Intellectual property A utilitymodel is an intellectual property right to protect invention s. This right ... the utilitymodel is called a Petty Patent . Fact date September 2008 Definition A utility ... to perform the invention. The rights conferred by utilitymodel laws are very similar to those granted ... patent , and small patent may also be considered to fall within the definition of utilitymodel . ref ... Most countries having utilitymodel laws require that the invention be new. However, many patent or utilitymodel offices do not conduct substantive examination and merely grant the utilitymodel after checking that utilitymodel applications comply with formalities. Some countries exclude particular subject matter from utilitymodel protection. For example, methods, plants and animals are normally barred from utilitymodel protection. In Germany a utilitymodel is considered to be new if it does ... of the applicant or his predecessor in title. ref UtilityModel Law 3 Abs. 1 ref In Spain , the novelty patent novelty requirement for obtaining a utilitymodel lang es modelo de utilidad ... the novelty of the invention claim patent claim ed in the utilitymodel. This is in sharp contrast ... date March 2008 Utilitymodel applications may be prepared and filed at local patent offices in countries where utilitymodel protection is available. The table below is a list of countries having utilitymodel protection under various names as at March 2008. ref http www.billanderson.com.au ... PCT Applicants Guide Albania accessdate 2008 02 16 format PDF ref td td width 10 utilitymodel td td ... 10 utilitymodel td td width 10 no set term td td width 10 align center No td td align center width ... 2007. ref td td width 10 utilitymodel td td width 10 10 years td td width 10 align center No td ... index.php?lng en title ARIPO website accessdate 2008 04 27 ref td td width 10 utilitymodel td ... 10 utilitymodel td td width 10 10 years td td width 10 align center Yes td td align center width 10 ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Public UtilityModel PUM EMS is an ambulance system in which the community retains public control of the ambulance system s capital assets and accounts receivable through direct, accountable daily oversight. It then subcontracts the day to day operations to an outside ambulance service provider. Roughly 5 of all Emergency medical services EMS agencies in the United States are Public UtilityModel EMS systems. A Public UtilityModel EMS system is designed where the government not only regulates and oversees system performance, but the ambulance service provider contractor is held accountable to meet or exceed performance requirements. This can include termination of the provider contract and even fines being imposed. In Public UtilityModel EMS system design, the government .... Examples For example, in Fort Worth, Texas , the 9 1 1 public utilitymodel is known as MedStar ... public utilitymodel is called the Richmond Ambulance Authority . Recently, the Richmond Ambulance ... contract to the authority. Examples of public utilitymodel EMS systems currently operating in the United ... Knoxville, TN Distinguishing Characteristics Public UtilityModel EMS systems have certain characteristics ... focus of a public utilitymodel EMS service. Continuous quality improvement is paramount, and every ... times. Financial control Financial controls must be in place where the public utilitymodel oversight authority controls all EMS system funding. A public utilitymodel is designed to be funded through ... 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 24 hours in a large and busy system. SSM enables a public utilitymodel EMS contractor to match resources to demand more accurately than using a more traditional static model ... may01.html Fitch, Joseph J. Prehospital Care Administration ISBN 0 8151 3391 X Public utilitymodel ... in developing Public Utility Models, EMS Performance Contracts, and helped design the very first .... This model responds to the fact that as populations move from home to work and back, geographic demand ... more details
risky projects with possibly multidimensional outcomes. The expected utilitymodel was first proposed ... a utilitymodel. Citation needed date February 2011 Another criticism comes from the assertion ...Other uses Utilitarianism In economics , utility is a measure of relative satisfaction. Given this measure, one may speak meaningfully of increasing or decreasing utility, and thereby explain economic behavior in terms of attempts to increase one s utility. Utility is often modeled to be affected by Consumption ... of leisure time. The doctrine of utilitarianism saw the maximization of utility as a moral criterion ... Stuart Mill 1806 1873 , society should aim to maximize the total utility of individuals, aiming for the greatest ... 