smallest free form an item that may be uttered in isolation with semantic ... unit of meaning. A word may consist of only one morpheme e.g. so, very , but a single morpheme may not be able to exist as a free form e.g. the English plural morpheme s . Typically, a word ... linguistics sentences . A word consisting of two stems joined together form a compound linguistics compound . Word may refer to a spoken word or a written word, or sometimes, the abstract concept ... see Lexeme Lemma linguistics The ease or difficulty of deciphering a word depends on the language ... . These can be taken as an indication of what constitutes a word in the opinion of the writers of that language .... 36&ndash 7. ref For example, the word bears has semantic features it denotes real world objects ... features it is pronounced a certain way , etc. Word boundaries The task of defining what constitutes a word involves determining where one word ends and another word begins&mdash in other words, identifying word boundaries. There are several ways to determine where the word boundaries of spoken language ... for pauses. The speaker will tend to insert pauses at the word boundaries. However, this method is not foolproof ... ten or so years . These extra words will tend to be added in the word boundaries of the original sentence. However, some languages have infix es, which are put inside a word. Similarly, some have separable ... it easy to spot where a word boundary should be. For example, in a language that regularly lexical stress stresses the last syllable of a word, a word boundary is likely to fall after each stressed syllable ... ref Bauer 9 ref the vowels within a given word share the same quality , so a word boundary is likely ... a mixture of all these methods to determine the word boundaries of any given sentence. Even with the careful application of these methods, the exact definition of a word is often still very elusive ... between orthography and the question of what is considered a single word. Word ... more details
EDITING GUIDELINES for DISAMBIGUATION DAB PAGES DAB pages are not normal articles and have a special style DAB pages help users find specific articles Please Point to link only one article on each line Please Start each line with the target article Remember These are guidelines not absolute rules More information WP MOSDAB The Word may mean Surfin Bird The Bird is the Word The Bible Christ the Logos The Word band , a blues jam rock group The Word 1953 film The Word 1953 film , a 1953 documentary film The Word 1955 film The Word 1955 film or Ordet , a 1955 Danish film The Word novel The Word novel , a novel by Irving Wallace The Word radio The Word radio , a weekly BBC World Service book programme The Word song The Word song , a song by The Beatles The Word TV series The Word TV series , a British late night variety series Recurring segments on The Colbert Report The W.C3.B8rd The W rd , a recurring segment on Stephen Colbert s The Colbert Report The Word magazine , a UK music magazine The Word bible study software , Bible study software See also Word & Void novel series Word & Void series fantasy novels by Terry Brooks disambig ... more details
Expand French date December 2008 Infobox French commune name Saint Usage region Champagne Ardenne department Aube arrondissement Troyes canton Essoyes INSEE 10364 postal code 10360 mayor Jean Michel Kennel term 2008&ndash 2014 intercommunality Arce et Ource longitude 4.61055555556 latitude 48.1008333333 elevation m 310 elevation min m elevation max m area km2 16.3 population 89 population date 2007 Saint Usage is a Communes of France commune in the Aube Departments of France department in north central France . Population D mographie 1962 98 1968 110 1975 110 1982 98 1990 86 1999 88 2007 89 See also Communes of the Aube department References http www.insee.fr en home home page.asp INSEE reflist Aube communes DEFAULTSORT Saintusage Category Communes of Aube Aube geo stub ceb Saint Usage es Saint Usage Aube fr Saint Usage Aube it Saint Usage Aube ms Saint Usage, Aube nl Saint Usage Aube pl Saint Usage Aube pt Saint Usage Aube uk vi Saint Usage, Aube vo Saint Usage Aube war Saint Usage, Aube ... more details
Infobox company company name Computer Usage Company company logo Image Computer Usage Company logo.jpg 200px caption The company logo featured an abacus fate Bankruptcy founder Elmer C. Kubie br John W. Sheldon foundation New York Start date 1955 03 defunct End date 1986 area served United States industry computer software Computer Usage Company 1955 1986 , sometimes called Computer Usage Corporation , was the first independent company to market computer software . History Computer Usage Company CUC was founded in March 1955 by Elmer C. Kubie and John W. Sheldon. They had formerly worked together at IBM , and planned to offer services to help develop computer programs. The initial investment of US 40,000 supported the founders and a staff of five. ref cite journal title Recollections of the first software company author Elmer C. Kubie journal IEEE Annals of the History of Computing work Annals ... for the Word Software year 1995 url http www.niquette.com books softword tocsoft.html adapted from ... Research Corporation to simulate the flow of oil. ref cite web title Computer Usage Corporation ... 