File Pyuria2.JPG thumb 200px White blood cell s seen under a microscope from a urine sample. A urinalysis or UA is an array of tests performed on urine and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis . ref name pmid15791892 cite journal author Simerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ title Urinalysis a comprehensive review journal American Family Physician volume 71 issue 6 pages 1153 62 year 2005 month March pmid 15791892 doi url http www.aafp.org afp 20050315 1153.html accessdate ref A part of a urinalysis can be performed by using urine dipsticks , in which the test results can be read as color changes. Medical urinalysis In addition to the substances mentioned in the table, other tests include a description of color and appearance. Icotest The test used to detect the destruction of old Red Blood Cells RBC in the urine. Hemoglobin Test Hemolysis in the blood vessels, a rupture in the capillaries of the glomerulus , or hemorrhage in the urinary system may cause hemoglobin to appear in the urine. Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG normally absent, this hormone appears in the urine of pregnancy pregnant woman women . Home pregnancy test s commonly detect this substance. class wikitable align center Reference ranges and comments for urine tests Measurement Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments Urine specific gravity 1.003 ref name pmid15791892 ref name southwest 1.030 ref name pmid15791892 ref name southwest no unit This test detects the ion concentration of urine. Small amounts of protein or ketoacidosis tend to elevate the urine s specific gravity SG . This value is measured ... seen on microscopic examination. Always check INR PT PTT and send a fresh urine sample for urinalysis ... References reflist External links Commons category Urinalysis http www.labtestsonline.org understanding analytes urinalysis glance.html Lab Tests Online Urinalysis http www.redurine.com medical tests urine test.html Different Types of Urinalysis Urine tests Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings ... more details
Redia or redia can be A synonym for the plant genus Cleidion of the family Euphorbiaceae A Trematode lifecycle stages stage in the development of a trematode A dipstick for urinalysis , determining levels of glucose , albumin and erythrocytes disambig ja ... more details
Summary Information Description Bayer Ketostix reagent strips for urinalysis. Source self made Date 01 March 2008 Location Author Colin tweaked by GrahamColm other versions Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Cystocentesis is a veterinary procedure where a needle is placed into the urinary bladder through the abdomen of an animal and a sample of urine is removed. Diagnosis Diagnostic cystocentesis is used to prevent sample taken for urinalysis from being contaminated with bacteria, cells and debris from the lower urethra urogenital tract . Therapeutic cystocentesis may be employed to relieve pressure buildup due to urethral obstruction. Therapeutic cystocentesis is typically last resort for relief, as a greatly distended bladder is more likely to rupture when punctured. A safer method of emptying the urinary bladder in this condition is by urethral catheterization. Category Veterinary procedures Veterinary med stub ... more details
Image Urinometer.jpg thumbnail right A typical urinometer A Urineometer is a simple piece of equipment for determining urine specific gravity . A typical urinometer is composed of a float, a weight, and a stem. The float is an air filled glass tube, ending in the weight on the left and the stem on the right. The weight is a bulb filled with ball bearings embedded in a red solid, probably a glue of some sort. The glass stem extends to the right, and has calibrated gradations and numbers marked off to indicate specific gravity measurements. It is placed in a tube of urine, and where the miniscus of the urine reaches displays the specific gravity of the urine. A urinometer is typically used in medical Diagnostic test diagnostic labs. See also Urinalysis Sci stub Category Urine ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 A urine collection device or UCD is a device that allows the collection of urine for analysis as in medicine medical or forensics forensic urinalysis or for purposes of simple elimination as in vehicles engaged in long voyages and not equipped with toilet s, particularly aircraft and spacecraft . UCDs of the latter type are sometimes called piddle packs. Description A urine collection device is a simple utensil that allows an individual to empty his or her urinary bladder bladder into a container hygienically and without spilling urine . UCDs for elimination A common use of UCDs is in military fighter aircraft . Small aircraft such as fighter planes are not equipped with toilets, but pilots are sometimes required to fly them for several hours continuously. Since most people produce enough urine to fill their bladders after only a few hours under normal conditions, some method must be provided to allow a pilot to empty his bladder without leaving his seat in the cockpit . A UCD makes this possible. UCDs are also used on spacecraft