of Wolbachia within an insect cell. br small Credit Public Library of Science Scott O Neill small name Wolbachia regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria ordo Rickettsiales familia Rickettsiaceae genus WolbachiaWolbachia is a genus of bacterium bacteria which infects ... Distribution of Wolbachia in neotropical arthropods journal Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B volume 262 .... ref Cite journal title The Discovery of Wolbachia in Arthropods and Nematodes A Historical Perspective ... year 2007 volume 5 issue Wolbachia A Bug s Life in another Bug pages 1 14 doi 10.1159 000104228 ... pipiens , a species of mosquito . Hertig formally described the genus in 1936 as Wolbachia pipientis ... the sperm of Wolbachia infected males fertilized infection free eggs. ref Cite journal author1 Yen JH ..., Richard Stouthamer of the University of California at Riverside discovered that Wolbachia can ... different evolutionary interactions. Role in sexual differentiation of hosts Within arthropods, Wolbachia ... and ovaries of their hosts. Wolbachia are known to cause four different phenotypes Male killing males ..., F. M., Graf von Der Schulenburg, J. H., Bertrand, D. et al 1999 . Male killing Wolbachia in two ... have suggested that parthenogenesis may always be attributable to the effects of Wolbachia ... evolved to procreate without males with the help of Wolbachia . Males are rare in this tiny species of insect, possibly because many have been killed by that very same strain of Wolbachia . ref cite ... the inability of Wolbachia infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females or females infected with another Wolbachia Strain biology strain . Several species are so dependent on Wolbachia ... ai 97174198 format Reprint accessdate 15 November 2008 ref Wolbachia are present in mature eggs, but not mature ... J r me last2 Moreau first3 Pierre last3 Juchault year 1999 month October title Wolbachia infection in the terrestrial ... It is thought that Wolbachia , especially Wolbachia caused cytoplasmic incompatibility, may be important ... more details
like Wolbachia , which infect a wide range of insect species. As the reproductive incompatibility ... that eggs were killed when the sperm of Wolbachia infected males fertilized infection free eggs. ref .... br Bidirectional CI Mating of males infected with Wolbachia strain I and females infected by Wolbachia strain II and vice versa results in CI. CI occurs when a Wolbachia infected male mates with a female that is infected by another Wolbachia strain bidirectional CI or is uninfected unidirectional ... female is compatible with any infected or uninfected male of the same Wolbachia strain. On the other ... is infected by a CI inducing strain of Wolbachia that is non existent in its mate, it is an incompatible cross. ref name Werren Hosts can be cured from Wolbachia infection by antibiotic use. In diploid ... . Paternal chromosome segregation during the first mitotic division determines Wolbachia induced ... to the CI inducing manipulation. The first occurs inside the Wolbachia infected male during spermatogenesis and is called modification. Because Wolbachia are absent from mature sperm and appear to be excluded .... ref Snook, R, Cleland, S, Wolfner, M, Karr T 2000 . Offsetting Effects of Wolbachia ... 1 167 ref The second event, called rescue, takes place inside the fertilized egg where Wolbachia presence prevents CI from occurring. As long as the Wolbachia strains in egg and sperm cells correspond ... envelope breakdown and mitosis in Wolbachia induced cytoplasmic incompability . Science 296 1124 1126 ... article B6T9H 3VYTMKV 4 2 b22cf619a1a4f955659c763db4619218. ref The exact mechanisms of how Wolbachia ..., F, Orsi, GA, Loppin, B, Sullivan, W 2009 . Wolbachia Mediated Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Is Associated ... caused by CI only occur much later in development ref Duron, O, Weill, M 2006 . Wolbachia ... by Werren, ref name Werren Werren, J 1997 . Biology of Wolbachia , Annual Review of Entomology 42 587 ... males and infected males, but uninfected females cannot mate with infected males. As Wolbachia are only ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Anaplasmataceae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rickettsiales familia Anaplasmataceae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Anaplasma br Ehrlichia br Neorickettsia br Wolbachia Anaplasmataceae is a Proteobacteria family ref cite book last Garrity first George title Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology publisher Springer year 2005 isbn 0 387 24145 0 ref that includes genera Anaplasma , Ehrlichia , Neorickettsia