1921 2002 would have society maximize the utility of the individual initially receiving the minimum amount of utility. Utility is usually applied by economists in such constructs as the indifference ... a given level of satisfaction. Individual utility and social utility can be construed as the value of a utility function and a social welfare function respectively. When coupled with production ... concept in welfare economics . Quantifying utility It was recognized that utility could not be measured ... Utility is taken to be correlative to Desire or Want. It has been already argued that desires cannot .... ref blockquote Cardinal and ordinal utility Details cardinal utility Economists distinguish between cardinal utility and ordinal utility . When cardinal utility is used, the magnitude of utility ... utility captures only ranking and not strength of preferences. Utility functions of both sorts assign a ranking to members of a choice set. For example, suppose a cup of orange juice has utility of 120 utils, a cup of tea has a utility of 80 utils, and a cup of water has a utility of 40 utils. When speaking of cardinal utility, it could be concluded that the cup of orange juice is better than ..., because this conclusion would depend not only on magnitudes of utility differences, but also on the zero ... more details
Wiktionary utilityUtility is a measure of the happiness or satisfaction gained from a good or service in economics and game theory. Utility may also refer to Public utility , an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service, or the services themselves Utility patent , one of the requirements for patentability in United States patent law Utility software or a utility program, a software program that functions for a particular purpose Utility player , a baseball player who plays more than one position regularly. Utilitymodel , an intellectual property right to protect inventions Utility Radio , a radio receiver manufactured in Great Britain during the 1939 45 World War Utility room , a room in a house, which is the descendant of the scullery Utility vehicle , a vehicle that is designed for a specific task Utility car , a term used in Australia and New Zealand to refer to a pickup truck or coupe utility vehicle ute Utilities film Utilities film , a 1981 movie starring Robert Hays disambig es Utilidad ko it Utilit ja pl U yteczno pt Utilidade sk Utilita ... more details
In economics , the isoelastic function for utility , also known as the isoelastic utility function , constant relative risk aversion utility function , or power utility function , is used to express utility in terms of consumption economics consumption or some other economic variable that a decision maker is concerned with. It is math u c begin cases frac c 1 eta 1 1 eta & eta neq 1 log c & eta 1 end cases math where math c math is consumption, math u c math the associated utility, and math eta math is a non negative constant. ref Ljungqvist & Sargent Recursive Macroeconomic Theory , page 451 ref Since additive constant terms in objective functions do not affect optimal decisions, the term 1 in the numerator can be, and usually is, omitted except when establishing the limiting case of log c as below . When the context involves risk, the utility function is viewed as a von Neumann Morgenstern utility function , and the parameter math eta math is a measure of risk aversion. The isoelastic utility function is a special case of the hyperbolic absolute risk aversion HARA utility functions, and is used in analyses that either include or do not include underlying risk . Empirical parametrization There is substantial debate in the economics and finance literature with respect to the empirical value of math eta math . While relatively high values of math eta math as high as 50 in some models Citation needed date December 2010 are necessary to explain the behavior of asset prices, controlled ... eta math close to one. Risk aversion features This and only this utility function has the feature ... making is unaffected by scale. For instance, in the standard model ref Arrow, K.J.,1965, The theory .... Special cases math eta 0 math this corresponds to risk neutrality , because utility is linear in c ... Exponential utility Risk aversion References references DEFAULTSORT Isoelastic Utility Category Macroeconomics Category Microeconomics Category Finance Category Utility ... more details
public utility such as electricity , water , natural gas , or telephone network . This model has the advantage ...Refimprove date September 2007 Utility Computing is the packaging of Computational resource computing ... Nov 2002 accessdate Oct 2010 ref . However, the new model of computing caught and eventually became ... were early leaders in the new field of Utility Computing with their business units and researchers working on the architecture, payment and development challenges of the new computing model. Google, Amazon and others started to take the lead in 2008, as they established their own utility services for computing, storage and applications. Utility Computing can support grid computing which ... a large number of computers. Utility computing has usually envisioned some form of Platform virtualization ... distributed or cross administrative domain s. To provide utility computing services, a company can ... from clients. One model, common among volunteer computing applications, is for a central server ..., the paying customers . Another model, sometimes called the Virtual Organization Grid computing Virtual ... Computational resource