Viral life cycle Updated, will add more info as research permits, most updated as of date below. User PhD Dre Chronic since 1992. User talk PhD Dre talk 22 00, 12 December 2007 UTC Viralshedding refers to the successful reproduction, expulsion, and host cell infection caused by virus progeny. Once replication has been completed and the host cell biology cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods ref N.J. Dimmock et al. Introduction to Modern Virology, 6th edition. Blackwell Publishing, 2007. ref . The term is used to refer to shedding from a single cell, shedding from one part of the body into another part of the body, ref http www.mass.gov dph cdc epii rabies controlplan rcp chap1.rtf Massachusetts Department of Public Health Rabies Control Plan CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION Definitions as Used in this Document ... Shedding The release of rabies virus from the salivary glands into the saliva. ref and shedding from bodies into the environment where the viruses may infect other bodies. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?db pubmed&uid 512419&cmd showdetailview&indexed google J Infect Dis. 1979 Oct 140 4 610 3 article Viralshedding patterns of children with influenza B infection ref Via budding Image Budding of generic virus, pictorial represent.jpg 120 px right Generic viral budding. Budding through the cell envelope, in effect using the cell membrane cell s membrane for the virus itself is most ... onto the surface of the cell in preparation for the virus to bud through, forming an envelope with the viral ... . Via apoptosis Image Pictorial rep of viral forced apop to infect macro.JPG 100 px right Virus forcing ..., exocytotic release of viral progeny is used to release viral particles. Viral progeny are synthesized ..., although enveloped viruses display this too. An example is the use of recycling viral particle receptors ... topics Category Virology Category Viral life cycle Category Microbiology Ar ... more details
Shedding can refer to Shedding or moult ing of body parts Desquamation , pathologic or non pathologic skin shedding. A family of card games where the objective is the shedding of one s hand disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Wiktionary The adjective or adverb viral and the noun virality may refer to any viral phenomenon , that is, an object or pattern that is able to induce some agents to replicate it, resulting in many copies being produced and spread around. In medical Terminology Viral means pertaining to a virus. Vir Virus Al Pertaining to. Viral or Veeral is also Indian male name which is very popular in state of Gujarat, India Means someone who is unique, sweeter, brave, smarter, one in billion, different than others, rare to find and romantic. More specifically, the terms may be used in reference to a biological virus a computer virus viral marketing , the use of existing social networks to spread a marketing message a viral video , a video that quickly attains a high popularity through the Internet disambig ja pt Viral ... more details
Image Vortex street animation.gif frame right Vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder. Courtesy, Cesareo de La Rosa Siqueira. Vortex shedding is an unsteady flow that takes place in special flow velocities according to the size and shape of the cylindrical body . In this flow, Vortex vortices are created at the back of the body and detach periodically from either side of the body. See Von K rm n vortex street . Vortex shedding is caused when a fluid flows past a blunt object. The fluid flow past the object creates alternating low pressure Vortex vortices on the downstream side of the object. The object will tend to move toward the low pressure zone. Eventually, if the frequency of vortex shedding matches the Resonance resonance frequency of the structure, the structure will begin to resonate and the structure s movement can become self sustaining. Tall chimneys constructed of thin walled steel tube can be sufficiently flexible that, in air flow with a speed in the critical range, vortex shedding can drive the chimney into violent oscillations that can damage or destroy the chimney. These chimneys can be protected from this phenomenon by installing a series of fences sometimes called ... shedding with low separation frequencies. Vortex shedding was one of the causes proposed for the failure ... because the frequency of the vortex shedding did not match that of the bridge. The bridge actually ... Point Vertigo at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio suffered vortex shedding during the winter of 2001 ... date May 2002 accessdate 2009 02 22 ref Governing equation The frequency at which vortex shedding ... fD V math Where math St math is the Strouhal number , math f math is the vortex shedding frequency ... number depends on the body shape and on the Reynolds number . Mitigation of vortex shedding effects ... vortex shedding.htm Another explanation of vortex shedding includes a helpful diagram http www.civeng.carleton.ca ... watch?v AJgEa2dbJU Flow visualisation of the vortex shedding mechanism on