and Wolbachia . References references div class references small div Category Proteobacteria Category Rickettsiales Rickettsiales Proteobacteria stub de Anaplasmataceae es Anaplasmataceae pt Anaplasmataceae ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Porcellionides pruinosus regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Crustacean Crustacea classis Malacostraca ordo Isopoda familia Porcellionidae genus Porcellionides species P. pruinosus binomial Porcellionides pruinosus binomial authority Johann Friedrich von Brandt Brandt , 1833 ref name ITIS ITIS id 93273 taxon Porcellionides pruinosus accessdate October 25, 2010 ref Porcellionides pruinosus is a Cosmopolitan distribution cosmopolitan woodlouse that is suspected to consist of very closely related species . Ten subspecies are recognised. ref name ITIS The species carries Wolbachia endosymbionts , which is an alpha proteobacteria alpha proteobacterium that is known to modify the reproduction of their crustacean host biology hosts by inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility or Feminization biology feminisation . ref cite journal journal Heredity journal Heredity year 2001 volume 87 pages 428 434 doi 10.1046 j.1365 2540.2001.00920.x title Wolbachia diversity in the Porcellionides pruinosus complex of species Crustacea Oniscidea evidence for host dependent patterns of infection author Alice Michel Salzat, Richard Cordaux & Didier Bouchon url http www.nature.com hdy journal v87 n4 full 6889200a.html ref References reflist Category Porcellionidae Category Animals described in 1833 Category Woodlice of Europe isopod stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub type bacteria auto yes date December 2009 Taxobox color lightgrey name Rickettsiaceae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rickettsiales familia Rickettsiaceae familia authority Pinkerton, 1936 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Rickettsia br Orientia br Wolbachia The Rickettsiaceae are a Family biology family of bacterium bacteria , including most notably the genus Rickettsia . Most human pathogens are in genus Rickettsia. They spend part of their life cycle in the bodies of arthropods such as ticks or lice , and are then transmitted to humans or other mammals by the bite of the arthropod. It is a Gram negative bacteria , very sensitive to environmental exposure, and thus is an obligate intracellular infection. Rickettsia rickettsii is considered the prototypical infectious organism in the group. Similar arthropod borne Rickettsial infections exist in other areas of the world. Category Rickettsiales Proteobacteria stub de Rickettsiaceae es Rickettsiaceae fr Rickettsiaceae pt Rickettsiaceae ru uk Rickettsiaceae ... more details
Taxobox name Trichogramma regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hymenoptera subordo Apocrita superfamilia Chalcidoidea familia Trichogrammatidae genus Trichogramma subdivision ranks Species subdivision 230 , see text The wasps of genus Trichogramma , commonly known as stingless wasps , are some of the most widely studied agents of biological pest control biological control in the field of entomology. Trichogramma wasps are tiny Hymenoptera n insects, measuring 1 millimeter in length or less, that parasitize the eggs of many types of agricultural pest insects. They are easy to rear and release in fields suffering from pest outbreaks. There are over 230 species of Trichogramma , and most are so similar, advanced expertise is required to tell them apart. Genetic studies are ongoing. The wasps are currently used to control at least 28 species of insect pest, including the Helicoverpa zea cotton bollworm , codling moth , and European corn borer . Female wasps inject their own eggs into the egg of the pest, and her larvae consume the embryo and other contents of the egg. See Wolbachia for additional details. External links http insects.tamu.edu extension bulletins b 6071.html trichogramma Biocontrol oriented Trichogramma Manual http www.dpi.qld.gov.au cropresearch 16030.html Trichogramma Article Category Chalcidoidea Category Biological pest control agents fr Trichogramme pl Kruszynek owady ru ... more details
