Image Urease 1E9Z.jpg thumb Helicobacter Pylori Urease drawn from PDB 1E9Z . Urease EC number 3.5.1.5 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia . The reaction occurs as follows Urea NH sub 2 sub sub 2 sub CO H sub 2 sub O carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub 2 ammonia NH sub 3 sub In 1926, James Sumner showed that urease is a protein . Urease is found in bacteria , yeast , and several higher plant s. The structure of urease was first solved by P.A. Karplus in 1995. Characteristics Active site Molecular weight 480 Atomic mass unit kDa or 545 Atomic mass unit kDa for Canavalia ensiformis Jack Bean Urease calculated mass from the amino acid sequence . Optimum pH 7.4 Optimum Temperature 60 degrees Celsius Enzymatic specificity urea and hydroxyurea Enzyme ... of the asymmetric unit, one third of the true biological assembly . An exceptional urease ... ammonia in order to neutralise gastric acid . The presence of urease is used in the diagnosis of Helicobacter species. As diagnostic test Main Rapid urease test Many gastrointestinal or urinary tract pathogens produce urease, enabling the detection of urease to be used as a diagnostic to detect presence of pathogens. Urease positive pathogens include Helicobacter pylori Certain Enteric bacteria including ... , a relative of Mycoplasma spp. Cryptococcus spp., an opportunistic fungus Other uses Urease conductometric biosensors for detection of heavy metal ions Expand section date May 2008 Urease conductometric ... water pollution with heavy metal ions. The measurements of the urease residual activity have ... of heavy metal ions. The sequence of metals ions relative to their toxicity toward urease is Hg .... Urease reactivation by EDTA after inhibition by heavy metal ions has been demonstrated. The performance ... hydrolases Category Nickel enzymes Category EC 3.5.1 hydrolase stub cy Wreas da Urease de Urease es Ureasa fr Ur ase ko it Ureasi he nl Urease ja pl Ureaza pt Urease ru fi Ureaasi ... more details
Image Rapid urease test.JPG thumb Rapid urease test Rapid urease test , also known as the CLO test Campylobacter like organism test , is a rapid test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori . ref name urlMedscape & eMedicine Log In cite web url http www.medscape.com viewarticle 488068 title Medscape & eMedicine Log In format work accessdate ref The basis of the test is the ability of H. pylori to secrete the urease enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of urea to ammonia and bicarbonate . Process The test is performed at the time of esophagogastroduodenoscopy gastroscopy . A biopsy of mucosa is taken from the antrum of the stomach , and is placed into a medium containing urea and an indicator such as phenol red . The urease produced by H. pylori hydrolyzes urea to ammonia, which raises the pH of the medium, and changes the color of the specimen from yellow NEGATIVE to red POSITIVE . Limitations There is evidence to suggest that H. pylori moves proximal in the stomach in patients on therapy with proton pump inhibitors , and, as such, samples from the fundus and antrum should be taken in these patients. The specificity and sensitivity of this test is high compared with histopathological examination or urea breath test . The test is often done as part of point of care diagnostics, to eliminate the time and expense required to detect H. pylori on pathology testing. References reflist Med diagnostic stub Digestive system procedures Category Medical tests pl Szybki test ureazowy ... more details
Amidohydrolases or amidases are a type of hydrolase that acts upon amide bonds. They are categorized under EC number EC 3.5.1 and 3.5.2. Examples include Beta lactamase Histone deacetylase Urease See also Aminohydrolases External links MeshName Amidohydrolases CrispThesaurus 00000306 Category EC 3.5.1 Category EC 3.5.2 hydrolase stub Carbon nitrogen non peptide hydrolases cs Amidohydrol za ... more details
italic title Unreferenced type bacteria date December 2009 Taxobox color lightgrey name Acidovorax facilis regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Beta Proteobacteria ordo Burkholderiales familia Comamonadaceae genus Acidovorax species A. facilis binomial Acidovorax facilis binomial authority Schatz and Bovell 1952 Willems et al. 1990 synonyms Hydrogenomonas facilis small Schatz and Bovell 1952 small br Pseudomonas facilis small Schatz and Bovell 1952 Davis 1969 small Acidovorax facilis is an aerobe aerobic , chemoorganotroph ic bacterium used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture . Morphological and biochemical attributes The bacterium is a 0.2 0.7 x 1.0 5.0 micrometre straight to slightly curved Gram negative rod that occurs singly or in short chains. It is motile by means of a single polar flagellum. On nutrient agar, it forms unpigmented colonies. A. facilis strains tend to be cytochrome c oxidase oxidase positive, but urease variable some strains grow on Christensen urea agar but lack urease according to API 20NE tests. See also Acidovorax DEFAULTSORT Acidovorax Facilis Category Burkholderiales Proteobacteria stub ... more details