circular cylinder using ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Shedding the Past Type studio Artist Shed musician Shed Cover Shed shedding the past.jpg Released start date 2008 9 2 Recorded Genre Techno Length Label Ostgut Ton Producer Reviews All Music Rating 4 5 Allmusic class album id r1415652 pure url yes link Artistdirect Rating 4 5 http www.artistdirect.com nad store artist album 0,,4763657,00.html link Resident Advisor Rating 4.5 5 http www.residentadvisor.net review view.aspx?id 5436 link XLR8R 6 10 http www.xlr8r.com reviews shedding past shed link Last album This album Shedding the Past br 2008 Next album Shedding the Past is the 2008 debut album by German techno musician Shed musician Shed . Reception Resident Advisor an online magazine with a focus on electronic music named Shedding the Past as the best album of 2008. ref name RA cite web url http www.residentadvisor.net feature read.aspx?id 998 title RA Poll Top 20 albums of 2008 work Resident Advisor date 2008 12 17 accessdate 2009 04 29 ref They also named it the 18th best album of the decade. ref cite news url http www.residentadvisor.net feature.aspx?1144 title Top 100 albums of the 00s date January 25, 2010 work Resident Advisor accessdate March 19, 2010 ref Track listing tracklist all writing Shed title1 Intro length1 1 07 title2 Boose Sweep length2 7 06 title3 Another Wedged Chicken length3 7 09 title4 Flat Axe length4 7 23 title5 The Lower Upside Down length5 8 07 title6 Slow Motion Replay length6 7 22 title7 Waved Mind Archive Document length7 4 12 title8 Archive Document That Beats Everything length8 5 51 title9 Ithaw length9 6 58 title10 Estrange length10 6 33 title11 Ostrich Mountain Square length11 2 52 References reflist Category 2008 albums Category Techno albums ... more details
Infobox television show name Shedding for the Wedding image File SFTW.png 260px caption Shedding for the Wedding ... by followed by related website http www.cwtv.com shows shedding for the wedding website title Official website production website Shedding For The Wedding is a reality competition series that will follow .... ref http www.realitytvworld.com news the cw orders shedding for wedding reality competiton series 10982.php The CW Orders Shedding for the Wedding Reality Competition Series , Reality TV World , May ... Shedding For The Wedding . The project is produced by Raquel Productions with executive producers Dave ... www.cwtv.com shows shedding for the wedding about title About Shedding for the Wedding work Official ... Upfront Presentation in New York, the network announced that Shedding for the Wedding would be part ... shedding for the wedding taps sara rue as host.html The CW s Shedding for the Wedding Taps Sara ... s new reality competition Shedding For The Wedding, that is the challenge that nine overweight couples ... themes they select. In each episode of Shedding For The Wedding, the couples face off in a big ... cite web last first url http www.cwtv.com shows shedding for the wedding about title Shedding for the Wedding ... shedding for the wedding episode 1 recap title Shedding for the Wedding Episode 1 Recap work www.dietsinreview.com ... 03 shedding for the wedding episode 2 recap title Shedding for the Wedding Episode 2 Recap work www.dietsinreview.com ... 03 09 shedding for the wedding flower power episode recap title Shedding For The Wedding Flower Power ... cite web last Wallad first Samantha url http thecelebritycafe.com feature shedding wedding recap episode 4 03 19 2011 title Shedding for the Wedding Recap Episode 4 work thecelebritycafe.com ... Samantha url http thecelebritycafe.com feature shedding wedding episode 5 03 23 2011 title Shedding ... TheCelebrityCafe cite web last Wallad first Samantha url http thecelebritycafe.com feature shedding wedding recap episode 6 03 30 2011 title Shedding for the Wedding Recap Episode 6 work thecelebritycafe.com ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A viral shift is the sudden emergence of a seemingly novel strain of a virus. It is a prerequisite viral condition for pandemic s. An existing virus undergoes a change and becomes a pathogen , such as the constantly mutating A strain of influenza in which the change is known as an antigenic shift . Existing vaccine s or natural antibodies cannot produce an immune response to the new strain. Viral shift is caused by Reassortment viral subunit reassortment , as opposed to simple random mutation . DEFAULTSORT Viral Shift Category Viruses Virus stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Viral transfer is a type of gene splicing that uses a virus as a Viral vector vector for the wanted gene sequence. Category Biotechnology Category Molecular genetics genetics stub ... more details
Disambig Viral arthritis poultry a Avian reovirus reovirus infection of chicken s and turkey . Caprine arthritis and encephalitis a retrovirus infection of goat s. Category Veterinary medicine Category Viral diseases ... more details