Thelytoky comes from the Greek language Greek thely, meaning female , and tok, meaning birth . Thelytokous parthenogenesis is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs. It is rare in the animal animal kingdom and has only been reported in about 1500 species . ref White, M 1984 . Chromosomal mechanisms in animal reproduction. Bull Zoology 51 1 23. ref It is more common in invertebrates , like arthropods , but can also occur in vertebrates , like some Cnemidophorus whiptail lizards . Thelytoky can occur by a number of different mechanisms each of which has a different impact on the level of zygosity homozygosity . It can be induced in Hymenoptera by the bacteria Wolbachia and Cardinium ref Jeong, G. and Stouthamer, R. 2005 Genetics of female functional virginity in the Parthenogenesis Wolbachia infected parasitoid wasp Horntail Telenomus nawai Hymenoptera Scelionidae . Heredity 94 402 407 ref , and has also been described in several groups of Hymenoptera, including Cynipidae , Tenthredinidae , Aphelinidae , Ichneumonidae , Apidae and Formicidae . ref Suomalainen E, Saura A, Lokki J 1987 . Cytology and Evolution in Parthenogenesis. CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton, FL. ref Hymenoptera ant s, bee s and wasp s usually reproduce by arrhenotoky arrhenotokous parthenogenesis . They have the haplodiploid sex determination system , and usually unfertilized eggs develop into haploid males, and fertilized eggs develop into diploid females. In thelytoky, however, female worker bee worker s or queen insect queen s are produced by laying worker bee s when diploidy is restored in their eggs by the fusion of two meiosis meiotic products. ref Baudry, E. et al. 2004 Whole Genome Scan in Thelytokous Laying Workers of the Cape Honey bee Apis mellifera capensis Central Fusion, Reduced Recombination Rates and Centromere Mapping Using Half Tetrad Analysis. Genetics journal 167 243 252 ref . These laying workers are therefore producing unfertilized diploid eggs ... more details
wiktionarypar AWOL AWOL is an acronym for absent without official leave . AWOL may also refer to In film Lionheart 1990 film Lionheart 1990 film , known in the UK as A.W.O.L. , starring Jean Claude Van Damme A.W.O.L. 1972 film A.W.O.L. 1972 film , directed by Herb Freed A.W.O.L. 2006 film A.W.O.L. 2006 film , starring David Morse and John C. McGinley Absent Without Leave 1992 film Absent Without Leave 1992 film , starring Craig McLachlan In book Halo Contact Harvest , Avery Johnson goes AWOL after recuperating from a mission and finding out his aunt is dead. In music A.W.O.L. album A.W.O.L. album , by rapper musician AZ A.W.O.L. song A.W.O.L. song , of the album Paul s Boutique, of the band Beastie Boys A.W.O.L. , a song featured on album Impact is Imminent from Thrash Metal band Exodus A.W.O.L. , song off the album One for the Kids , of the band Yellowcard AWOL , Jethro Tull song from their 1999 album J Tull Dot Com AWOL , song by Broadway A.W.O.L. , Chris Brown 2010 People Mohammed Awol , Ethiopian athlete Amery Smith a.k.a AWOL, drummer musician In other uses Alcohol without liquid , a play on the military term American way of life , lifestyle of U.S. residents the Anti Wolbachia Consortium, headed by the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine A Way Of Life , a retreat for breast cancer survivors disambig fr AWOL ... more details
Taxobox image Protocalliphora.azurea2. .lindsey.jpg image caption Protocalliphora azurea regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Fly Diptera familia Calliphoridae subfamilia Calliphorinae genus Protocalliphora genus authority Hough, 1899 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Protocalliphora or bird blowflies are a blow fly genus containing many species which are obligate parasites of birds. ref Curtis Williams Sabrosky Sabrosky, C. W. , Bennett G. F., Whitworth T. L. 1989. Bird blow flies Protocalliphora Diptera Calliphoridae in North America with notes on the Palearctic species. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. ref The larvae suck the blood of nestlings and are found in the nests of birds. The genus is affected by Wolbachia bacteria and it has been suggested that horizontal gene transfer may have led to the difficulty in separating species of Protocalliphora through DNA fingerprinting, with several species possessing identical mtDNA Cyclooxygenase Cytochrome oxidase I sequences. ref T.L. Whitworth, R.D. Dawson, H. Magalon, E. Baudry 2007. DNA barcoding cannot reliably identify species of the blowfly genus Protocalliphora Diptera Calliphoridae . Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 274 1619 1731 1739 http www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk content tu21831k825kv655 ref They sometimes feed inside the nostrils of nestling birds and destroy the tissue at the base leading to reduced growth of the upper mandible and the young growing with shovel beaks . ref H. Elliott McClure 1962 Ten Years and 10,000 Birds Concluded . Bird Banding 33 2 69 84 ref References reflist External links commonscat inline Protocalliphora Category Calliphoridae Diptera stub fr Protocalliphora ... more details