computing resources as needed or as they go idle. The definition of utility computing is sometimes extended to specialized tasks, such as web service s. History Utility computing ... someday be organized as a public utility just as the telephone system is a public utility... The computer utility could become the basis of a new and important industry. author John McCarthy computer ... large organizations from their world wide data centers. To facilitate this business model, mainframe ... of mini computers changed this business model, by making computers affordable to almost all ... of processor, data centers became filled with thousands of servers. In the late 90 s utility computing ... services in 1997 using HP equipment. In 1998, HP set up the Utility Computing Division in Mountain ... marketed. HP introduced the Utility Data Center in 2001. Sun announced the Sun Cloud service to consumers ... more details
State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group Sufficiency of disclosure Utilitymodel External ...Patent law In United States patent law , utility is a patentability requirement. ref U.S. CONST., art ... to the degree of utility it simply requires that it shall be capable of use.... ref The majority of inventions are usually not challenged as lacking utility, ref Janice M. Mueller, Patent Law 235 3d ... application expresses a specific, credible, and substantial utility. ref See Brenner v. Manson , 383 U.S. 519 1966 USPTO, Utility Exmaination Guidelines, 66 Fed. Reg. 1092, 1098 Jan. 5, 2001 available ..., and credible utility. European patent law does not consider utility as a patentability criterion ... even where they have practical utility headnote III. , thus ruling out the utility of an invention ... Article 57 . ref Utility categories In considering the requirement of utility for patents, there are three ... use of the invention. Operability A requirement of functionality, also known as General Utility Operability concerns whether the invention actually works or accomplishes the utility that the inventor ... a claim invalid as lacking utility. ref name JMMueller247 Janice M. Mueller, Patent Law 247 3d. ed ... X from 20 to 80 weight percent, for which the inventor asserts the utility of shrinking cancer tumors ... that is, the X equals 30 percent species does not possess the utility asserted for the genus. ref name ... ref the utility bar enunciated in this case is low, only requiring that the patented invention ... of utility is not high An invention is useful under section 101 if it is capable of providing some identifiable benefit. A rejection under 35 U.S.C. 101 for lack of utility should not be based on grounds ... Procedure 706.03 a II Practical The last utility category is practical or specific utility. According ..., Patent Law 236 3d. ed. 2009 . ref The utility threshold is relatively easy to satisfy for mechanical, electrical, or novelty inventions, because the purpose of the utility requirement is to ensure ... more details
For archive utility applications in general see file archiver . For the MAC OS Archive Utility service application see Archive Utility . disambiguation ... more details
certainty. ref Shoemaker, Paul. 1982 . The expected utilitymodel its variants, purposes, evidence ...Image Cardinal utility example.png thumb alt An example of two cardinal utility functions A simple example of cardinality. Y 2x 3 In economics , cardinal utility refers to a property of mathematical indices ... utility . Economic Journal 64 255 528 556 ref ref Strotz, Robert. 1953 . Cardinal utility . American economic review Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 384 397 ref Two utility indices are related by a linear ... the utility functions themselves are related by math v x au x b. math The two indices differ only with respect to scale and origin. ref name Ellsberg, Daniel 1954 Cardinal utility is mostly considered to be an outdated concept. Only within specific contexts such as expected utility theory decision ... utilities for intertemporal evaluations , cardinal utility is usually accepted. ref K bberling, Veronika. 2006 . Strength of preference and cardinal utility . Economic theory , No. 27, p. 375 ref Elsewhere, such as in general Consumer choice consumer theory , ordinal utility is preferred. History Modern work in cardinal utility theory began in the 18th century, when Daniel Bernoulli proposed a logarithmic utility function as a solution to the St. Petersburg paradox . Logarithmic utility displays the property of diminishing marginal utility of wealth, reflecting a decline in the degree ... measure satisfaction or utility . His motivation was to establish the principle of utility as the basis ... of utility by defining the unit of intensity as the degree of intensity possessed by that pleasure ... numbers. ref name Stigler, George 1950 Stigler, George. 1950 . The development of utility theory ..., the issue of the measurability of utility received plenty of attention from European schools of political ... and Alfred Marshall . Jevons defined utility as a useful object , or something which could increase ... of utility, since he argued in later editions of his works that it was difficult to imagine ... more details