29, 2010 ref The first offices were located in New York city. On October 3, 1955 Computer Usage Company ... 1961 publisher Computer Usage Company url http archive.computerhistory.org resources text Computer Usage Company cuc.annual report.1961.102651923.pdf ref Cuthbert Hurd joined the company as chairman ...?id 163 accessdate May 29, 2010 ref In 1965 the Computer Usage Education subsidiary was formed ... Usage Company year 1966 publisher Wiley editor Ascher Opler url http books.google.com books?id NRg1AAAAIAAJ isbn 0471167053 ref Carl H. Reynolds joined as President of the new Computer Usage Development ..., Jr. Elected President of CUC work CU Bits publisher Computer Usage Corporation url http archive.computerhistory.org resources text Computer Usage Company 070910 download computerusagecompany.cu bits ... IEEE Computer Society date Summer 1998 pages 36 42 doi 10.1109 85.646207 DEFAULTSORT Computer Usage ... more details
The Survey of English Usage was the first research centre in Europe to carry out research with Corpus linguistics corpora . The Survey is based in the Department of English Language and Literature at University College London . History The Survey of English Usage was founded in 1959 by Randolph Quirk Randolph now Lord Quirk . Many well known linguists have spent time doing research at the Survey, including Valerie Adams, John Algeo, Dwight Bolinger, No l Burton Roberts, David Crystal , Derek Davy, Jan Firbas, Sidney Greenbaum , Liliane Haegeman, Robert Ilson, Ruth Kempson, Geoffrey Leech , Jan Rusiecki, Jan Svartvik, Joe Taglicht and many others. The original Survey Corpus predated modern computing. It was recorded on reel to reel tapes, transcribed on paper, filed in filing cabinets, and indexed on paper cards. Transcriptions were annotated with a detailed Prosody linguistics prosodic and Paralanguage paralinguistic annotation developed by Crystal and Quirk 1964 . ref Crystal, David, and Quirk, Randolph 1964 . Systems of Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features in English . The Hague Mouton. ref Sets of paper cards were manually annotated for grammatical structures and filed, so, for example, all noun phrases could be found in the noun phrase filing cabinet in the Survey. Naturally, corpus searches required a visit to the Survey. This corpus is now known more widely as the London Lund Corpus LLC , as it was the responsibility of co workers in Lund, Sweden, to computerise the corpus. Thirty four of the spoken texts were published in book form as Svartvik and Quirk 1980 , ref Svartvik ... 400,000 word selection of the spoken part of the LLC in a manner directly comparable with ICE GB, forming a new, 800,000 word diachronic corpus, called the Diachronic Corpus of Present Day Spoken English ... language corpora. References Reflist External links http www.ucl.ac.uk english usage The Survey of English Usage website Category English language Category Corpus linguistics ... more details
Infobox French commune name Saint Usage region Bourgogne department C te d Or arrondissement Beaune canton Saint Jean de Losne INSEE 21577 postal code 21170 mayor Roger Gan e term 2001&ndash 2008 intercommunality Rives de Sa ne longitude 5.2625 latitude 47.11 elevation m 185 elevation min m 178 elevation max m 186 area km2 9.36 population 994 population date 1999 Saint Usage is a Communes of France commune in the C te d Or Departments of France department in eastern France . See also Communes of the C te d Or department References http www.insee.fr fr methodes nomenclatures cog fichecommunale.asp?codedep 21&codecom 577 INSEE commune file Reflist C te d Or communes DEFAULTSORT Saint Usage, Cote D or Category Communes of C te d Or Saintusage C teOr geo stub ca Saint Usage Costa d Or es Saint Usage C te d Or fr Saint Usage C te d Or it Saint Usage C te d Or ms Saint Usage, C te d Or nl Saint Usage C te d Or pl Saint Usage C te d Or pt Saint Usage bug Saint Usage, C te d Or uk vi Saint Usage, C te d Or vo Saint Usage C te d Or war Saint Usage, C te d Or ... more details
University Press page 1932 isbn 0 19 861271 0 ref Usage Merriam Webster s Dictionary of English Usage MWDEU says that the construction is highly unlikely outside journalism . ref name MWDEU Likewise ... Guide to English Usage publisher Cambridge University Press page 536 isbn 052162181X . ref ... 1996 title The New Fowler s Modern English Usage publisher The Clarendon Press page 775 isbn 0 19 ... to English Usage publisher Simon and Schuster edition 2nd page 107 isbn 0 684 82632 1 url http books.google.com ... Theodore Bernstein , a usage writer, strongly deprecated these coined titles . He gave an example of a legitimate ... goes before the name, it should begin with a or the . ref name Reed The usage writer ... year date 2005 05 title Say What You Mean A Troubleshooter s Guide to English Style and Usage publisher ... and style for a novel. ref name Pullum1 Usage pundit William Safire stated that the the gives the title ... authorlink William Safire title On Language Vogue Word Watch date 2009 07 15 url http www.nytimes.com ... more details