into females by cytoplasmic inherited protists Microsporidia or bacteria Wolbachia , regardless ... of bacteria have been implicated, including Wolbachia . Male sterility Anther tissue male gametophyte ... , in which males are produced asexually, Wolbachia and Cardinium can induce duplication of the chromosome ... produced by sperm of infected males and ova of non infected females can be killed by Wolbachia or Cardinium ... more details
Hill topping is a mate location behaviour seen in many insect s including butterfly butterflies , dragonfly dragonflies , wasp s, ref Alcock, J. 1985. Hilltopping behaviour in the wasp Pseudomasaris maculifrons Fox Hymenoptera Masaridae . J. Kansas. Entomol. Soc. 58 162 166. ref beetle s ref Schaedla, W. H. 2005. Hilltopping on termitaries by the Indochinese tiger beetle, Heptodonta analis Cincindelidae . Insect Science 12 2 151 ref and fly flies . ref Alcock, J. 1989. The mating system of Mydas ventralis Diptera Mydidae . Psyche 96 167 176 http psyche.entclub.org 96 96 167.html ref Males of many butterfly species may be found flying up to and staying on a hilltop for days on end if necessary. Females, desirous of mating, fly up the hill. Males dash around the top, competing for the best part of the area usually the very top as the male with the best territory at the top of the hill would have the best chance of mating with the occasional female, who knows the top male must be strong and thus genetically fit. Many authors consider this as a form of Lek mating arena lekking behaviour . ref Alcock, J. 1987. Leks and hilltopping in insects. J. Nat. Hist.21 319 328. ref Many butterfly species including Papilionidae swallowtails , Nymphalidae nymphalids , Riodinidae metal marks and Lycaenidae lycaenids are known to hill top. In some Acraea butterflies widespread infection by Wolbachia results in a rarity of males and in these species the females widely engage in hill topping behaviour. ref Jiggins, Francis M. 2002. Widespread hilltopping in Acraea butter ies and the origin of sex role reversed swarming in Acraea encedon and A. encedana Afr. J. Ecol. 40 228 231 ref Female butterflies at hill topping sites are predominantly of unmated individuals. ref Shields, O. 1967 Hilltopping. J. Res. Lep. 6 69 178 ref Studies have shown that even slight elevation differences on flat terrain can trigger hill topping behaviour. ref Baughman, John F., Dennis D. Murphy 1988. What Constitu ... more details
useful for study in biology classes. Normally the Nasonia species cannot be interbred due to the Wolbachia ... can be interbred if treated with antibiotics which kill the Wolbachia bacteria.5 The venom ... more details
the worm, the symbiotic Wolbachia bacteria within the worm, the host s immune response, and the numerous ... as a novel strategy against bancroftian filariasis depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts from Wuchereria ... for elephantiasis have a population of symbiotic bacteria, Wolbachia , that live inside the worm ... more details
by thin, dirty orange rings. Infection by Wolbachia bacteria is known to exclusively kill male specimens. ref cite journal author E. A. Dyson, M. K. Kamath & G. D. Hurst year 2002 title Wolbachia ... probably Wolbachia had been killing the male members of Hypolimnas bolina . The problem was so severe ... more details
endosymbiont bacterium Wolbachia is responsible for the alteration in reproductive capability. ref name Hernandes2006 Wolbachia , a genus of inherited bacteria common in insects, are known to alter the sex ... Werren2008 cite journal author Werren JH, Baldo L, Clark ME. title Wolbachia master manipulators of invertebrate ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians Name Head Hits Conrete Img Img capt Img size Landscape Yes Background group or band Alias Origin Winnipeg , Manitoba Genre Grindcore Years active 1999&ndash 2004 Label G7 Welcoming Committee Records Associated acts Swallowing Shit URL http headhitsconcrete.n3.net Official Site Current members Mike Alexander br Craig Boychuk br Darcy Bunio br Brad Skibinsky Past members Jeff Byckal br Justin Ludwar Notable instruments Head Hits Concrete is a political grindcore Musical band band that formed in April of 1999 in Winnipeg, Manitoba Winnipeg . Between 1999 and 2004 the band recorded a cassette demo, 3 EPs and split records with my Minds Mine and Bodies Lay Broken. Head Hits Concrete went on extended hiatus in 2004. ref http www.aversionline.com reviews 403 Aversion Online The Kingdom Come Undone review ref ref http www.uptownmag.com archive music 04oct14.htm Uptown Magazine Grinding to a halt Long serving Winnipeg metal band packs it in ref During this period they played numerous shows in Winnipeg