In economics and finance , exponential utility refers to a specific form of the utility function , used in some contexts because of its convenience when risk sometimes referred to as uncertainty is present, in which case Expected utility hypothesis expected utility is maximized. Formally, exponential utility is given by math u c 1 e a c math , where math c math is a variable that the economic decision ... labor supply , etc., depending on the focus of the model and of Exogenous variable exogenous ... for its irrelevance is that maximizing the expected value of utility math u c 1 e a c math gives ... since expected values of utility as opposed to the utility function itself are interpreted Ordinal utility ordinally instead of Cardinal utility cardinally , the range and sign of the expected utility values are of no significance. The exponential utility function is a special case of the hyperbolic absolute risk aversion utility functions. Risk aversion characteristic Exponential utility implies ... math frac u c u c a. math In the standard model of one risky asset and one risk free asset, ref Arrow ... utility function is considered unrealistic. Mathematical tractability Though isoelastic utility , exhibiting risk aversion constant relative risk aversion , is considered more plausible as are other utility functions exhibiting decreasing absolute risk aversion , exponential utility is particularly ... . Then under exponential utility, expected utility is given by math text E u c text E 1 e a c x epsilon ... expected exponential utility math text E e aW math of final wealth W subject to math W x r W 0 x ... r is Joint normality jointly normally distributed . Then expected utility can be written as math text ... shows the two key features of exponential utility tractability under joint normality, and lack of realism ... utility Isoelastic power utility function References reflist DEFAULTSORT Exponential Utility Category Economics of uncertainty Category Financial economics Category Utility ... more details
. History File 1934 Ford Coupe Utility.jpg thumb 1934 Ford Coupe Utility. This model was the first coupe utility design to enter production anywhere in the world. Ford Motor Company of Australia Ford Australia was the first company to produce a coupe utility. ref name fastlane http www.fastlane.com.au Features First ute.htm Who built the first utility where when... Retrieved from www.fastlane.com.au ... coupe utilitymodel was released in 1934. ref name fastlane Bandt went on to manage Ford s Advanced ... thumb Australian market Toyota Crown Second S40 Model 1962 to 1967 Toyopet Crown MS47 coupe utility. Since readers in many parts of the world may be unfamiliar with the formal term Coup Utility , here ... thumb 1987 Chevrolet El Camino United States The coup utility Car body style automobile body style ... platform platform . A coup utility has a body style with coup lines, but like a truck, it has an integral ... a Chevrolet coupe utility in 1935 but the body style did not appear on the American market until the release of the 1957 Ford Ranchero . Both the coup utility and the similar open topped roadster utility continued in production but the improving economy of the mid to late 1930s and the desire for improved comfort saw coupe utility sales climb at the expense of the roadster utility until, by 1939, the latter was all but a fading memory. By the 1980s in North America, the coup utility began to fall ... bed is an integral part of the whole body. Both the coup utility and closed cab pickup designs migrated to light truck chassis & these are correctly known respectively as Utility trucks & Pickup ... s lone designer Lew Bandt penned the world s first coupe utility, thereby spawning the popularity ... 1960, 1964 1987 Chevrolet El Camino 1965 1979 Chrysler Valiant utility 1982 1984 Dodge Rampage 1934 Ford Coupe Utility Australia 1961 1999 Ford Falcon Australia Ford Falcon utility 1952 1958 Ford Mainline utility 1957 1979 Ford Ranchero 1971 1987 GMC Caballero GMC Sprint Caballero 1951 1968 Holden ... more details
In economics , the marginal utility of a Good economics good or Service economics service is the utility ... sometimes speak of a law of diminishing marginal utility , meaning that the first units of measurement unit of consumption of a good or service yields more utility than the second and subsequent units. The concept of marginal utility played a crucial role in the marginal revolution of the late 19th ... concepts, including marginal utility may be expressed in terms of differential calculus . Marginal utility can be defined as a measure of relative satisfaction gained or lost from an increase or decrease ... of one unit of a discrete good or service, such as a motor vehicle or a haircut. Utility Main Utility Different concepts of utility underlie different theories in which marginal utility plays a role. It has been common among economists to describe utility as if it were quantifiable , that is, as if different levels of utility could be compared along a numerical scale. ref George Stigler Stigler, George Joseph The Development of Utility Theory , I and II, Journal of Political Economy 1950 , issues 