Unreferenced date December 2009 In budget ing or management accounting in general , a variance is the difference between a budgeted, planned or standard amount and the actual amount incurred sold. Variances can be computed for both costs and revenues. The concept of variance is intrinsically connected with planned and actual results and effects of the difference between those two on the performance of the entity or company. Types of variances Variances can be divided according to their effect or nature of the underlying amounts. When effect of variance is concerned, there are two types of variances When actual results are better than expected results given variance is described as favorable variance. In common use favorable variance is denoted by the letter F usually in parentheses F . When actual results are worse than expected results given variance is described as adverse variance, or unfavourable variance. In common use adverse variance is denoted by the letter A or the letter U usually in parentheses A . The second typology according to the nature of the underlying amount is determined by the needs of users of the variance information and may include e.g. Variable cost variances Direct material variance s Direct labour variance s Variable production overhead variances Fixed production overhead variances Sales variance s Example Let us assume that standard direct material cost ... X kg of Kevlar which cost Y Direct material total variance can be calculated as Infobox VarianceAnalysis ... variance am1 1 am2 2 am3 3 va1 F Variance Analysis Variance analysis , in budgeting or management accounting in general , is a tool of budgetary control by evaluation of performance by means of variances .... Variance analysis can be carried out for both costs and revenues. See also Budgeting Non profit ... total variance direct material price variance direct material usage variance DEFAULTSORT VarianceAccounting Category Management accounting ... more details
About the mathematical concept other uses Variance disambiguation In probability theory and statistics , the variance is used as a measure of how far a set of numbers are spread out from each other. It is one ... the mean expected value . In particular, the variance is one of the Moment mathematics moments of a distribution ... moments are advantageous in terms of mathematical and computational simplicity. The variance ... to construct an estimate of its variance in the simplest cases this estimate can be the sample variance , defined below. Basic discussion Examples The variance of a random variable or probability distribution ... deviation of that variable from its expected value or mean. Thus the variance is a measure of the amount ... variance the mean of the equally likely squared deviations is 2.5 sup 2 sup 1.5 sup 2 sup 0.5 sup 2 ... with probability 0.25. Thus the mean of the number of heads is 0.25 0 0.5 1 0.25 2 1, and the variance ... 0.5. Units of measurement Unlike expected absolute deviation, the variance of a variable has units that are the square ... a variance measured in square inches. For this reason, describing data sets via their standard deviation or root mean square deviation is often preferred over using the variance. In the dice ... manipulation than the expected absolute deviation, and, together with variance and its generalization ... error measurement anomalies or an unduly heavy tailed distribution . Estimating the variance Real ... estimates the mean and variance of the whole distribution as the computed mean and variance of a Sample ... of estimation is close to optimal, with the caveat that it underestimates the variance by a factor of n 1 n . For example, when n 1 the variance of a single observation is obviously zero regardless of the true variance . This gives a Unbiased estimation of standard deviation bias which ... other way than from the same samples used to estimate the variance then this bias does not arise and the variance can safely be estimated as that of the samples. To illustrate the relation between ... more details
Infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name The Accounting title orig translator image File Accounting bruce.jpg 200px image caption author Bruce Marshall illustrator cover artist country Scotland language English language English series genre Novel publisher pub date 1958 english pub date media type Print Hardback pages 285 isbn N A preceded by Girl in May 1956 followed by A Thread of Scarlet 1959 The Accounting is a 1958 novel by Scottish writer Bruce Marshall . Plot summary The scene of this novel is Paris , where the branch of a well known London bank is being audited. A normally routine affair, this year s audit is different the auditors have reason to believe that there may be fraud or embezzlement at play. How do the auditors know this? A few indiscreet words overheard at a Paris nightclub . Our attention is turned to each player, some major and many minor, the bank officials and overseers of the audit of course, but mostly to the underpaid, unhappy junior and senior auditors, each a prisoner of his own private conflicts and aspirations, and each seeing the discovery and proving of the fraud as his chance for promotion. The novel makes the seemingly boring task of auditing understandable and delves into the hearts of those who make business their life s work. ref Marshall, B The Accounting Houghton Mifflin 1958. ref References reflist BruceMarshall DEFAULTSORT Accounting Category Novels by Bruce Marshall Category 1958 novels Category Scottish novels Category Paris in fiction ... more details