italic title Unreferenced stub type bacteria auto yes date December 2009 Taxobox name Ureaplasma regnum Bacteria divisio Firmicutes classis Mollicutes ordo Mycoplasmataceae Mycoplasmatales familia Mycoplasmataceae genus Ureaplasma Ureaplasma is a genus of bacteria belonging to the family Mycoplasmataceae . As the name imples, ureaplasma is urease positive. It includes the species Ureaplasma canigenitalium Ureaplasma cati Ureaplasma diversum Ureaplasma felinum Ureaplasma gallorale Ureaplasma loridis Ureaplasma parvum Ureaplasma urealyticum External links http emedicine.medscape.com article 231470 overview Ureaplasma Infection eMedicine Infectious Diseases Bacteria classification Category Mollicutes Bacteria stub cs Ureaplasma fr Ureaplasma it Ureaplasma ru ... more details
location New York ref Urease is a naturally occurring enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea ... proposal for urease mechanism based on the crystal structures of the native and inhibited enzyme ... residues, such as thatch and plant stubble exhibit increased urease activity. Soils that have high organic matter content also tend to have higher urease concentrations. More urease results in greater .... ref Torello W.A. and Wehner D.J.. Urease Activity in a Kentucky Bluegrass Turf. Agronomy Journal 1983 654 656. ref Urease inhibitors Fertilizer is often applied when field conditions are not optimal ... and soil urease. Biology and Fertility of Soils 1989 123 127. ref , indicate that nitrogen losses can be reduced in these situations when a urease inhibitor is applied to the fertilizer. There are several ... id 1d Agrotain . This fertilizer amendment coats urea preventing the urease enzyme from breaking down ..., C.J., et al. Rate and mode of application of the urease inhibitor N n butyl thiophosphoric triamide ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 414068121 ImageFile Salicylhydroxamic acid.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName 2 Hydroxybenzenecarbohydroxamic acid OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID UNII Ref UNII KEGG Ref KEGG InChI InChIKey ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 849 StdInChI Ref StdInChI StdInChIKey Ref StdInChIKey CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 89 73 6 PubChem 66644 SMILES C1 CC C C C1 C O NO O Section2 Chembox Properties C 7 H 7 N 1 O 3 Appearance Brownish crystalline powder Density MeltingPt 175 178 C BoilingPtC Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Section5 Chembox Pharmacology AdminRoutes Bioavail Metabolism HalfLife ProteinBound Excretion Legal status Legal US Legal UK Legal AU Legal CA PregCat PregCat AU PregCat US Salicylhydroxamic acid SHA is a drug that is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of bacteria l and plant urease usually used for urinary tract infection s. The molecule is similar to urea but is not hydrolyzable by the urease enzyme. ref cite journal author W. Fishbein and P. Carbone title Urease Catalysis. II. Inhibition of the Enzyme by Hydroxyurea, Hydroxylamine, and Acetohydroxamic Acid journal J Biol Chem year 1965 volume 240 pages 2407 2414 pmid 14304845 ref It is also a trypanocidal agent . When administered oral ly, it is metabolized to salicylamide which exerts analgesic , antipyretic and antiinflammatory effects. Salicylhydroxamic acid is also a common ligand utilized in the synthesis of metallacrown s. See also Acetohydroxamic acid References reflist Urologicals Category Antiparasitic agents Category Hydroxamic acids Category Salicylamides genito urinary drug stub ... more details
, it is discovered that it provides a positive result for sulfur reduction, urease production ... Coding and Identification System CCIS . Note that Proteus vulgaris can also test Urease negative in solid media such as in Enterotube , but will be Urease positive in liquid media. The CCIS code will still identify Proteus vulgaris with a negative urease test. Proteus Infections Etiology & Epidemiology ... cell desquamation pyelonephritis Bacterial production of urease increases risk bacteremia & sepsis bacterial endotoxin LPS Survival urease production alkalinize the urine by hydrolyzing urea to ammonia ... catheters, or who have a known history of urethral anatomic abnormalities. UTI obstruction Urease ... can occur only when urine is infected with a urease producing organism such as Proteus. Urease ... more details