and occasionally in other vehicles, for the same reasons. A typical UCD consists of a small container with a dehydrated sponge inside, connected to a tube which in turn is connected to a funnel like orifice that is adapted to the user s anatomy different designs are used for men as compared to women . The user simply holds the funnel near or on his penis or her vulva, as the case may be, and urinates into the tube, with the collected urine saturating the sponge which may be impregnated with disinfectants and odor control substances and filling the container. UCDs are designed to be used in cramped quarters without requiring that the user rise from his seated position in the cockpit. In most cases, the user wears special clothing that can easily be opened to permit use of the UCD e.g., special zipper s in flight suit s . UCDs for urinalysis Special UCDs exist for the collection of urine samples for subsequent ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Struvite crystals dog with scale 1.JPG Caption Struvite crystals found in a urinalysis DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 R 82 9 r 80 ICD9 ICD9 791.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Crystalluria refers to crystals found in the urine when performing a urine test . Clinical significance It can be an indication of urolithiasis . It can be associated with cysteinuria . ref PMID 12748836 ref it leads to formation of stones References reflist External links http www.agora.crosemont.qc.ca urinesediments doceng doc 024.htm Overview http www.annals.org cgi content full 127 2 119 Annals of Internal Medicine med sign stub Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine Category Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine pt Cristal ria ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 The Menarini Group is an Italy Italian pharmaceutical company. It was founded in Naples, Italy , in 1886, and has three divisions Menarini Ricerche, Menarini Biotech and Menarini Diagnostics. It is committed to the search for pharmacological solutions for such therapeutic areas as cardiovascular diseases, oncology, pain inflammation, asthma and anti infectives. Menarini s research activities are carried out through Menarini Ricerche, which deals with all R&D activities, from the creation of new projects up to the drug registration. Its Menarini Biotech follows the creation of a biotechnological drug from the very early stages of research, through to the pilot scale and up to industrial production. The Group s Menarini Diagnostics division is a health care company with a world wide network of affiliates partners and distributors focused on diabetes, haematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, and immunology. External links http www.menarini.com Official site Category Companies of Italy Category Pharmaceutical companies of Italy de Menarini it Menarini ... more details
Anejaculation is the pathology pathological inability to ejaculation ejaculate in male s, with orgasmic or without anorgasmic orgasm. It can depend on one or more of several etiology causes , including ordered by Statistical frequency frequency Sexual inhibition medication Pharmacological Reaction inhibitor inhibition ref They include mostly antidepressant and antipsychotic medication, and the patients experiencing that tend to quit them see http www.giovannialei.it patologie eiaculazione retrograda.htm it and http www.psicosessuologia.it site index.php?mode page&pagename apfemm2&cat sessuologia it ref Autonomic nervous system malfunction Prostatectomy surgical removal of the prostate. Ejaculatory duct obstruction Anejaculation, especially the orgasmic variant, is usually indistinguishable from retrograde ejaculation . However, a negative urinalysis measuring no abnormal presence of spermatozoon spermatozoa in the urine will eliminate a retrograde ejaculation diagnosis. Thus, if the affected man has the sensations and involuntary muscle contractions of an orgasm but no or very low volume semen , ejaculatory duct obstruction is another possible underlying pathology of anejaculation. Notes references See also Retrograde ejaculation human repro stub fr An jaculation it Aneiaculazione pl Anejakulacja Category Diseases of male genital organs ... more details
MedAbbrev T V class wikitable sortable scope col Abbreviation scope col Meaning UA urinalysis UBT urea breath test UC ulcerative colitis UCHD usual childhood diseases see list of childhood diseases UD as directed from Latin ut dictum UDS Drug test urine drug screening UE Upper limb upper extremity U&E urea and electrolytes blood test for sodium and potassium, and often creatinine UIP Usual interstitial pneumonia usual interstitial pneumonitis UGI Gastrointestinal tract upper gastrointestinal ULN upper limit of normal UOP Urination urinary output Ung ointment from Latin unguentum Unk unknown UPJ ureteropelvic junction see pyeloplasty URA unilateral renal agenesis URI Upper respiratory tract infection upper respiratory infection URTI upper respiratory tract infection US Medical ultrasonography ultrasonogram USG Medical ultrasonography ultrasonogram USP United States Pharmacopeia USR unheated serum reagin USS Medical ultrasonography ultrasound scan UTI urinary tract infection UVAL Argon laser ultraviolet argon laser MedAbbrev T V Category Lists of medical abbreviations ... more details