3 and 4. ref ref George Stigler Stigler, George Joseph The Adoption of Marginal Utility ... of theories of marginal utility. Concepts of utility that entail quantification allow familiar ... proxied by associating goods, services, or uses thereof with quantities, and defines utility as such a quantification ... two The theory of consumer choice and demand , Utility representations . ref Another conception is Utilitarianism ... of this philosophy especially by way of John Stuart Mill , viewed utility as the feelings of pleasure ... generally pursued outside of the mainstream methods, there are conceptions of utility that do not rely ... Utility , International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 1968 . ref and sometimes rejects ... Use and of Ordinal Marginal Utility , Zeitschrift f r National konomie 37 1977 3& 4 September ... The Economics of Enterprise 1913 Ch VII, pp 86 7. ref Diminishing marginal utility This section is linked ... more details
A Utility Trailer is a small Trailer vehicle vehicle trailer that features an open top rear cargo area bed , and is used for the hauling of light loads. A utility trailer may also be Utility Trailer Manufacturing Company , an American semi trailer manufacturer disambig Category Trailers ... more details
In computer programming , a utility class is a class computer science class that defines a set of methods that perform common, often re used functions. Most utility classes define these common methods under static see Static variable scope. Examples of utility classes include java.util.Collections http java.sun.com j2se 1.5.0 docs api java util Collections.html which provides several utility methods such as sorting on objects that implement a Collection java.util.collection http java.sun.com j2se 1.5.0 docs api java util Collection.html . See also Utility pattern External links http c2.com cgi wiki?UtilityPattern Utility Pattern For a utility class, which does not require instantiation and only has static methods, use a private constructor Category Programming constructs Compu prog stub ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2010 Infobox software name Directory Utility logo Image Directory Utility Logo.png screenshot caption Directory Access Services tab developer Apple Computer latest release version 2.0.1 294.1 latest release date August 5, 2009 operating system Mac OS X genre Utility license Proprietary software Proprietary website http www.apple.com macosx Directory Utility is a utility included with the Mac OS X operating system to configure connections to directory services . Prior to Mac OS X 10.5 this tool was named Directory Access. See also Apple Open Directory Mac OS X Category Mac OS X mac stub it Accesso Directory mr uk Directory Utility zh Directory Utility ... more details
Infobox Software name Apple AirPort Utility logo Image AirPort Utility icon.png 65px caption The logo of Airport Utility screenshot Commented out Image airportadmin.png 220px caption Screenshot of AirPort Admin Utility on Apple Mac OS X v10.4 developer Apple Inc formerly Apple Computers Inc latest release version 5.5.2 latest release date December 16, 2010 operating system Mac OS X , Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 genre computer networking Networking utility software utility license Proprietary software Proprietary Next release ? Unknown website http www.apple.com airportexpress features utility.html Apple Airport Utility The AirPort Utility , formerly called AirPort Admin Utility , is a utility that allows users to configure an AirPort Wi Fi Base Station to create a wireless network and manage a USB device e.g., printer, external hard drive attached to the AirPort device. It s pre installed in Mac OS X and is available for download for Microsoft Windows XP , Windows Vista and Windows 7 . The initial release supported Mac OS X only, but later Apple released versions for Windows. Other operating systems are unsupported. External links http www.apple.com airportextreme features utility.html AirPort Utility http support.apple.com downloads airport AirPort Utility downloads http www.apple.com airportextreme Airport Extreme Apple software on Windows Apple hardware since 1998 Apple software Mac OS X Mac stub May 2010 Mac software stub May 2010 Windows software stub May 2010 DEFAULTSORT Airport Utility Category Mac OS X, Airport, Windows Software Network software stub Category Wireless Category Mac OS it Utility Amministrazione AirPort ru AirPort uk AirPort Admin Utility zh AirPort ... more details
Mergefrom Utilidor Common utility duct date May 2010 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Heatpipe tunnel copenhagen 2009.jpg thumb Underground tunnel for heatpipes between Rigshospitalet and Amagerv rket in Denmark . Image Dec27 004.jpg right thumb A picture of an utility tunnel taken by an Urban Exploration urban explorer in Toronto Canada. Note the steam and electrical conduit. File Schiffbau tunnel.jpg thumb Utility tunnel in the center of Zurich , Switzerland A utility tunnel is a space for wires, conduits, pipes, and other conveyances used in the delivery of utilities with enough room for a human to enter. Modern pipes and cables need less attention and space than older varieties, so the construction of utility tunnels declined in the late 20th century. Modern underground utilities tend to be enclosed in pipe chases, which are not large enough for people. Steam pipe s, in particular, tend to be housed in large tunnels for easy access by workmen. A number of university campuses have a complex network of steam pipes student exploration thereof is referred to as roof and tunnel hacking . See also Common utility duct Jefferies tube Steam tunnel incident Utilidor Utility vault DEFAULTSORT Utility Tunnel Category Tunnels Architecture stub cs Kolektor tunel he ja ... more details