Modern American Usage may refer simply to modern usage that is, contemporary usage or usage considered over recent decades or the modern era of American English , or to the title of any of several well known or less well known books on the subject of American English, including Follett s Modern American Usage Follett s Modern American Usage 1966 , a guide for careful writers of American English Garner s Modern American Usage Garner s Modern American Usage 2nd edition 2003 , a guide for careful writers of American English originally published 1st edition 1998 as A Dictionary of Modern American Usage of which an abridged form was published in 2000 by the Oxford University Press with the title The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style . A Dictionary Modern American Usage by H. W. Horwill , published in 1935 by the Oxford University Press, and written chiefly as a comparison of American with British English. Of Horwill s book, copies of which are still sometimes found, the following can be noted. First, a copy of it might easily be taken for something like either Follett s or Garner s work, not least because only the last three words of the title were used on the hard cover on the spine. Second, Horwill said at the very beginning of his preface that his purpose was not to teach Americans how to write or speak American rather, it was firstly to help English people to understand American English, and secondly to help Americans understand how much their language had evolved to differ from other forms, particularly British English. His book was therefore very different from the other, more recent, works commonly known by the same title. References Modern American Usage by Wilson Follett 1966 Modern American Usage, edited by Bryan A. Garner 1998, 2003 A Dictionary Modern American Usage by H.W. Horwill, 1935, OUP disambig ... more details
The Cambridge Guide to English Usage by Pam Peters is a usage dictionary , giving an up to date account of the debatable issues of English usage and written style. It is based on extensive, up to date corpus linguistics corpus data rather than on the author s personal intuition or prejudice, and differentiates between US, UK, Canadian and Australian usages. British lexicographer Sidney Landau remarked cquote The Cambridge Guide to English Usage is unique in the extent of its coverage of all the major varieties of English and in the degree to which it is based on corpus evidence, that is, on the analysis of vast collections of actual written and spoken language in each of the varieties under study. See also Merriam Webster s Dictionary of English Usage Fowler s A Dictionary of Modern English Usage The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language was the first dictionary to use corpus data List of English words with disputed usage References http www.cambridge.org catalogue catalogue.asp?isbn 9780521621816 CUP catalogue entry contains reviews as well DEFAULTSORT The Cambridge Guide To English Usage Category Style guides Category English dictionaries ling stub ... more details
multiple issues cleanup June 2008 context June 2008 notability June 2008 Most datacenter s and hosting providers use the 95th Percentile or burstable billing method, while others utilize Average Usage Billing . Throughout the month, these host take measurement s of your Bandwidth computing bandwidth usage every 5 minutes. At the end of the monthly cycle, these measurements are added together and divided by the number of measurements taken. Measuring of bandwidth in this manner results in a true average usage reading for your bandwidth bill. Using this method allows hosts customers to take advantage of the natural peaks and valleys that occur from day to day bandwidth usage and not be over charged. DEFAULTSORT Average Usage Billing Category Pricing econ stub ... more details
The nihongo modern kana usage Gendai Kanazukai is the present official kanazukai system of spelling the kana Japanese syllabary . Also known as shin kanazukai , new kanazukai , it is derived from the historical kana usage . History As long ago as the Meiji Restoration , there had been dissatisfaction regarding the growing discrepancy between the Written language spelling and Spoken language speech . It was on November 16, 1946, immediately following World War II that the modern orthography was instituted by the cabinet as part of a general orthographic reform. It was later amended in 1986 . General differences There were no small kana like in the pre reformed system thus, for example, would be ambiguous between kiyo and kyo while could be either katsuta or katta . The pronunciations of medial h row kana does not extend to compound words thus, was pronounced nihon , not nion. Note that there are a small number of counterexamples, e.g., duck , pronounced ahiru rather than airu , or , pronounced Fujiwara , despite being a compound of Fuji Wisteria hara field . The h row was historically pronounced as fa, fi, fu, fe, fo and even further back, pa, pi, pu, pe, po . Japanese f IPA ja IPA is close to a voiceless w , and so was easily changed to w in the middle of a word. This is also why even today fu is used rather than hu . The vowel f u compounds do not apply in compound words, for example, the name was Terauchi not Terouchi , as it is Tera temple uchi inside, home . The fu of the modern u series of verbs that is, those verbs using the actual kana such as kau or omou were not affected by the sound changes on the surface, however, some reports of Edo era Japanese indicate that verbs like tamau and harau were pronounced as tam and har instead. In contrast, the in dar and ik is a product of the sound change from au to . Furthermore ... from spelling reform. In contemporary Japanese, the character remains only in this usage. Examples ... more details