Variance may refer to VarianceVariance statistics VarianceaccountingVariance land use Variance computer science Variance album Disambiguation ... more details
Cosmic Variance may refer to Cosmic variance , a concept in cosmology Cosmic Variance blog disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
unreferenced date July 2007 Sales variance is the difference between actual sales and budget sales. It is used to measure the performance of a sales function, and or analyze business results to better understand market conditions. There are two reasons actual sales can vary from planned sales either the volume sold varied from plan sales volume variance , or sales were at a different price from what was planned sales price variance . Both scenarios could also simultaneously contribute to the variance. For example The plan was to sell 5 widgets at 3 each, for a budgeted sales of 5 3 15. In reality, 6 widgets were sold at 2 each, for an actual sales of 6 2 12. The total variance was thus 12 15 3 U nfavourable or minus 3, since total sales was less than planned. Sales price variance The sales price variance is calculated as Actual quantity sold actual selling price planned selling price . In the example, the sales price variance was 6 2 3 6 U nfavourable or minus 6, since the sales price was less than planned. Sales volume variance Sales Volume Variance is calculated as Budgeted price actual volume planned volume . In the example, the sales volume variance was 3 6 5 3 F avourable, or plus 3, since the sales volume was more than planned. Sales Volume Variance is further sub divided into two variances. Sales Mix Variance Sales Quantity Variance Sales Price Variance The sales price variance reveals the difference in total revenue caused by charging a different selling price from standard.The equation use to find sales price variance is actual selling price standard selling price actual quantity sold. Total variance The total variance can thus be seen algebraic ally to be minus 6 plus plus 3 , giving minus 3 . Or 6 3 3. This result tells us that the negative effect of selling at a lower price was twice the positive effect of selling at a higher volume than planned. This might have occurred where prices were lowered to increase volume, but actual volume increases did not meet ... more details
In probability theory and statistics , a conditional variance is the variance of a conditional probability distribution . Particularly in econometrics , the conditional variance is also known as the scedastic function or skedastic function . Conditional variances are important parts of ARCH models. The conditional variance of a random variable Y given that the value of a random variable X takes the value x is math operatorname Var Y X x operatorname E Y operatorname E Y mid X x 2 mid X x , math where E is the expectation operator . An alternative notation for this is math operatorname Var Y mid X Y x . math The law of total variance says math operatorname Var Y operatorname E operatorname Var Y mid X operatorname Var operatorname E Y mid X , math where, for example, math operatorname Var Y X math is understood to mean that the value x at which the conditional variance would is evaluated is allowed to be a random variable , X . In this law , the inner expectation or variance is taken with respect to Y conditional on X , while the outer expectation or variance is taken with respect to X . Category Statistical deviation and dispersion Category Statistical terminology Category Theory of probability distributions statistics stub probability stub ... more details
A variance swap is an over the counter finance over the counter financial derivative that allows one ... index . One leg of the swap will pay an amount based upon the realised variance of the price changes ... The features of a variance swap include the variance strike the realised variance the vega notional ... exchanged. However, in the case of a variance swap, the notional amount is specified in terms of The Greeks Vega .CE.BD vega , to convert the payoff into dollar terms. The payoff of a variance swap ... var math variance notional a.k.a. variance units , math sigma text realised 2 math annualised realised variance, and math sigma text strike 2 math variance strike. ref name FinCAD cite web last first authorlink coauthors title Variance and Volatility Swaps work publisher FinancialCAD Corporation ... 