Transferable utility is a term used in Cooperative game cooperative game theory and in economics . Utility is transferable if one player can losslessly transfer part of its utility to another player. Such transfers are possible if the players have a common currency that is valued equally by all. Note that being able to transfer cash payoff s does not imply that utility is transferable wealthy and poor players may derive a different utility from the same amount of money. Transferable utility is assumed in many cooperative game s, where the payoff s are not given for individual players, but only for coalitions. In this case the assumption implies that irrespective of the division of the coalitional payoff, members of the coalition enjoy the same total utility . References cite book last Myerson first Roger B. authorlink Roger B. Myerson title Game Theory Analysis of Conflict publisher Harvard University Press date 1991 location Cambridge, Massachusetts pages 568 url doi id isbn 0 674 34116 3 game theory Category Game theory Category Utility ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Confusing date February 2009 The Utility pattern is a software pattern that is used for utility Class computer science class es that do not require instantiation and only have static method s. The state computer science stateless class is designated as static so that no instances can be created. Good candidates for utility classes are convenience methods that can be grouped together functionally. Furthermore, methods in Utility classes are usually deterministic. As the Utility class is stateless, all parameters in each method must pass all necessary information to the method. Example in C public static class LogUtil public static void LogError String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogError message public static void LogWarning String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogWarning message public static void LogInfo String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogInfo message A simple example showing how the utility methods are used class MyProgram static void Main String args if args.Length 0 Call our utility helper methods. Note that these are static methods that are called directly off the class. LogUtil.LogError User ran app with arguments else LogUtil.LogInfo Running program. Run See also Utility class Category Software design patterns Compu prog stub ... more details
Image UtilityVault.JPG thumb right 150px Open Utility Vault. ELEC on cover indicates Electrical Equipment Wires. A utility vault is an underground room providing access to subterranean public utility equipment, such as valve s for water or natural gas pipes, or switchgear for electrical or telecommunication s equipment. Utility vaults are commonly constructed out of reinforced concrete box es, poured cement or brick. Small ones are usually entered through a manhole or grate on the topside. Such vaults are considered confined space s and can be hazardous to enter. Large utility vaults are similar to mechanical room mechanical or electrical room s in design and content. External links http www.precast.org vault faq.htm National Precast Concrete Association Category Public utilities Category Rooms Category Subterranea geography room stub ... more details
Infobox aviation name Utility aircraft image Image Beriew Be 200 CH S Detail Bug 2.jpg caption The Beriev Be 200 is a utility aircraft. A utility aircraft is a general purpose light plane or helicopter, usually used for transporting people or freight, but also for other duties when a more specialised aircraft is not required or available. The term can also refer to an aircraft Type certificate certified under FAR Part 23 as a Utility Category Aircraft , which indicates that it is permitted to conduct limited aerobatics . The approved maneuvers include chandelle s, lazy eight s, Spin flight spins and steep turns over 60° of bank. ref name Crane Crane, Dale Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition , page 535. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. ISBN 1 56027 287 2 ref In the United States, military utility aircraft are given the prefix U in their designations. References reflist Category Aircraft by type aero stub de Mehrzweckflugzeug es Avi n utilitario ... more details