Image Hexon.svg thumb Diagram of how a virus capsid can be constructed using multiple copies of just two protein molecules A viral protein is a protein generated by a virus . ref MeshName Viral Proteins ref Many are structural, forming the viral envelope and capsid . ref MeshName Viral Structural Proteins ref However, there are also viral nonstructural protein s and viral regulatory and accessory protein s. More than 490 have been identified. ref name pmid18974184 cite journal author Chatr aryamontri A, Ceol A, Peluso D, et al. title VirusMINT a viral protein interaction database journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 37 issue Database issue pages D669 73 year 2009 month January pmid 18974184 doi 10.1093 nar gkn739 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 18974184 pmc 2686573 ref Aggregated, these proteins can form inclusion bodies . References Reflist Virus topics Viral proteins DEFAULTSORT Viral Protein Category Viral proteins virus stub Ar ... more details
Viral phenomena are objects or patterns able to Self replication replicate themselves or convert other objects into copies of themselves when these objects are exposed to them. The concept of something, other than a Virus biological virus , being viral came into vogue just after the Internet became widely popular in the mid to late 1990s. An object, even a immaterial object, is considered to be viral when it has the ability to spread copies of itself or change other similar objects to become more like itself when those objects are simply exposed to the viral object . This has become a common way to describe how thoughts, information and trends move into and through a human population. Meme s are possibly the best example of viral patterns. The 1992 novel Snow Crash explores the implications of an ancient memetic meta virus and its modern day computer virus equivalent cquote We are all susceptible to the pull of viral ideas. Like mass hysteria . Or a tune that gets into your head that you keep on humming all day until you spread it to someone else. Jokes. Urban legends . Crackpot religions. No matter how smart we get, there is always this deep irrational part that makes us potential hosts for self replicating information. see q Snow Crash wikiquote Research on viral marketing techniques has begun to reveal some of the specific dynamics of the viral phenomenon. The viral spread of an Internet message involves a convergence of modalities, including blogs , social networking sites ... Online Viewership, Blog Discussion and Mainstream Media Coverage Produced a Viral Video Phenomenon ... media coverage produced viral video phenomenon accessdate 2010 01 03 Dead link date September 2010 bot H3llBot ref Examples of viral phenomena in addition to memes are Viral marketing Chain letter s Viral email Viral video Viral license s such as the GNU General Public License Clothing fashion trends ... Category Viral videos ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Viral pathogenesis is the study of how biological virus es cause diseases in their target Host biology host s, usually carried out at the cellular or molecular level. It is a specialized field of study in virology . See also pathogen pathogenesis DEFAULTSORT Viral Pathogenesis Category Virology Category Microbiology ... more details
Viral Messages refer to marketing messages that are passed from person to person through their Social Networks . To create successful viral marketing messages, where success is defined as positive Return on Investment , marketers must identify individuals with high Social Networking Potential SNP communicate compelling information that induces them to purchase the marketer s offer communicate information that high SNPs are likely to pass on through their social network Communication of information in media that can be easily forwarded such as Internet videos, text messages SMS can effectively augment word of mouth transmission of the information throughout social networks. See also Social Networking Potential Viral Marketing Category Viral marketing Category Social networks ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj article eMedicineTopic 1168529 MeshID D008587 Viral meningitis refers to meningitis caused by a viral infection . ref name urlViral Meningitis Overview eMedicine Neurology cite web url http emedicine.medscape.com article 1168529 overview title Viral Meningitis Overview eMedicine Neurology format work accessdate 2009 03 05 ref It is sometimes referred to as Sepsis aseptic meningitis in contrast to meningitis caused by bacteria . An example is lymphocytic choriomeningitis . Viral meningitis is most commonly caused by enteroviruses . ref name urlMeningitis Viral FAQs CDC Meningitis cite web url http www.cdc.gov meningitis viral viral faqs.htm title Meningitis Viral FAQs & 124 CDC Meningitis format work accessdate 2009 03 05 ref Causative organisms include Herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 also cause cold sores or genital herpes Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV causes AIDS Enterovirus es Varicella zoster VZV also causes chickenpox Epstein Barr virus EBV also causes infectious mononucleosis mono Cytomegalovirus CMV Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus LCMV Poliovirus