29 ref The annualised realised variance is calculated based on a prespecified set of sampling points over the period. It does not always coincide with the classic statistical definition of variance as the contract ... the realised variance. If this is done, it is common to use math n 1 math as the divisor rather than math n math , corresponding to an unbiased estimator estimate of the sample variance. It is market ... swap . ref name FinCAD cite web last first authorlink coauthors title Variance and Volatility Swaps ... VarianceSwaps.htm doi accessdate 2008 09 29 ref This makes the payoff of a variance swap comparable ... The variance swap may be hedged and hence priced using a portfolio of European call options ... Need To Know About Variance Swaps work publisher JPMorgan Equity Derivatives report year 2005 url http ... prices vanilla option vanilla options can therefore be used to price the variance swap. For example, using the Heston model , a closed form solution can be derived for the fair variance swap rate. Care ... effect on the price. We can derive the payoff of a variance swap using Ito s Lemma . We first assume ... math frac dS t S t d log S t frac sigma 2 2 dt math Taking integrals, the total variance is math Variance ... more details
is held constant. If, in order to achieve a small variance in y, numerous repeated tests are required at each value of x, the expense of testing may become prohibitive. Reasonable estimates of variance can be determined by using the principle of pooled variance after repeating each Statistical hypothesis testing test at a particular x only a few times. Pooled variance is a method for estimation theory estimating variance given several different sample statistics samples taken in different circumstances where the mean may vary between samples but the true variance equivalently, accuracy and precision ... n k 1 s k 2 n 1 n 2 cdots n k k math where s sub p sub sup 2 sup is the pooled variance, n sub i sub is the sample size of the i th sample, s sub i sub sup 2 sup is the variance of the i th sample, and k ... samples i.e. Bessel s correction . The square root of a pooled variance estimator is known as a pooled ... population variance. The latter one can give a more efficient math s p 2 math to estimate math sigma ..., variance and standard deviation are presented in the next table. border 1 cellspacing 0 cellpadding ... 3 2 29.5 4.5 2.12 4 5 20.6 4.3 2.07 5 5 19.0 2.5 1.58 These statistics represent the variance and standard ... a single estimate of variance and standard deviation. In a sense, this suggests finding a mean variance or standard deviation among the five results above. This mean variance is calculated by weighting the individual values with the size of the subset for each level of x . Thus, the pooled variance ... are their respective variances. The pooled variance of the data shown above is therefore math S P ... doi 10.1111 j.0956 7976.2005.01538.x DEFAULTSORT Pooled Variance Category Statistical terminology Category Analysis of variance ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced November 2007 context September 2009 The price variance Vmp of a material is computed as follows Vmp Actual unit cost Standard unit cost Actual Quantity Purchased or Vmp Actual Quantity Purchased Actual Unit Cost Actual Quantity Purchased Standard Unit Cost . When the Actual Materials Price is higher than the Standard Materials Price, the variance is said to be unfavorable, since the Actual price paid on materials purchased is greater than the allowed standard. The variance is said to be favorable when the Standard materials Price is higher than the Actual Materials Price, since less money was spent in purchasing the materials than the allowed standard. Category Economics terminology economics stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Variance Type Studio Artist Jega Cover Jega Variance.jpg Released 20 July 2009 Recorded Genre Electronic music Electronic Length 38 01 small Vol 1 small br 37 31 small Vol 2 small br 75 32 small total small Label Planet Mu Producer Jega Dylan J Nathan Reviews http reviews.headphonecommute.com 2010 02 13 jega variance planet mu Headphone Commute Last album Geometry Jega album Geometry br 2000 This album Variance br 2009 Next album Variance is the third album by electronic music ian Jega , released on 20 July 2009 by Planet Mu . ref cite web url http www.planet mu.com discography ZIQ024 title Planet Mu Records Discography Variance publisher Planet Mu accessdate 7 July 2009 ref Track listing tracklist headline Vol 1 title1 SoulFlute length1 4 41 title2 Antiphon length2 4 43 title3 Moment length3 3 07 title4 The Girl Who Fell to Earth length4 4 44 title5 Sakura length5 4 42 title6 Eva length6 4 27 title7 Dreams length7 4 36 title8 Aqueminae length8 4 01 title9 Zenith length9 3 00 tracklist headline Vol 2 title1 Tensor length1 0 32 title2 Shibuya length2 4 02 title3 Chromadynamic length3 4 44 title4 Cascade Decoherence length4 3 39 title5 Aerodynamic length5 4 36 title6 Latinhypercube length6 4 59 title7 Kyoto length7 5 22 title8 Hydrodynamic length8 4 23 title9 Reprise length9 5 14 References Reflist External links http www.planet mu.com discography ZIQ024 Variance at the Planet Mu website 2000s electronic album stub Category 2009 albums Category Jega albums Category Planet Mu albums Category Double albums ... more details