Infobox Book name Garner s Modern American Usage image image caption author Bryan A. Garner country United States language English language English series subject Style guide publisher Oxford University Press pub date 1998 media type pages isbn 0195161912 dewey 423 .1 22 congress PE2827 .G37 2003 oclc 53128918 Garner s Modern American Usage , edited by Bryan A. Garner Bryan Garner , is a usage guide for contemporary American English . Modern American Usage covers issues of usage, pronunciation, and style, from English plural plurals and literary technique s to distinctions between similar words and the usage of foreign terms. Editions and Related Books The first edition was published in 1998 as A Dictionary of Modern American Usage . In 2003, the second edition was published under the current title with a third more content than its predecessor. ref http www.worldwidewords.org reviews re gar1.htm World Wide Words Garner s Modern American Usage ref A third edition is scheduled for publication and release in July 2009. Oxford University Press has also published an abridged, paperback edition of Modern American Usage as the Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style 2000 . Reception In the April 2001 issue of Harper s , the novelist David Foster Wallace said, The fact of the matter is that Garner s dictionary is extremely good ... Its format ... includes entries on individual words ... the Lobster . Garrison Keillor has called Garner s Modern American Usage one of the five most influential ... gar1.htm World Wide Words Garner s Modern American Usage Bot generated title ref that usage guides ... Elegant variation References reflist Similar works Follett s Modern American Usage Modern American Usage by Wilson Follett A Dictionary of Modern English Usage , by Henry Watson Fowler The Elements ... ?view usa&ci 9780195382754 Garner s Modern American Usage 3rd Ed. DEFAULTSORT Garner s Modern American Usage Category 1998 books Category Style guides for American English ... more details
Refimprove date September 2007 Usage centered design is an approach to user interface design based on a focus on user intentions and usage patterns. It analyzes users in terms of the roles they play in relation to systems and employs abstract essential Use Case use cases ref See Constantine 1995 and Constantine and Lockwood 2001 ref for task analysis . It derives visual and interaction design from abstract Software prototyping prototypes based on the understanding of user roles and task case s. Usage centered design was introduced by Larry Constantine and Lucy Lockwood. The primary reference is their book. ref Constantine and Lockwood 1999 see also Constantine 1996 ref Usage centered design methods Usage centered design is largely based on formal, abstract models such as models of interaction between user roles, Unified Modeling Language UML workflow models and task case and role profiles. Usage centered design proponents argue for abstract modelling while many designers use realistic personas ... reported in case studies. ref See, for example, Windl 2002 and Strope 2003 ref Usage centered design and activity centered design approach Usage centered design share some common ideas with activity ..., 2006 an integrated framework is presented where the models of Usage centered design are enriched ... with Usage Centered Design, 2006 Constantine L., and Lockwood, L. Structure and Style in Use Cases ... Models and Methods of Usage Centered Design. Reading, MA Addison Wesley, 1999. Russian translation 2004, Chinese translation 2004, Japanese translation 2005. Constantine, L. Usage Centered Software ... 2003, the Second International Conference on Usage Centered Design. Rowley, MA Ampersand Press. Windl, H. 2002 Designing a Winner Creating STEP 7 lite with Usage Centered Design. In L. Constantine, ed., forUSE 2002 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Usage Centered Design. Rowley, MA Ampersand Press. Further reading http www.foruse.com questions index.htm Usage centered design ... more details