Coxsackie A virus also causes Hand foot and mouth disease St. Louis encephalitis St. Louis Encephalitis virus West Nile virus Mumps ref http emedicine.medscape.com article 1168529 overview ref Treatment Herpes simplex virus HSV , varicella and cytomegalovirus CMV have a specific antiviral therapy most other viruses do not. For HSV the treatment of choice is acyclovir ref name acyclovir cite journal author Tyler KL title Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system encephalitis and meningitis, including Mollaret s journal Herpes volume 11 Suppl 2 issue pages 57A 64A year 2004 month June pmid 15319091 doi url ref References reflist Nervoussystem disease stub Viral diseases Diseases of meninges Category Meningitis Category Viral infections of the central nervous system simple Viral meningitis ... more details
Image The cOmplete.jpg right thumb 250px Full viral symphOny cover art by Joseph Nechvatal viral symphOny ... ref http www.vimeo.com 3908524 Joseph Nechvatal Interview see end for mention of viral symphOny ref ref http www.archive.org details ViralSymphony viral symphOny archived at archive.org ref . It was created ... 2007 06 review of viral symphony.html Dean Crandell review of viral symphOny ref C software based on the viral phenomenon model. ref http www.ubu.com sound nechvatal.html 2 excerpts from viral symphOny ... joseph nechvatal viral symphony complete Review of full viral symphOny by Continuo ref Awards viral .... 80 ref viral symphOny was voted 2 in the top ten at free103.9 radio in 2007 SoundLAB VI selected artist ... viral structures http www.mattunderwood.net Matthew Underwood nano, micro, meso and macro structures ..., viral structures, & synthesizer Matthew Underwood nano, micro, meso and macro structures Stephane Sikora C viral programming Ovid s Metamorphosis text Jane Lawrence Smith voice movement 3 pastOral pleasures 12.08 min Joseph Nechvatal original concept, viral structures, and text Matthew Underwood nano ... Section French Horns, Trumpets, Trombone Performance history The complete viral symphOny was performed ... details ViralSymphony viral symphOny is downloadable for free at www.archive.org The first three movements of the viral symphOny net broadcast by WebSYNradio four times a day from September 30 to October ... nechvatal viral.html The complete viral symphOny was performed as the soundtrack to a digital art ... 2009 01 16 joseph nechvatal viral symphony complete Review of full viral symphOny by Continuo http sonhors.free.fr kronik Joseph Nechvatal viral symphony.htm Review Joseph Nechvatal viral symphOny at SONHORS Recording reference http www.cdemusic.org store cde search.cfm?keywords nechvatal&CFID 2597741&CFTOKEN 37225271 viral symphOny first movement only CD Produced in 2006 at The Institute for Electronic Arts http www.soanyway.org.uk josephnechvatal.htm viral venus vibratOr web ... more details
Infobox Company name The Viral Factory logo Image TheViralFactory.jpg 200px type Public company Public ... country location London , United Kingdom locations area served Global key people industry Viral Marketing ... divisions subsid homepage http www.theviralfactory.com theviralfactory.com footnotes intl The Viral Factory is a full service viral marketing agency based in Shoreditch , London United Kingdom . History The Viral Factory was founded in 2001 by Ed Robinson and Matt Smith. Their first venture was a collaboration ... Headrush ref cite web url http www.youtube.com watch?v oBOoFHuQYTQ title Youtube Headrush The Viral Factory Self Promotion ref , an in house promotional viral which gained the fledging company its first ... watch?v 960vBSKT Pw title Youtube Moon Truth ref aided in establishing the viral as a tool for public and media notoriety. One of The Viral Factory s first major corporate campaigns was a series ... in global Blue chip stock market blue chip clients and further viral campaigns with brands such as Microsoft , Ford and Coca Cola . In 2010 The Viral Factory closed its USA branch. Style and content The Viral Factory work on feeding basic human emotions with anarchic versions of reality to get ... SZkNJ7l35a title Youtube Cloverfield Oil Rig ref The Viral Factory has, on occasions, used covert seeding ... studio. This viral hoax led to 3,000 people, taken in by the footage, calling NASA to complain about their dishonesty in saying that they had conquered the moon. Ford Ka campaign. A viral entitled ... roof. The viral caused outrage which led to the advertising agency that allegedly commissioned the viral ... The Viral Factory ref Awards Cannes Cyber Gold Lion ref cite web url http www.canneslions.com title ..., Viral Fingerskilz Hewlett Packard 2007 Webby Awards Not for profit People s Voice Winner GI Jonny BBC Learning 2008 D&AD Yellow Pencil, Viral Animation & Motion Graphics & YouTube 2007 awards nomination, Most creative for How we met Samsung Electronics 2008 See also Viral marketing Viral video List ... more details