The Allan variance AVAR , also known as two sample variance is a measure of frequency stability in clock ... as math sigma y 2 tau . , math The Allan deviation ADEV , is the square root of Allan variance. It is also ... variance , is a measure of frequency stability using M samples, time T between measures and observation time math tau math . M sample is expressed as math sigma y 2 M, T, tau . , math The Allan variance ... such as frequency drift or temperature effects. The Allan variance and Allan deviation ... variance Interpretation of value Interpretation of value below. There are also different adaptations or alterations of Allan variance . Notably the modified Allan variance , the total variance , and the Hadamard variance . There also exist time stability variants such as time deviation or time deviation time variance . Allan variance and its variants have proved useful outside of the scope of timekeeping ... stable, but a derivative will be. The M sample variance is of historic importance as well as important background but has essentially been replaced by its special case of 2 sample variance with math T tau math now being called Allan variance . It remains important since it allows dead time in measurements and bias functions allows conversion into Allan variance values. Background When .... To address these problems, David Allan introduced the M sample variance and indirectly the two sample variance. ref name Allan1966 While the two sample variance did not completely resolve all noise ... between two or more oscillators. Allan provided a method to convert between any M sample variance to any N sample variance via the common 2 sample variance, thus making all M sample variances comparable. The conversion mechanism also proved that M sample variance does not converge for large M, thus making them less useful. IEEE later identified the 2 sample variance as the preferred measure. ref name ... variance estimator does not converge when processing time error samples. This mechanics ... more details
In mathematics, more specifically in the theory of Monte Carlo method s, variance reduction is a procedure used to increase the precision of the estimates that can be obtained for a given number of iterations. Every output random variable from the simulation is associated with a variance which limits the precision of the simulation results. In order to make a simulation statistically efficient, i.e., to obtain a greater precision and smaller confidence intervals for the output random variable of interest, variance reduction techniques can be used. The main ones are Common random numbers, antithetic variates , control variate s, importance sampling and stratified sampling . Under these headings are a variety of specialized techniques for example particle transport simulations make extensive use of weight windows and splitting Russian roulette techniques, which is a form of importance sampling. Common Random Numbers CRN The common random numbers variance reduction technique is a popular and useful variance reduction technique which applies when we are comparing two or more alternative configurations of a system instead of investigating a single configuration. CRN has also been called Correlated sampling , Matched streams or Matched pairs . CRN requires synchronization of the random number streams, which ensures that in addition to using the same random numbers to simulate all configurations, a specific random number used for a specific purpose in one configuration is used for exactly the same purpose in all other configurations. For example, in queueing theory, if we are comparing two different configurations of tellers in a bank, we would want the random time of arrival of the N ... 2 j sub 0, it can be seen from the equation above that the variance is reduced. It can also be observed ... can actually backfire, where the variance is increased and not decreased as intended . See ... fr R duction de la variance ... more details
for the weblog Cosmic Variance blog cosmology Cosmic variance is the Statistics statistical uncertainty inherent in observations of the universe at extreme distances. It is based on the idea that it is only possible to observe part of the universe at one particular time, so it is difficult to make statistical statements about physical cosmology cosmology on the scale of the entire universe, ref name aspj Cite journal url http www.iop.org EJ article 1538 4357 600 2 L171 17416.html author Somerville et al. title Cosmic Variance in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey journal The Astrophysical Journal Letters year 2004 volume 600 issue 2 pages L171 L174 doi 10.1086 378628 last2 Lee first2 Kyoungsoo last3 Ferguson first3 Henry C. last4 Gardner first4 Jonathan P. last5 Moustakas first5 Leonidas A. last6 Giavalisco first6 Mauro ref ref name aas Cite web url http www.aas.org publications baas v37n4 aas207 1366.htm title Quantifying the Effects of Cosmic Variance Using the NOAO Deep Wide Field Survey accessdate September 18, 2007 publisher American Astronomical Society year 2006 author M.S. Keremedjiev Cornell University work 37 4 ref as the number of observations sample size may be too small. Background The standard big bang model is usually supplemented with