drugbox verifiedrevid 400301579 IUPAC name ethanehydroxamic acid image Acetohydroxamic acid.svg image2 Acetohydroxamic acid 3D balls.png UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 4RZ82L2GY5 InChI 1 C2H5NO2 c1 2 4 3 5 h5H,1H3, H,3,4 smiles O C NO C ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 734 InChIKey RRUDCFGSUDOHDG UHFFFAOYAW CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C2H5NO2 c1 2 4 3 5 h5H,1H3, H,3,4 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey RRUDCFGSUDOHDG UHFFFAOYSA N CAS number 546 88 3 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 1913 ATC prefix G04 ATC suffix BX03 ATC supplemental PubChem 1990 DrugBank APRD00774 KEGG D00220 C 2 H 5 N 1 O 2 molecular weight 75.0666 g mol bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S4 S8 legal UK GSL P POM CD legal US OTC Rx only legal status routes of administration Acetohydroxamic acid also known as AHA or Lithostat is a drug that is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of bacteria l and plant urease usually used for urinary tract infection s. The molecule is similar to urea but is not hydrolyzable by the urease enzyme Fishbein and Carbone, 1965 . References W. Fishbein and P. Carbone J Biol Chem. 1965 Jun 240 2407 14 See also Salicylhydroxamic acid Urologicals genito urinary drug stub Category Orphan drugs Category Hydroxamic acids ... more details
normal, the amount of urease present will be lessened. Accordingly the test should only be performed ... affect the result. See also Rapid urease test done on biopsy specimens after upper endoscopy Breath ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Proteus mirabilis image Proteus mirabilis 01.jpg image width 240px image caption P. mirabilis on an XLD agar plate. regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriales familia Enterobacteriaceae genus Proteus bacterium Proteus species P. mirabilis binomial Proteus mirabilis binomial authority Margit Luise Hauser Hauser 1885 Proteus mirabilis is a Gram negative , facultatively Anaerobic organism anaerobic , rod shaped bacterium . It shows swarming motility , and urease activity. P. mirabilis causes 90 of all Proteus infections in humans. Diagnosis An alkaline urine sample is a possible sign of P. mirabilis . P. mirabilis can be diagnosed in the lab due to characteristic swarming motility, and inability to metabolize lactose on a MacConkey agar plate, for example . Also P. mirabilis produces a very distinct odour. Disease This rod shaped bacterium has the ability to produce high levels of urease . Urease hydrolyzes urea to ammonia NH sub 3 sub and thus makes the urine more alkaline. If left untreated, the increased alkalinity can lead to the formation of crystal s of struvite , calcium carbonate , and or apatite . The bacteria can be found throughout the stones, and these bacteria lurking in the stones can reinitiate infection after antibiotic treatment. Once the stones develop, over time they may grow large enough to cause obstruction and renal failure. Proteus can also cause wound infections, septicemia and pneumonias, mostly in hospitalized patients. Treatment P. mirabilis is generally susceptible to most antibiotic s apart from tetracycline , however 10 &ndash 20 of P. mirabilis strains are also resistant to first generation cephalosporin s and ampicillin s. Characteristics P. mirabilis can utilize urea and citrate . It can produce hydrogen sulfide gas, and forms clear films on growth media. It is motile , possessing peritrichous flagella , and is known for ... more details
niteu.home.html ref Some Nitrosomonas species possess the enzyme, urease, which catalyzes the conversion ... energy by oxidizing ammonia the other product of urease to nitrite. This feature may explain enhanced ... more details
taxobox image Canava1.jpg regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Fabales familia Fabaceae genus Canavalia species C. ensiformis binomial Canavalia ensiformis binomial authority Carolus Linnaeus L. Augustin Pyramus de Candolle DC. ref name GRIN cite web url http www.ars grin.gov cgi bin npgs html taxon.pl?8827 title Canavalia ensiformis L. DC. work Germplasm Resources Information Network publisher United States Department of Agriculture date 2005 12 22 accessdate 2009 03 26 ref Canavalia ensiformis , or Common Jack bean , is a legume which is used for animal fodder and human nutrition, especially in Brazil where it is called feij o de porco pig bean . It is also the source of concanavalin A . Description C. ensiformis is a twining plant up to convert 1 m ft in height. It has deep roots, which makes it drought resistant. The plant can spread via long