Viral culture is a laboratory test in which samples are placed with a Cell biology cell type that the virus being tested for is able to infect. If the cells show changes, known as cytopathic effect s, then the culture is positive. ref cite web url http www.webmd.com hw health guide atoz stv5474.asp title Viral culture last Curtis first Jeanette coauthors Caroline Rea date 25 May 2007 work WebMD accessdate 2009 09 09 ref Traditional viral culture has been generally superseded by shell vial culture, in which the sample is centrifuged onto a single layer of cells and viral growth is measured by Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections Antigen detection antigen detection methods. This greatly reduces the time to detection for slow growing viruses such as cytomegalovirus , for which the method was developed. ref cite book last Storch first Gregory A. coauthors Bernard N. Fields, David Mahan Knipe, Peter M. Howley title Fields Virology editor David Mahan Knipe, Peter M. Howley publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins year 2007 edition 5th volume 1 pages 3177 chapter Diagnostic virology isbn 0781760607 url http books.google.com ?id 5O0somr0w18C&pg RA1 PA570 ref In addition, the centrifugation step in shell vial culture enhances the sensitivity of this method because after centrifugation, the viral particles of the sample are in close proximity to the cells. Human and monkey cells are used in both traditional viral culture and shell vial culture. See also Cell culture Instruments used in microbiology Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections Viral plaque References reflist cite journal last Leland first Diane S. coauthors Ginocchio, Christine C. year 2007 title Role of cell culture for virus detection in the age of technology journal Clinical Microbiology Reviews publisher American ... 407761&spf strutsAction 2fshowDetail.do title Viral Culture, General ... 2009 09 09 Viruses Category Medical tests Category Virology med diagnostic stub virus stub simple Viral ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Viral transformation most commonly refers to the virus induced malignant transformation of an animal cell biology cell in a body or cell culture . In molecular biology , the term may also refer to the transfection of DNA into a host cell using a viral vector . Virus induced malignant transformation See also Malignant transformation Viral transformation can impose characteristically determinable features upon a cell. Typical phenotype phenotypic changes include high saturation density, anchorage independent growth, loss of contact inhibition, loss of orientated growth, immortalisation, disruption of the cell s cytoskeleton . Epidemiological studies suggest that malignant transformation of cells by viruses occurs via multiple steps. This involves initiation, promotion and progression events. Viruses act along with other factors to transform cells. The persistence of at least part of the viral genome within the cell is required for cell transformation. This is accompanied by the continual expression from a number of viral gene s. These genes interfere with a cell s signal transduction signaling pathway causing the observed phenotypic changes of the cell. The end result is a transformed cell showing increased cell division, which is favorable to the virus. Transformation using viral vectors The term transformation genetics transformation is also used for the introduction of foreign DNA into cells, which can be achieved using a viral vector to transfer the DNA. This process is also referred to as transfection or transduction genetics transduction , respectively. Genetic engineering DEFAULTSORT Viral Transformation Category Molecular biology Category Virology Category Microbiology Molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Viral load is a measure of the severity of a virus viral infection, and can be calculated by estimating the Virus Quantification amount of virus in an involved body fluid. For example, it can be given in ribonucleic acid RNA copies per milliliter of blood plasma. Determination of viral load is part of the therapy monitoring during chronic viral infections, and in immunocompromised patients such as those recovering from bone marrow or solid organ transplant ation. Currently, routine testing is available for HIV 1, cytomegalovirus , hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. HIV viral load test Several different HIV viral load tests have been developed, and three are currently approved for use in the US COBAS AmpliPrep COBAS TaqMan HIV 1 Test Hoffman La Roche , better known as the polymerase chain reaction PCR test NucliSens HIV 1 QT, or NASBA bioMerieux Versant Quantiplex HIV 1 RNA, or bDNA .... Higher numbers in the viral load tests indicate an increased risk of getting sick from opportunistic ... HIV therapy , to track viral suppression and detect treatment failure. Successful combination antiretroviral therapy should give a fall in viral load of 1.5 to 2 logs 30 100 fold within six weeks, with the viral ... use, is also used for viral load monitoring ExaVir Load from Cavidi AB, http www.cavidi.com ... HIV 1 viral load determination based on reverse transcriptase activity recovered from human .... The technology does not require sophisticated laboratories and can therefore make viral load testing ... HIV 1 viral load monitoring. Curr HIV Res 3 2 183 190, 2005. ref ref Jennings C, Fiscus SA, Crowe SM ... 