cosmic inflation . In inflationary models, the observer only sees a tiny fraction of the whole universe, much less than a billionth 1 10 sup 9 sup of the volume of the universe postulated in inflation. So the observable universe ... the variance . This variance is called the cosmic variance and is separate from other sources ... distribution still leaves considerable uncertainty about the underlying model. Variance is normally ... is greater than one but still quite small , is to explicitly include the variance of very ... oxford Cite web title Analysis of the Kamionkowski Loeb method of reducing cosmic variance with CMB ... Cosmic Variance Category Physical cosmology Category Statistical deviation and dispersion it Varianza ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Essay date April 2009 Time variance is the ability to remember historic perspectives. The requirement is to be able to know how something was classified or who owned something and how this changed as time passed. For the context of time and frequency and qualification of oscillators and amplifiers the technical terms time deviation and time deviation time variance is defined. Understanding time variance Future change, be it organizational, regulatory or geographical is hard to conceive. In 1988, who imagined that within a few years, Yugoslavia and East Germany would cease to exist? Enabling a data warehouse to report pre and post change information together in a meaningful context is very expensive and time consuming. Couple that with the pressure to rapidly meet other business requirements, and with the inability for any of us to predict change especially at system design time , and you can see why the time variant reporting requirement is often ignored. But at what expense? The real life case below illustrates the value of time variant reporting A beverage company paid rebates to customers at year end, based on ownership of customer sites at year end. The sales data warehouse did not reflect customers selling sites to one another throughout the year, resulting in mis payments and a multi million dollar customer service dilemma. For regulatory compliance and other reasons, data warehouses must remember how things were in the past because at some point business people will expect to be able to be report on them that way. DEFAULTSORT Time Variance Category Data warehousing Link GA de de Temporale Datenhaltung ... more details
Infobox Company name Variance Films logo Image variancefilmslogo.jpg foundation June 2008 modifies Founded entry location city New York City location country United States location modifies Headquarters entry locations of locations industry Motion picture s divisions subsid slogan homepage http www.variancefilms.com intl Enter yes to change labels to international instead of US terminology Variance Films is a privately held film distribution company founded in 2008 that uses an innovative model of self distribution combined with select elements of traditional theatrical distribution to allow filmmakers to achieve quality theatrical releases for their films. Variance Films is notable in that they do not require filmmakers to sign over any rights to their films, instead partnering with filmmakers to ensure their film gets the proper theatrical release, while allowing them to keep their DVD, VOD, TV, and international rights. Theatrical Film Distribution List 2008 Walking on Dead Fish September 19 Smother September 26 2009 Nursery University April 24 White on Rice September 11 Blind Date 2008 film Blind Date September 25 Adventures of Power October 9 NYC, October 16 LA Passport to Love October 9 Until The Light Takes Us December 4 2010 After The Cup Sons of Sakhnin United May 21 The Lottery 2010 film The Lottery June 11 Spoken Word film Spoken Word July 23 Fool For Love September 10 Strange Powers Strange Powers Stephin Merritt and the Magnetic Fields October 27 Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench November 5 2011 Ip Man 2 Ip Man 2 Legend of the Grandmaster January 28 Clash film Clash Bay Rong March 11 American The Bill Hicks Story April 8 Legend of the Fist The Return of Chen Zhen April 22 Amigo film Amigo August 20 External links http www.variancefilms.com Variance Films official website Category Film production companies of the United States Film company stub ... more details
Realized Variance RV is the sum of squared returns. For instance the RV can be the sum of squared daily returns for a particular month, which would yield a measure of price variation over this month. More commonly, the realized variance is computed as the sum of squared intraday returns for a particular day. The realized variance is useful because it provides a relatively accurate measure of volatility ref cite journal last Andersen first Torben G. last2 Bollerslev first2 Tim authorlink2 Tim Bollerslev year 1998 month title Answering the sceptics yes standard volatility models do provide accurate forecasts pages 885 905 accessdate quote journal International Economic Review volume 39 ref which is useful for many purposes, including volatility forecasting and forecast evaluation. Related quantities Unlike