basis of urinalysis and to its use in practical medicine. 1797 Carl Friedrich G rtner 1772 1850 ... urinalysis journal Clin. Chem. volume 38 issue 3 pages 426 31 year 1992 month March pmid ... is a well established practice in modern day urinalysis. Urinary Sediment During routine screening ... Compendium UrinalysisUrinalysis with Test Strips. Dr E F Hohenberger, Dr H Kimling 2002 http ... more details
are acute or chronic. Urinalysis is a test that studies urine for abnormal substances such as protein or signs of infection. A Full Ward Test, also known as dipstick urinalysis, involves the dipping ... in the urine. Urinalysis can also involve MC&S microscopy , microbiological culture culture and antibiotic ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 Image NortonSidechest.JPG thumb 230px Natural bodybuilder Layne Norton posing. Natural bodybuilding is the practice or participation in bodybuilding without the use of banned substances most commonly referring to the use of illegal performance enhancing drugs , such as anabolic steroids and human growth hormone . In the sport of natural bodybuilding, the classification of natural is based on the division in which the bodybuilders compete. While natural bodybuilders do not use drugs or illegal substances, they do use nutritional supplements and other legal products. Drug testing In the sport of Natural Bodybuilding, the classification of natural is based on the organization you are competing in. For example, The I.N.B.A. International Natural Bodybuilding Association is the largest and most strict drug free bodybuilding and fitness organization in the world. The INBA follows the I.O.C. International Olympics Committee and W.A.D.A. World Anti Doping Association Banned Substance Lists. All Athletes are fully tested by urinalysis, even amateur level. On the other end of the spectrum, you have the N.P.C. National Physique Committee which only tests for Anabolic steroids, Pro hormone and prescripted Diuretics, and testing is different depending on the competition you are competing in. There are many organization for Natural Bodybuilding including the INBA, INBF International Natural Bodybuilding Federation , NGA National Gym Association , NANBF North American Natural Bodybuilding Federation ,NPC, NPA Natural Physique Association , and OCB Organization of Competitive Bodybuilders . All of which has their own Banned Substances and testing methods. These methods range from polygraph, to Urinalysis, in some cases like the Olympics, there is even blood testing. Drug testing bodies Drug testing is generally organized at a national level. Often the body engaged by the sanctioning Federation Promoter is the national drug anti doping body of the juri ... more details
Letter NumberCombination UB TA VA UA or ua may refer to Units of measure astronomical unit ua or u.a. also AU, au, a.u. microampere uA, properly A Unit of account Clinical medicine unstable angina uric acid urinalysis also U A Places Ukraine , ISO country code .ua Upper Arlington, Ohio Gaming Unearthed Arcana , Dungeons & Dragons sourcebook Unknown Armies , role play game Organizations Under Armour , a clothing brand ultrAslan , Galatasaray SK fan group Union Association , baseball league United Airlines , IATA airline designator United Artists , film studio United Association , trade union Schools University of Alabama University of Alaska University of Arizona University of Arkansas Ursuline Academy disambiguation one of several schools that can be abbreviated U of A disambiguation Technology Universal Alcatel , a telecommunications protocol User agent , computer networking software class User Assistance , computer programme manuals and documentation Tradenames music Ua singer United Abominations , album by Megadeth Other Unmanned Aircraft Universal Audio company Universal Audio Inc , a designer and manufacturer of audio signal processing hardware and software. German submarine U A German submarine U A , a German submarine of the Second World War The Umbrella Academy , a graphic novel by Gerard Way Unauthorized Absence Unitary authority , local government division in England Urbanized Area Future Force Unit of Action , proposed US Army tactical unit See also U of A disambiguation , things that can be abbreviated U of A disambig ast UA ca UA desambiguaci de UA es UA eo Ua eu UA fa UA fr UA gl UA ko UA it UA sw UA lv UA lt UA nl UA ja UA pl U A pt UA ksh UA Watt datt? ro UA ru UA sl UA fi Ua sv UA uk UA ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Pyuria Image Pyuria.JPG Caption White blood cells seen under a microscope from a urine sample. DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 N 39 0 ICD9 ICD9 791.