Utilitarianism expanded Problems The utility monster is a thought experiment in the study of ethics . It was created by philosopher Robert Nozick in 1974 as a criticism of utilitarianism . In the thought experiment, a hypothetical being is proposed who receives as much or more utility from each additional unit of a resource he consumes as the first unit he consumes. Since ordinary people receive less utility with each additional unit consumed, if the utility monster existed, it would justify the mistreatment and perhaps annihilation of everyone else, according to the doctrine of utilitarianism. According to the philosopher Robert Nozick Utilitarian theory is embarrassed by the possibility of utility monsters who get enormously greater sums of utility from any sacrifice of others than these others lose . . . the theory seems to require that we all be sacrificed in the monster s maw, in order to increase total utility. ref Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia 1974 ref This thought experiment attempts to show that utilitarianism is not actually egalitarian , even though it appears to be at first glance. It is the opposite of the mere addition paradox , which argues that utilitarianism may lead to a very heavily populated dystopic world. See also Average and total utilitarianism References reflist Category Utilitarianism Category Thought experiments in ethics lt Laim s monstras ... more details
unreferenced date December 2010 Utility vehicle is used to describe a vehicle , generally motorized , that is designed for a specific task. Types of utility vehicles Armored utility vehicle Sport utility vehicle Vehicles similar to a station wagon but built on a light truck chassis, usually with off road capability. main Sport utility vehicle Crossover utility vehicle Image Kawasaki Mule snow removal.jpg thumb 200px right Kawasaki Mule used for snow removal Station wagon s based on car chassis, but styled to look like sport utility vehicles main Crossover automobile Light equipment Vehicles like the Kawasaki motorcycles All Terrain Vehicles and utility vehicles Kawasaki s MULE in which a flat bed is added to an all terrain vehicle . Generally used as a maintenance vehicle. Coup utility or Tray utility vehicle Vehicles featuring a coupe passenger compartment with an attached cargo bed. All steel bodied utility vehicles, more commonly called utes , were invented in Australia . main Coup utilityUtility Terrain Vehicle A type of small vehicle like an All terrain vehicle ATV all terrain vehicle but with more truck like features for working instead of recreation. main Utility terrain vehicle UTV Characteristics UTV s differ from ATV s in that UTV s typically have a side by side seating arrangement, many have seat belts and roll over protection, and most have a cargo box at the rear of the vehicle. The UTV s generally have a higher payload capability and are longer and wider than ATV s. While most ATV s can carry 125 to 200 lbs. of cargo in addition to the operator s weight, the UTV payloads run from 800 to 1350 lbs. above the operator passenger s weight. The payload is usually carried on a UTV below the top of the tires as opposed to an ATV where the load is carried above the fenders. This lower load positioning can drastically lower the vertical center of gravity which will increase stability. UTV s come in a number of different configurations. Some have four tires on the ground ... more details
Ordinal utility Economic theory theory states that while the utility of a particular good economics good or service cannot be measured using a numerical scale bearing economic meaning in and of itself, pairs of alternative bundles combinations of goods can be ordered such that one is considered by an individual to be worse than, equal to, or better than the other. This contrasts with cardinal utility theory, which generally treats utility as something whose numerical value is meaningful in its own right. Indifference curve mappings When a large number of bundles of goods are compared, the preferences of the individual can be seen. This information is usually put together on a graph called an indifference map. One of these is shown below image Simple indifference curves.svg 200px indifference map Each indifference curve is a set of points, each representing a combination of quantities of two ... a curve is from the origin, the greater is the level of utility. The slope of the curve the negative ... is willing to trade off good X against good Y maintaining the same level of utility. The curve is convex ... as that based on cardinal utility theory i.e., consumers will consume at the point where the marginal ... botond mistakeschicago.pdf ref Ordinal utility functions An ordinal utility function describing ... prefers more of both goods. But the same preferences could be expressed as another utility ... globally increasing function. Utility functions g and u give rise to identical indifference curve mappings. Thus in ordinal utility theory, there is no concept of diminishing marginal utility , which would correspond to the second derivative of utility being negative. For example, even if u has a negative second derivative with respect to x , the equivalent utility function g may have a positive second derivative with respect to x . See also consumer theory cardinal utility marginal utility References references Category Utility nl Ordinaal nut ... more details
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