the variance the realized variance is a random quantity. The realized volatility is the square root of the realized variance, or the square root of the RV multiplied by a suitable constant to bring the measure of volatility to an annualized scale. For instance, if the RV is computed as the sum of squared daily returns for some month, then an annualized realized volatility is given by math sqrt 12 times RV math . Properties under ideal conditions Under ideal circumstances the RV consistently estimates the quadratic variation of the price process that the returns are computed from. ref cite journal last Barndorff Nielsen first Ole E. last2 Shephard first2 Neil authorlink Ole Barndorff Nielsen authorlink2 Neil Shephard year 2002 month May title Econometric analysis of realised ... is some possibly random process for which the integrated variance, math IV int 0 t sigma s 2 ds, math is well defined. The realized variance based on math n math intraday returns is given by math ... the realized variance converges to IV in probability. Moreover, the RV also converges in distribution ... year 2006 month April title Realized variance and market microstructure noise pages 127 218 doi ... more details
context date March 2011 Variance decomposition or forecast error variance decomposition indicates the amount of information each variable contributes to the other variables in a vector autoregression VAR models. ref L tkepohl, H, New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis , Springer, 2007, p. 63. ref Variance decomposition determines how much of the forecast error variance of each of the variable can be explained by exogenous shocks to the other variables. Calculating the forecast error variance For the VAR p of form math y t nu A 1y t 1 dots A p y t p u math . Change this to a VAR 1 by writing it in companion form see general matrix notation of a VAR p math Y t mathbf nu A Y t 1 U math where math A begin bmatrix A 1 & A 2 & dots & A p 1 & A p mathbf I k & 0 & dots & 0 & 0 0 & mathbf I k & & 0 & 0 vdots & & ddots & vdots & vdots 0 & 0 & dots & mathbf I k & 0 end bmatrix math , math Y begin bmatrix y 1 vdots y p end bmatrix math , math mathbf nu begin bmatrix nu 0 vdots 0 end bmatrix math and math U begin bmatrix u 0 vdots 0 end bmatrix math where math y t math , math nu math and math u math are math k math dimensional column vectors, math A math is math kp math by math kp math dimensional matrix and math Y math , math mathbf nu math and math U math are math kp math dimensional column vectors. Calculate the mean squared error of the h step forecast of variable j, math mathbf MSE y j,t h math , math mathbf MSE y j,t h sum i 0 h 1 sum k 1 K e j Theta ie k 2 bigg sum i 0 h 1 Theta i Theta i bigg jj bigg sum i 0 h 1 Phi i Sigma u Phi i bigg jj , math where math e j math is the j sup th sup column of math I K math and the subscript math jj math refers to that element of the matrix. math Theta i Phi i P math where math P math is a lower triangular matrix obtained by a Cholesky decomposition of math Sigma u math such that math Sigma u PP math . math Phi i J A i J math ... u math . The amount of forecast error variance of variable math j math accounted for by exogenous shocks ... more details
tags for explanatory footnotes, not for sources. In statistics , analysis of variance ANOVA is a collection of statistical model s, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular ... of analysis of variance applies to situations in which the experimenter applies one or more treatments ... of ANOVA There are several approaches to the analysis of variance. However, all approaches use ... of variance may be appropriate. A model often presented in textbooks Many textbooks present the analysis of variance in terms of a linear model , which makes the following assumptions about the probability ..., called homoscedasticity &mdash the variance of data in groups should be the same. Model based approaches usually assume that the variance is constant. The constant variance property also ... constant variance, then by contraposition the assumption of unit treatment additivity is necessarily ... additivity implies that the variance is constant for all treatments. Therefore, by contraposition , a necessary condition for unit treatment additivity is that the variance is constant. The property ... for the experiment or observational study that the responses be transformed to stabilize the variance ... significance is tested for by comparing the F test statistic math F frac text variance between items text variance within items math math F frac text MSTR text MSE , math where math text MSTR frac .... sup 2 sup eta squared Eta squared describes the ratio of variance explained in the dependent ... of the variance explained by the model in the population it estimates only the effect size in the sample . On average it overestimates the variance explained in the population. As the sample size ... equals 1 both measures proportion of variance accounted for , these guidelines may overestimate the size ... Levine & Hullett, 2002 . Omega sup 2 sup omega squared An estimator of the variance explained in the population ... squared provides a relatively unbiased estimate of the variance explained in the population by a predictor ... more details