6. ref Viral load tests can also be used to diagnose HIV infection, especially in children under ... of viral load testing is deemed important for yielding an earlier HIV diagnosis. Since persons ... Viral Load Category Virology Category HIV AIDS Category Medical tests Category Microbiology de Viruslast es Carga viral fr Charge virale id Beban virus pt Carga viral sl Virusno breme ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 Image Viral Tegument.svg thumb right 300px Location of the viral tegument. A viral tegument or tegument , more commonly known as a Viral matrix protein viral matrix , is a cluster of proteins that lines the space between the envelope and nucleocapsid of many Fact date May 2009 enveloped viruses. The tegument generally contains proteins that aid in viral DNA replication and evasion of the immune response , typically with inhibition of signalling in the immune system and activation of interferon s. The tegument is usually Fact date May 2009 released shortly after infection into the cytoplasm . These proteins are usually Fact date May 2009 formed within the late phase of the viral infectious cycle, after viral genes have been replicated. Much information regarding viral teguments has been gathered from studying Herpes simplex virus . ref name herpes cite journal last Mchamstien first Hamm Y. coauthors Mable Mchamstien, and Brian J. Yeung date April 2007 title Herpes Simplex Virus Tegument Protein V1 Elucidation and Formation Around the Nucleocapsid journal Journal of Virology publisher American Society for Microbiology volume 28 issue 2 pages 1262 1274 ref Properties of teguments Viral teguments can be symmetric ally arranged via structural and scaffolding protein or can also be asymmetric ally arranged, depending on the virus. Fact date May 2009 Teguments are rarely Fact date May 2009 haphazardly placed and usually involve scaffolding proteins in their formation around the nucleocapsid. Non essential proteins included in the tegument may aid in immune response suppression, suppression of host mRNA transcription genetics transcription or suppression of intrinsic ... viral genes. Tegumental contents are released into the cytoplasm upon entrance into the cell ... of the viral genome into host cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Viruses containing teguments Teguments ... viruses often need to package their own proteases and polymerases to begin viral transcription. The best ... more details
Merge Evolutionary virology date February 2010 Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of virus es. Many virus es, in particular RNA virus es, have short generation times and relatively high mutation rates on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per round of replication for RNA viruses . This elevated mutation rate, when combined with natural selection , allows viruses to quickly adapt to changes in their host environment. Viral evolution is an important aspect of the epidemiology of viral diseases such as influenza influenza virus , AIDS HIV , and hepatitis e.g. HCV . It also causes problems in the development of successful vaccine s and antiviral drug s, as Resistance to antiviral drugs resistant mutation s often appear within weeks or months after the beginning of the treatment. RNA viruses are also used as a model system to study evolution in the laboratory. One of the main theoretical models to study viral evolution is the quasispecies model , as the viral quasispecies . Inter host and intra host evolution In evolutionary virology and to an extent in the wider field of pathology , inter host evolution is considered to represent the geological, i.e. visible or detectable, evolution of a virus while intra host evolution represents the invisible evolution of a virus. Adaptive changes acquired by inter host evolution are rarely lost once acquired. Changes acquired by intra host evolution may be lost if the evolutionary landscape changes, for example a population of viruses may become resistant to an antiviral drug while the host patient takes it, but rapidly revert to wild type if treatment ceases. Changes may include point mutations or Epistasis epistatic mutations, as well as genome rearrangements ... translocation events. See also Viral classification RNA virus DNA virus Viral quasispecies Further .... 