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D011776 In medicine , Pyuria refers to urine which contains pus. Defined as the presence of 4 or more neutrophils per high power field of unspun, voided mid stream urine. It can be sign of a bacterial urinary tract infection . Pyuria may be present in the septic patient, or in an older patient with pneumonia . Sterile pyuria is urine which contains white blood cells while appearing sterile by standard Microbiological culture culturing techniques. Sterile pyuria is listed as a side effect from some medications such as paracetamol paracetamol acetaminophen . Its occurrence is also associated with certain disease processes, such as Kawasaki Disease and renal tuberculosis TB ref name review1 . However, there are many known causes, including Systemic disease systemic or Infectious disease infectious disease, structural and physiological reasons, intrinsic renal pathology, or drugs ref name review1 cite journal author Dieter RS title Sterile pyuria a differential diagnosis journal Compr Ther volume 26 issue 3 pages 150 2 year 2000 pmid 10984817 doi url ref . See also Urinalysis References references External links GPnotebook 1986723880 med sign stub de Pyurie fr Pyurie nl Pyurie pl Ropomocz ru zh Category Medical signs ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name No More Cocoons Type Album Artist Jello Biafra Cover JelloBiafra NoMoreCocoons.jpg Released 1987 Genre Spoken word Length 109 56 Label Alternative Tentacles Producer Jello Biafra Reviews Allmusic Rating 4.5 5 Allmusic class album id r1819 pure url yes link Last album This album No More Cocoons br 1987 Next album High Priest of Harmful Matter Tales From the Trial br 1989 No More Cocoons is the first spoken word album by Jello Biafra . Track listing Message From Our Sponsor 2 58 Soundbite Jaw One The Prosecutor Speaks 0 21 Mild Kingdom 4 39 Soundbite Jaw Two 1 20 Vietnam Never Happened 2 12 What Reagan Didn t Know 12 40 May All Your Dreams Be Wonderful 10 39 Soundbite Jaw Three 2 04 Urinalysis Is Freedom 11 16 Names For Bands New Improved Version 14 55 Talk On Censorship Letter To Tipper Gore 26 04 Why I m Glad The Space Shuttle Blew Up 2 51 Fuck Facts 6 57 Stars & Stripes Of Corruption 11 00 Jello Biafra Category 1987 albums Category Alternative Tentacles albums Category Jello Biafra albums ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Lipiduria , also termed Lipuria , is the presence of lipid s in the urine . http www.mercksource.com pp us cns cns hl dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd l 11zPzhtm 1 Lipuria is most frequently observed in nephrotic syndrome where it is passed as lipoprotein s along with other proteins. ref cite journal author Klahr S, Tripathy K, Bolanos O title Qualitative and quantitative analysis of urinary lipids in the nephrotic syndrome journal J. Clin. Invest. volume 46 issue 9 pages 1475 81 year 1967 pmid 6036540 doi 10.1172 JCI105639 pmc 292893 ref ref name Significance of lipiduria http www.uptodate.com patients content topic.do?topicKey Kk.Q0M6Zsr lvq. ref Lipuria has also been reported as a sign following fat embolism . ref cite journal author Findlay J, DeMajo W title Cerebral fat embolism journal Canadian Medical Association journal volume 131 issue 7 pages 755 7 date 1 January 1984 pmid 6478364 format Image & PDF pmc 1483580 ref When lipiduria occurs, these cells contain endogenous fats. When filled with numerous fat droplets, such cells are called oval fat bodies. Oval fat bodies exhibit a Maltese cross configuration under polarized light microscopy. ref name Urinalysis http library.med.utah.edu WebPath TUTORIAL URINE URINE.html ref This Maltese cross is because of its liquid crystalline structure giving it a double refraction birefringence . See also Urostealith References Reflist Category Urine med sign stub ca Lip ria ... more details
Rudolph August Witthaus 1846& 45 1915 was an United States American toxicology toxicologist , born in New York City . He graduated from Columbia University in 1867, and from the medical department of New York University in 1875 studied in the Sorbonne and the Coll& 232 ge de France College of France and was professor of chemistry and toxicology at the universities of New York, University of Vermont Vermont , and University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Buffalo successively, and at Cornell University Cornell 1898& 45 1911 . He acted as toxicological expert in several famous criminal cases. His publications include Essentials of Chemistry 1879 Manual of Chemistry 1879 sixth edition, 1908 General Medical Chemistry 1881 Laboratory Guide in Urinalysis and Toxicology 1886 With T. C. Becker he also edited Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic Medicine, and Toxicology second edition, four volumes, 1906& 45 11 , to which he contributed the introduction and volume iv. NIE Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Witthaus, Robert August ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1846 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1915 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Witthaus, Robert August Category American non fiction writers Witthaus, Rudolph August Category Columbia University alumni Witthaus, Rudolph August Category Cornell University faculty Witthaus, Rudolph August Category New York University School of Medicine alumni Witthaus, Rudolph August Category University of Paris alumni Category University of Vermont faculty Witthaus, Rudolph August Category American academics Witthaus, Rudolph August Category People from New York City Witthaus, Rudolph August Category American chemists Witthaus, Rudolph August Category 1846 births Witthaus, Rudolph August Category 1915 deaths US academic scientist stub ... more details