Merge from Atypical gender role date July 2010 Gender variance , or gender nonconformity , is behaviour or gender expression that does not conform to dominant gender norms of male and female. People who exhibit gender variance may be called gender variant , gender non conforming , or gender atypical . ref Douglas C. Halderman 2000 , Gender Atypical Youth Clinical and Social Issues. School Psychology Review, v29 n2 p192 200 2000 ref Terminology The terms gender variance and gender variant are used by scholars of psychology ref Lynne Carroll, Paula J. Gilroy, Jo Ryan 2002 , Counseling Transgendered, Transsexual, and Gender Variant Clients , Journal of Counseling & Development, Volume 80, Number 2, Spring 2002, pp. 131 139 ref ref Arlene Istar Lev, 2004 Transgender Emergence Therapeutic Guidelines for Working With Gender Variant People and Their Families. Haworth Press, ISBN 9780789007087 ref and psychiatry , ref Walter O. Bockting, Randall D. Ehrbar 2006 , Commentary Gender Variance, Dissonance, or Identity Disorder? pp. 125 134 in Sexual and Gender Diagnoses of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM A reevaluation edited by Dan Karasic and Jack Drescher , 2006, Haworth Press, ISBN 0789032147 NB Several articles in this book use the term gender variance . ref anthropology , ref Serena Nanda 2000 Gender Diversity Crosscultural Variations , Illinois Waveland Press, Inc., 2000 ISBN 157766 0749 NB Nanda uses the term gender variance to encompass gender phenomena in different cultures. ref and gender studies , as well as advocacy groups of gender variant people themselves. ref Gender Education and Advocacy GEA is a national US organization focused on the needs, issues and concerns of gender variant people in human society. Mission statement, available on the front page of the group s website www.gender.org ref The term gender variant is deliberately broad, encompassing such specific ... on 2011 03 02. ref Childhood gender variance Main Childhood gender nonconformity Multiple studies ... more details
traditional and innovative accounting practices can be illustrated by reference to cost control techniques. Cost accounting is a central method in management accounting, and traditionally, management accountants principal technique was Variance analysis accountingvariance analysis , which is a systematic ...Accounting Management accounting or managerial accounting is concerned with the provisions and use of accounting ... functions. In contrast to financial accountancy information, management accounting information is designed ... accounting standards. Definition According to the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants CIMA , Management Accounting is the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation ... accounting also comprises the preparation of financial reports for non management groups such as shareholders ... as follows management accounting is a profession that involves partnering in management decision ... s strategy. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants AICPA states that management accounting ... aspects of the profession. Management accounting knowledge and experience can therefore be obtained ... In the late 1980s, accounting practitioners and educators were heavily criticized on the grounds that management accounting practices and, even more so, the curriculum taught to accounting students .... Professional accounting institutes, perhaps fearing that management accountants would increasingly ... used during a production period. While some form of variance analysis is still used by most manufacturing ... the efficiency of these activities. Activity based accounting is also known as Cause and Effect accounting . Both lifecycle costing and activity based costing recognize that, in the typical modern ... variance analysis, reviewing and monitoring costs inherent in the business are ones that have dual ... from all segments of the corporation. One widely held view of the progression of the accounting and finance career path is that financial accounting is a stepping stone to management accounting ... more details
part of standard cost accounting is a Variance analysis accountingvariance analysis , which ...Refimprove date June 2007 Accounting In management accounting , cost accounting establishes budget and actual ... or social use of funds. Managers use cost accounting to support decision making to cut a company s cost s and improve profit accounting profitability . As a form of management accounting, cost accounting need not follow standards such as GAAP , because its primary use is for internal managers ... in units of nominal currency by convention. Cost accounting can be viewed as translating the supply ... values. There are various managerial accounting approaches standard costing standardized or standard cost accounting lean accounting activity based costing resource consumption accounting throughput accounting marginal costing cost volume profit analysis Classical cost elements are raw materials labor