4 457 469. Evolution DEFAULTSORT Viral Evolution Category Evolutionary biology Category Virology ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Things Viral Type studio Artist Khanate band Khanate Cover KhanateThingsViral.jpg Released October 6, 2003 Recorded 2002 2003 Genre Drone metal Length 59 41 Label Southern Lord Records small Southern Lord Records discography SUNN28 small Producer James Plotkin Reviews Allmusic Rating 4 5 Allmusic class album id r663035 pure url yes link Last album Khanate album Khanate br 2001 This album Things Viral br 2003 Next album Capture & Release album Capture & Release br 2005 Things Viral is an album by Khanate band Khanate , released in 2003 on the Southern Lord Records Southern Lord record label label . The CD was released in two versions a European digipack version and a U.S. jewelcase version. There was also a Gramophone record LP version on LOAD Records with 1000 gatefold plus 12 copies released. Track listing CD tracks All Songs Written & Arranged By Khanate. Copyright Ideologic Organ Commuted 19 13 Fields 19 50 Dead 9 27 Too Close Enough To Touch 11 11 LP tracks Commuted Fields Too Close Enough To Touch Commuted coda Personnel Alan Dubin Vocal Stephen O Malley Guitars James Plotkin Bass, Keyboards, Synthesizers Tim Wyskida Drums, Percussion Production Produced, Recorded, Engineered & Mixed By James Plotkin External links http www.discogs.com Khanate Things Viral release 906110 Things Viral at discogs DEFAULTSORT Things Viral Album Category 2003 albums Category Southern Lord Records albums Category Khanate albums ... more details
About viral emails the propagation of viruses via E mail emails computer virus A viral email also known ... in a word of mouth manner. This is an example of a viral phenomenon , which is used for profit in viral marketing , but can also contribute to the propagation of Internet meme s like viral video s. Overview Viral emails may arise in a number of situations, but the process is relatively simple ... part of the chain letter model. A common commercial application for viral emails is that of the viral ... a viral propagation. Behavior A 2004 study into viral email behaviors identified a number of reasons ... Mobilio, Lynne Perry, David Raman, Niranjan year 2004 title Viral Marketing or Electronic Word of Mouth ... of Advertising Research volume 44 issue 4 pages ref This tends to be replicated in commercial viral .... ref name Phelps Commercial implications In viral marketing , the aim is to spread awareness about ... spam spam , which is based on a massive distribution of unsolicited emails, viral emails use social networking aspects to ensure their goals of wide propagation. This is one of the strengths of viral ... Emails Motivations and Behaviors of Viral Consumers editor Haugtvedt, Curtis Machleit, Karen Yalch ... publisher Routledge isbn 0805851550 pages 64 ref As an example of viral marketing in practice, vouchers .... While at the time the Thresher Group denied that they were attempting to run a viral email based ..., as Ruth Rettie highlights, viral emails aren t always a boon to marketers it is just as easy for negative, or even simply erroneous, emails to be spread. ref name Rettie Significantly, many viral ... the brand. ref name Gotting Collections A number of websites are dedicated to collecting viral ... viral emails and http www.boredru.com Boredru ref name Smith cite news last Smith first David date December 12, 2004 title Viral email rocks the world work The Observer url http www.guardian.co.uk ... Reflist Category Marketing Category Neologisms Category Viral marketing Category Promotion and marketing ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Viral Pneumonia Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 J 12 j 09 ICD9 ICD9 480 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj emerg eMedicineTopic 468 eMedicine mult eMedicine2 radio 539 MeshID D011024 Viral pneumonia is a pneumonia caused by a virus . ref DorlandsDict six 000084236 viral pneumonia ref Viruses are one of the two major causes of pneumonia, the other being bacterial pneumonia bacteria less common causes are fungi and parasites. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children, while in adults bacteria are a more common cause. ref National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S.A. http www.nhlbi.nih.gov health dci Diseases pnu pnu causes.html What Causes Pneumonia? ref Pneumonia Signs and symptoms Symptom s of viral pneumonia include fever , non productive cough , running nose , and systemic symptoms e.g. myalgia , headache . Different viruses cause different symptoms. Cause Common causes of viral pneumonia are Influenza virus A and B ref name Kumar13 7 Human respiratory syncytial virus Respiratory syncytial virus RSV ref name Kumar13 7 Human parainfluenza viruses in children ref name Kumar13 7 Table 13 7 in cite book author Mitchell, Richard Sheppard Kumar, Vinay Abbas, Abul K. Fausto, Nelson title Robbins Basic Pathology With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access publisher Saunders location Philadelphia year pages isbn 1 4160 2973 7 oclc doi 8th edition. ref Rarer viruses that commonly result in pneumonia include Adenovirus es in military recruits ref name Kumar13 7 Metapneumovirus Citation needed date December 2008 Severe acute respiratory syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus SARS coronavirus ref http www.cdc.gov ncidod sars factsheet.htm ... complicates viral pneumonia. Treatment In cases of viral pneumonia where influenza A or B are thought .... References Reflist Respiratory pathology Viral diseases DEFAULTSORT Viral Pneumonia Category Pneumonia ca Pneum nia v rica pt Pneumonia viral ru zh ... more details
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