Bladder cancer in cats and dogs usually is transitional cell carcinoma TCC , which arises from the epithelial cells that line the bladder. Less often in these animals, cancer of the urinary bladder is squamous cell carcinoma , adenocarcinoma , or rhabdomyosarcoma . Signs and symptoms The most frequent symptoms of TCC are blood in the urine, painful urination, frequent urination and or straining to urinate. This can look very similar to an infection of the urinary system. Diagnosis Diagnostic tests typically include complete blood tests, urinalysis, urine culture, X rays of the abdomen and chest, and bladder imaging. The definitive diagnosis of bladder cancer will require a tissue biopsy and subsequent examination of the cells under the microscope. ref name MacEwan 2001 cite book author Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, eds title Small Animal Clinical Oncology edition 3rd ed. publisher W.B. Saunders Company year 2001 ref Treatment Because most bladder cancers are invasive into the bladder wall, surgical removal is usually not possible. The majority of transitional cell carcinomas are treated with 2 types of medications, either traditional chemotherapy or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug Non steroidal anti inflammatory drug NSAID . References Reflist External links http www.petcancercenter.org Cancer Types Bladder.htmll Bladder Cancer in Cats and Dogs from Pet Cancer Center http veterinarycancer.com bladdertumor.html Bladder Tumors from Animal Cancer & Imaging Center http www.vet.purdue.edu pcop CanineUrinaryBladderCancer.pdf Canine Bladder Cancer from Purdue Veterinary School of Medicine http www.petplace.com dogs urinary bladder cancer in dogs page1.aspx Urinary Bladder Cancer from Pet Place Category Dog diseases Category Cat diseases ... more details
urinalysis monitor the amount of urobilin in urine because it is an important substance in metabolism ... Linn , Jean Urinalysis and Body Fluids, A ColorText and Atlas. St. Louis copyright 1995 Mosby ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 396297655 ImageFile Benzoylecgonine 2D skeletal.png ImageSize ImageFile1 Benzoylecgonine 3D balls.png ImageSize1 IUPACName 3 Benzoyloxy 8 methyl 8 azabicyclo 3.2.1 octane 4 carboxylic acid OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 395095 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 5353I8I6YS InChI 1 C16H19NO4 c1 17 11 7 8 12 17 14 15 18 19 13 9 11 21 16 20 10 5 3 2 4 6 10 h2 6,11 14H,7 9H2,1H3, H,18,19 t11 ,12 ,13 ,14 m0 s1 InChIKey GVGYEFKIHJTNQZ RFQIPJPRBD StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C16H19NO4 c1 17 11 7 8 12 17 14 15 18 19 13 9 11 21 16 20 10 5 3 2 4 6 10 h2 6,11 14H,7 9H2,1H3, H,18,19 t11 ,12 ,13 ,14 m0 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey GVGYEFKIHJTNQZ RFQIPJPRSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 519 09 5 PubChem SMILES CN1 C H 2CC C H 1 C H C H C2 OC O c3ccccc3 C O O Section2 Chembox Properties C 16 H 19 N 1 O 4 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Benzoylecgonine is a topical analgesic and metabolite . History Benzoylecgonine is used as the main pharmaceutical ingredient in the prescription drug Esterom, a topical solution used for the relief of muscle pain. Pharmacokinetics Benzoylecgonine consists of ecgonine benzoate , and is the primary metabolite of cocaine . Urinalysis Benzoylecgonine is the compound tested for in most substantive cocaine Drug test Urine drug screen urinalyses . It is the corresponding carboxylic acid resulting of the hydrolysis of the methyl ester of cocaine. It is formed in the liver by the metabolism of cocaine, catalysed by carboxylesterase s, and subsequently excreted in the urine . It can be found in the urine for considerably longer than the cocaine itself which is generally cleared out within 5 days. Small amounts may be traced back to certain OTC over the counter medications, after having been metabolized in the liver. Citatio ... more details
Infobox SCOTUS case Litigants Board of Education v. Earls ArgueDate March 19 ArgueYear 2002 DecideDate June 27 DecideYear 2002 FullName Board of Education of Independent School District of Pottawatomie County et al. v. Earls et al. USVol 536 USPage 822 Citation Prior Subsequent Holding Coercive drug testing imposed by school district upon students who participate in extracurricular activities does not violate the Fourth Amendment. SCOTUS 1994 2005 Majority Thomas JoinMajority Rehnquist, Scalia, Kennedy, Breyer Concurrence Breyer Dissent O Connor JoinDissent Souter Dissent2 Ginsburg JoinDissent2 Stevens, O Connor, Souter LawsApplied Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution U.S. Const. amend. IV Board of Education v. Earls , ussc 536 822 2002 , was a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that upheld the constitutionality of mandatory drug testing by public schools of students participating in extracurricular activities. The legal challenge