indirect expenses overhead Origins Cost accounting has long been used to help managers understand the costs of running a business. Modern cost accounting originated during the industrial revolution ... By normality normal, abnormal Standard cost accounting In modern cost accounting, the concept of recording ... to be recorded in inventory using a variety of complex accounting methods, which was consistent with the principles of GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles . It also essentially enabled ... of throughput accounting main Throughput accounting As business became more complex and began producing a greater variety of products, the use of cost accounting to make decisions to maximize ... adopted throughput accounting to manage them and maximize the throughput dollars or other ... it built. He showed an analysis of the estimated product costs based on standard cost accounting ... Standard Cost Accounting Analysis Streetcars Rail coach Monthly Demand 15 40 Price 280 350 Foundry ... using throughput accounting to determine the profitability of products by calculating throughput ... more details
floor tracking and variance reporting favored by traditional cost accounting systems. There are at least ...POV date August 2010 The purpose of Lean Accounting is to support the Lean Enterprise lean enterprise as a business strategy . It seeks to move from traditional accounting methods to a system that measures ... including the financial and management accounting processes. ref cite journal last Emiliani ... 23, 2007 ref See also, William Deming. There are two main thrusts for Lean Accounting. The first is the application of lean methods to the company s accounting, control, and measurement processes ... clear and understandable. The second and more important thrust of Lean Accounting is to fundamentally change the accounting, control, and measurement processes so they motivate lean change and improvement ... simple, visual, and low waste. Lean Accounting does not require the traditional management accounting methods like standard costing , activity based costing, variance reporting, cost plus pricing, complex ... that the combined methods of Lean Accounting in fact creates a Lean Management System LMS designed ... Hill, NJ, USA date September 1, 2007 ref Up until 2006, the methods of Lean Accounting were not clearly ... at the 2005 Lean Accounting Summit http www.leanaccountingsummit.com Lean Accounting Summit conference ... called The Principles, Practices, and Tools of Lean Accounting PPT http maskell.com lean accounting subpages lean accounting la ppt.html Lean Accounting PPT . While the methods of lean accounting are continually evolving, the PPT lays out the primary methods of Lean Accounting and shows how they fit together into a Lean Management System. The PPT emphasizes not only the tools and methods of Lean Accounting .... http www.leanaccountingsummit.com LeanAccountingDefined Target.pdf Lean Accounting PPT article The Vision for Lean Accounting Provide accurate, timely, and understandable information to motivate ... customer value, growth, profitability, and cash flow. Use lean tools to eliminate waste from the accounting ... more details
About the accounting period in bookkeeping the charge period of the United Kingdom corporation tax Accounting period UK taxation accountingAccounting period in bookkeeping is the period with reference to which accounting books of any entity are prepared. It is the period for which books are balanced and the financial statements are prepared. Generally, the accounting period consists of 12 months. However the beginning of the accounting period differs according to the jurisdiction. For example one entity may follow the regular calendar year, i.e. January to December as the accounting year, while another entity may follow April to March as the accounting period. The International Financial Reporting Standards even allows a period of 52 weeks as an accounting period instead of a proper year. ref IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements ref In some of the ERP tools there are more than 12 accounting periods in a financial year. They put one accounting period as Year Open period where all the carried over balances from last financial year are cleared and one period as Year Close where all the transactions for closed for the same financial year. References Reflist Category Accountancy Accounting stub ... more details
Constraints accounting CA is an accounting reporting technique, consistent with a process of ongoing improvement POOGI . It is an implementation of the Theory of Constraints . It is a development of throughput accounting . CA includes explicit consideration of the role of Constraint mathematics constraint s, specification of throughput contribution effects, and decoupling of throughput T from operating expense OE . References John A. Caspari, Pamela Caspari. cite Management Dynamics Merging Constraints Accounting to Drive Improvement cite . ISBN 0 471 67231 9 Category Theory of Constraints Category Management accounting Business stub ... more details
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