Infobox Book name Modern American Usage image image caption author Wilson Follett country United States language English language English series subject Style guide publisher Hill & Wang pub date 1966 media type pages 436 isbn oclc Follett s Modern American Usage is the book published with the title Modern American Usage which was left in draft form and unfinished by Wilson Follett at his death. It was completed and edited by his friend Jacques Barzun in collaboration with six other editors. It is a usage guide for contemporary American English . Modern American Usage covers issues of usage, prose composition, and style, including English grammar , syntax and literary technique s. Pre publication Wilson Follett devoted his last years to composing a book on a subject he had studied all his life the usage of American English. However, when he died more than two thirds of the manuscript were still in first draft. People who had read this draft felt that it would be intolerable for this work never to be published, so his friend Jacques Barzun undertook the task of finishing and revising the work on the understanding that he would have help. This came from a group of writers and teachers of English Carlos Baker , Frederick W. Dupee , Dudley Fitts , James D. Hart , Phyllis McGinley and Lionel ... Usage , in both hardback and paperback editions. In 1979, an edition edited by Erik Wensberg appeared ..., schoolmarmish rules and laissez faire liberality in matters of grammar and usage. The novelist, poet ... Fadiman wrote A work comparable to Fowler s classic Modern English Usage . Eliot Fremont Smith wrote ... Wilson Follett and his Modern American Usage ... may be taken as the most detailed and sustained ... variation References Modern American Usage by Wilson Follett Similar works A Dictionary of Modern English Usage , by Henry Watson Fowler Henry W. Fowler The Elements of Style , by William Strunk Jr ... s Modern American Usage Category 1966 books Category Style guides for American English ... more details
Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codon s in coding ... growing rates or that present small genomes, codon usage optimization is normally absent, and codon ... level of codon usage optimization include Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly , Caenorhabditis elegans nematode worm or Arabidopsis thaliana thale cress . The nature of the codon usage tRNA optimization has been fiercely debated. It is not clear whether codon usage drives tRNA evolution or vice versa. At least one mathematical model has been developed where both codon usage and tRNA expression co evolve ... contributing to codon usage bias Different factors have been proposed to be related to codon usage ... cite journal author Ermolaeva MD title Synonymous codon usage in bacteria journal Curr Issues ... pmid12364606 cite journal author Lynn DJ, Singer GA, Hickey DA title Synonymous codon usage is subject ... 9 4 r70 url issn ref Methods of analyzing codon usage bias In the field of bioinformatics and computational biology, many statistical methods have been proposed and used to analyze codon usage bias. ref ... codon usage bias journal J. Mol. Evol. volume 47 issue 3 pages 268 74 year 1998 month September ... codon usage evenness. ref name urlCodon usage indices cite web url http codonw.sourceforge.net Indices.html title Codon usage indices author Peden J authorlink coauthors date 2005 04 15 format work Correspondence Analysis of Codon Usage publisher SourceForge pages language archiveurl archivedate ... component analysis, are widely used to analyze variations in codon usage among genes. ref ... analysis methods for synonymous codon usage in bacteria journal DNA Res. volume 15 issue ... Codon Usage Database http codonw.sourceforge.net CodonW http bioinf.may.ie GCUA GCUA General Codon Usage Analysis http gcua.schoedl.de Graphical Codon Usage Analyser http www.jcat.de JCat Java Codon Usage ... acua ACUA Automated Codon Usage Analysis Tool http genomes.urv.cat OPTIMIZER OPTIMIZER ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In variance analysis accounting direct material usage efficiency, quantity variance is the difference between the standard quantity of materials that should have been used for the number of units actually produced, and the actual quantity of materials used, valued at the standard cost per unit of material. It is one of the two components the other is direct material price variance of direct material total variance . Example Let us assume that standard direct material cost of Widget economics widget is as follows 2 kg of unobtainium at 60 per kg 120 per unit . Let us assume further that during given period, 100 widgets were manufactured, using 212 kg of unobtainium which cost 13,144. Under those assumptions direct material usage variance can be calculated as Infobox VarianceAnalysis VarianceBox2 unt kg tx1 100 units should have used × 2 kg tx2 but did use tx3 Usage variance in kg tx4 standard cost per kg tx5 Usage variance in am1 200 am2 212 am3 12 am4 60 am5 720 va1 A va2 A Direct material usage variance can be reconciled to direct material total variance by way of direct material price variance Infobox VarianceAnalysis VarianceBoxRec tx1 Direct material usage variance tx2 Direct material price variance tx3 Direct material total variance am1 720 am2 424 am3 1,144 va1 A va2 A va3 A See direct material total variance Example and direct material price variance Example for computations of both components. See also Variance analysis accounting DEFAULTSORT Direct Material Usage Variance Category Management accounting ... more details
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