to the practice was brought by two students, Lindsay Earls and Daniel James, and their families against the school board of Tecumseh, Oklahoma , alleging that their policy requiring students to consent to random urinalysis testing for drug use violated the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The majority decision, written by Justice Clarence Thomas , with a concurring opinion by Justice Stephen Breyer , held that students in extracurricular activities had a diminished expectation of privacy, and that the policy furthered an important interest of the school in preventing drug use among students. This rationale was based on the precedent Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton , which allowed drug testing for athletes. See also List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 536 List of United States Supreme Court cases References http www.oyez.org cases 2000 2009 2001 2001 01 332 Headnote and summary of the decision http caselaw.lp.findlaw.com ... more details
for explanation of the ratio of densities of two materials Relative density File Urine specific gravity.JPG thumb 225px Reading of a urine specific gravity, left column at the junction of the dark and light halves. Specific gravity , in the context of clinical pathology , is a urinalysis parameter commonly used in the evaluation of kidney function and can aid in the diagnosis of various Renal anomalies Diseases and disorders renal diseases . Background for background on kidney function Renal function The role of the kidney s in humans and other mammals is to aid in the Clearance medicine clearance of various water soluble molecules, including toxins , toxicant s, and metabolic waste . The body Excretion excretes some of these waste molecules via urination , and the role of the kidney is to Concentration concentrate the urine, such that waste molecules can be excreted with minimal loss of water and nutrients. The concentration of the excreted molecules determines the urine s specific gravity . In adult humans, normal specific gravity values range from 1.010 to 1.020. Specific gravity and disease Increases in specific gravity hypersthenuria, i.e. increased concentration of solutes in the urine may be associated with dehydration , diarrhea , emesis , excessive sweating , glucosuria , renal artery stenosis , hepatorenal syndrome , decreased blood flow to the kidney as a result of heart failure , and excess of antidiuretic hormone caused by Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone . ref http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus ency article 003587.htm Explanation of Hepatorenal Syndrome on MedlinePlus ref A specific gravity greater than 1.035 is consistent with frank dehydration. ref Armstrong, L.E., Soto, J.A., Hacker, F.T., Casa, D.J., Kavouras, S.A., Maresh, C.M. 1998 . Urinary indices during dehydration, exercise, and rehydration. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 8 345 355. REF In neonates, normal urine specific gravity is 1.003. A specific gravity of 1.009 is considered hypovolemia ... more details
Infobox University name Sanford Brown Institute Houston image established 1992 type Private staff faculty president James C. Garrett provost students city Houston state Texas country USA campus website http www.sbhouston.com address 10500 Forum Place Drive, Suite 200, Houston, TX 77036 telephone Sanford Brown Institute Houston is a For profit school for profit college. It opened in 2000 when the Bellaire campus, which originally opened in 1992, was relocated to Houston, Texas. Sanford Brown Institute Houston is an additional location of the main campus in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2003 Career Education Corporation CEC purchased Sanford Brown Institute. Programs Sanford Brown Institute Houston awards certificates in Cardiovascular Technology, Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Medical Assistant, Medical Billing and Coding Specialist, Pharmacy Technician, Surgical Technology. The school also offers an Associate in Applied Science Degree in Medical Laboratory Technology. Admissions Sanford Brown Institute Houston requires all applicants complete an application for admission, enrollment agreement and interview with a school official. The school also requires a high school diploma, certificate or other official proof of graduation from an institution providing secondary education. Some programs may have additional requirements. Please contact SBI Houston for full admission details. Campus Sanford Brown Institute Houston consists of ten classrooms, one large imaging lab, three computer labs, three wet labs and one surgical operating room. The imaging lab is equipped with ultrasound scanners and the administrative medical assisting lab houses computers and equipment for EKG, urinalysis, hematology, phlebotomy, and sterilization. The resource center is another area of the Houston campus it houses the library and computer lab. Other areas of campus include administrative and faculty offices, student lounges and a reception area. Accreditation Sanford Brown Institute Houston is accred ... more details
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