including an annual extreme music festival known as Arsonfest and embarked on one American and one Canadian tour with Fuck the Facts from Ottawa . The band collectively decided to pursue other projects after returning from their western Canadian tour in 2004. Those projects include instrumentalists Prague Bunio, Boychuk , Putrescence Alexander , Kursk currently defunct Skibinsky , Wolbachia Skibinsky , Big Trouble In Little China Bunio, original guitarist Byckal and L viv Boychuk . Aside from Kursk, all of these projects are currently active in some capacity. The band reformed for a show with Brutal Truth in 2010, has toured briefly since that date, and is currently writing new material towards a split LP with Vancouver s Mudlark for a release in 2011. Discography 2000 Mitakuye Owaysin demo 2001 eponym Eponymous EP, Sounds of Betrayal Records 2001 Split 10 with My Minds Mine , Sound of Betrayal Records 2002 Hope Fear an ... more details
. ref name John, David T. 2006 Since the discovery of the importance of Wolbachia in the lifecycle ... the successful reduction of Wolbachia and microfilariae in onchocerciasis and W. bancrofti infected ... antifilarial drugs. ref Citation last Rao first R. U. title Endosymbiotic Wolbachia of parasitic filarial ... and endosymbiont Wolbachia metabolism. These potential new targets for drugs or vaccines should ... Relationship of Brugia malayi with Wolbachia The relationship between the bacteria Wolbachia and B. malayi ... worm that causes filariasis, believe that Wolbachia may aid in embryogenesis of the worm, be responsible ... done by University of Bonn in Ghana, doxycycline was effective in depleting Wolbachia from ... Hoerauf, Achim. Targeting wolbachia, doxycycline reduces pathology of lymphatic filariasis ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Alphaproteobacteria image Wolbachia.png image caption Transmission electron micrograph of Wolbachia within an insect cell. br small Credit Public Library of Science Scott O Neill small domain Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria subdivision ranks Order biology Order s subdivision Caulobacteraceae Caulobacterales e.g. Caulobacter crescentus Caulobacter Kiloniellales Kopriimonadales Kordiimonas gwangyangensis Kordiimonadales Parvularcula Parvularculales Rhizobiales e.g. Rhizobia Rhodobacteraceae Rhodobacterales Rhodospirillales e.g. Acetobacter br Rickettsiales e.g. Rickettsia br Sneathiellales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonadales e.g. Sphingomonas Alphaproteobacteria is a class of Proteobacteria . ref name urlwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Info&id 28211 title www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov format work accessdate 2009 03 19 ref Like all Proteobacteria, they are Gram negative . Characteristics The Alphaproteobacteria comprise most phototroph ic genera, but also several genera metabolising C1 compounds e.g. Methylobacterium spp. , symbionts of plants e.g. Rhizobium spp. and animals, and a group of pathogens, the Rickettsiaceae . Moreover the precursors of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells are thought to have originated from Rickettsia spp. in this class See endosymbiotic theory . . Because of their symbiotic properties scientists often use Alphaproteobacteria of the genus Agrobacterium to transfer foreign DNA into plant genomes and they also have many other biotechnological properties. ref http www.heribert hirt.info labtimes.htm ref Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are alphaproteobacteria that are a widely distributed marine plankton which may constitute over 10 of the open ocean microbial community. Classification Families, most of which belong to the Rhizobiales order, incl ... more details
by infection. Bacterium Bacteria of the genus Wolbachia alter their sexuality some species consist entirely of ZZ individuals, with sex determined by the presence of Wolbachia . Secondary sex characteristics ... more details
from their eggs. This trait is associated with a variety of different bacteria Wolbachia ref Hurst, G., Jiggins, F. M., Graf von Der Schulenburg, J. H., Bertrand, D. et al 1999 . Male killing Wolbachia ... more details
strains of Wolbachia . These bacteria can alter the sex ratios of the species. ref cite journal doi ... title Multiple infection with Wolbachia inducing different reproductive manipulations in the butterfly ... more details
bacteria called Wolbachia . It has now become increasingly clear that Wolbachia play the major ..., Lass JH, Diaconu E, Pearlman E 2002 The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis ... more details
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