runners. The flowers are pink purple in colour. The pods are up to convert 36 cm in long with large white seed s. Uses The plant is not in large scale commercial cultivation. The beans are mildly toxic, and copious consumption should be avoided. Boiling will, however, remove toxicity if done properly. Young foliage is also edible. The whole plant is used for fodder , although it cannot be used in fodder mixtures containing urea , since it contains large quantities of the enzyme urease , which liberates harmful ammonia from urea. For this reason C. ensiformis has been investigated as a potential source of the urease enzyme. It is also the source of concanavalin A , a lectin used in biotechnology applications, such as lectin affinity chromatography . As a garden plant in can reach up to 2.30 meters, provided it gets enough nutrients, rich soil, sun and warmth. It grows therefore in rich soil, or use extra nutrients, in a sunny warm place. Names C. ensiformis has numerous names in English language English . They include many that are misleading or ambiguous, being der ... more details
Expert subject Agriculture date February 2009 Phytotoxicity is a term used to describe the degree of toxic effect by a compound on plant growth ref cite web url http www.agf.gov.bc.ca pesticides e 10.htm title Phytotoxicity Pesticides year 2007 publisher Province of British Columbia ref . Such damage may be caused by a wide variety of compounds, including trace metal s, pesticides , salinity , phytotoxin s or allelopathy . Phytotoxicity by fertilizers Urea and urine Phytotoxicity can occur in the application of too much urea either by urea toxicity or by the ammonia produced through hydrolysis of urea by soil urease ref Cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.86.21.8189 title Phytotoxicity of foliar applied urea last1 Krogmeier first1 Michael J. last2 McCarty first2 Gregory W. last3 Bremner first3 John M. journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America date 1 November 1989 volume 86 issue 21 pages 8189 8191 ref . Urea Agriculture Ammonia is apparently a fertilizer , in smaller quantities as a source of nitrogen Organic compost enables more effective uptake of nitrogen Citation needed date July 2010 due to higher prevalence of aerobic microbial activity. Ammonia NH3 can oxidize into ammonium salts NH4 , bacteria can convert this into nitrites NO2 and nitrates NO3 and finally nitric acid HNO3 , which may be too acidic for the plant. ref http www.jenkinspublishing.com cgi bin messages show.cgi?tpc 1366&post 3642 POST3642 ref Herbicides Other Approaches This is also an important subject of study in the field of ecotoxicology . It has also been thought of as a means to control certain populations of plants References Reflist Category Agricultural chemicals Category Pesticides agri stub ca Fitotoxicitat nl Fytotoxisch pl Fitotoksyczno ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species pseudoshottsii binomial Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii , a slowly growing chromogenic species was isolated from Chesapeake Bay striped bass Morone saxatilis during an epizootic of mycobacteriosis. Taxonomic name not approved yet. Growth characteristics, acid fastness and 16S rRNA gene sequencing results were consistent with those of the genus Mycobacterium . Biochemical reactions, growth characteristics and mycolic acid profiles HPLC resembled those of Mycobacterium shottsii , a non pigmented mycobacterium also isolated during the same epizootic. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes, the gene encoding the exported repeated protein erp and the gene encoding the 65 kDa heat shock protein hsp 65 and restriction enzyme analysis of the hsp 65 gene demonstrated that this group of isolates is unique. Insertion sequences associated with Mycobacterium ulcerans , IS2404 and IS2606, were detected by PCR. These isolates could be differentiated from other slowly growing pigmented mycobacteria by their inability to grow at 37 C, production of niacin and urease, absence of nitrate reductase, negative Tween 80 hydrolysis and resistance to isoniazid 1 g ml 1 , p nitrobenzoic acid, thiacetazone and thiophene 2 carboxylic hydrazide. On the basis of this polyphasic study, it is proposed that these isolates represent a novel species, Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii sp. nov. The type strain, L15T, has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as ATCC BAA 883T and the National Collection of Type Cultures UK as NCTC 13318T. References M. Rhodes et al. Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii sp. nov., a slowly growing chromogenic species isolated from Chesapeake Bay striped bass Morone saxatilis . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55 2005 1139 114 ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Mycobacterium botniense regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. botniense binomial Mycobacterium botniense binomial authority Torkko et al. 2000, ATCC 700701 Mycobacterium botniense is a slowly growing Mycobacterium, which produces a yellow pigment. It was first isolated from a stream of water. M. botniense is most closely related to Mycobacterium xenopi . Etymology botniense of Botnia, referring to the Latin name of the province of Finland from which the isolation was made. Description Microscopy Gram positive, nonmotile and acid fast rods. Colony characteristics Colonies on L wenstein Jensen media and on Middlebrook 7H11 agar are small, dysgonic and scotochromogenic, and produce yellow pigment. Physiology Visible growth from diluted inocula requires 5 to 8 weeks. Growth occurs at 37 to 50 C. The type strain is positive for 10 d arylsulfatase and pyrazinamidase. Negative for 3 d arylsulfatase, urease, nitrate reductase, semi quantitative catalase, heat stable catalase, acid phosphatase, b galactosidase and 5 NaCl tolerance. Tween 80 is not hydrolysed in 10 d. Differential characteristics A phylogenetic tree based on the evaluation of 16S rDNA sequences places M. botniense among the slow growing mycobacteria, closest to M. xenopi . Pathogenesis Not known, but first isolated from an environmental source. Type strain First isolated in Finland from stream waters. Strain E347 ATCC 700701 CCUG 47976 CIP 106753 DSM 44537. References reflist Torkko P. 2000., Mycobacterium xenopi and related organisms isolated from stream waters in Finland and description of Mycobacterium botniense sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 50, 283 289. Mycobacteria DEFAULTSORT Mycobacterium Botniense Category Acid fast bacilli Category Corynebacterineae Category Nontuberculous mycobacteria Mycobacterium stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Mycobacterium brumae regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. brumae binomial Mycobacterium brumae binomial authority Luquin et al. 1993, ATCC 51384 Mycobacterium brumae is a rapidly growing environmental mycobacterial species identified in 1993. Aside from one 2004 report of a catheter related bloodstream infection no other infections by this organism have been reported. It was first isolated from water, soil and one human sputum sample in Spain. Description Microscopy Gram positive, nonmotile, mostly strongly acid fast rods, 2.0 2.5 m long and 0.3 to 0.5 m wide. Colony characteristics Flat, rough, and undulated yellow, nonphotochromogenic colonies Physiology Rapid growth occurs within 5 days at 25 C, 30 C and 37 C, but not at 45 C on L wenstein Jensen medium and Middlebrook 7H10 agar. Production of thermostable catalase. Positive for glucosidase, nitrate reductase, penicillinase, trehalase, urease and iron uptake. Tween 80 hydrolysis after 10 days. No accumulation of niacin, no degradation of salicylate to catechol. No growth on MacConkey agar without crystal violet. Pathogenesis In 2004 a patient with breast cancer was reported to have a catheter related bloodstream infection. Type strain First isolated from water, soil and human sputum samples in Barcelona, Spain. Strain CR 270 ATCC 51384 CCUG 37586 CIP 103465 DSM 44177 JCM 12273. References reflist Luquin M. , 1993. Mycobacterium brumae sp. nov., a rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic mycobacterium. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1993, 43, 405 413. Lee, S.A , 2004. Catheter related bloodstream infection caused by Mycobacterium brumae. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Nov 42 11 5429 31. Mycobacteria DEFAULTSORT Mycobacterium Brumae Category Acid fast bacilli Category Corynebacterineae Category Nontuberculous mycobacteria Mycobacterium stub ... more details
italic title Context date October 2009 Taxobox name Mycobacterium conspicuum regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. conspicuum binomial Mycobacterium conspicuum binomial authority Springer et al. 1996, ATCC 700090 Mycobacterium conspicuum Description Gram positive and nonmotile acid fast coccobacilli . Does not form spores , Capsule microbiology capsules or aerial hyphae . Colony characteristics Dysgonic and nonphotochromogenic, pale yellow Colony biology colonies on L wenstein Jensen agar. Physiology Slow growth on L wenstein Jensen medium at temperatures between 22 C and 31 C after 2 3 weeks. Susceptible to ethambutol , rifampin , streptomycin , resistant to pyrazinamide . Synthesis of and keto mycolates and wax esters. no tolerance to 5 Sodium chloride NaCl , positive for Tween 80 hydrolysis and for 10 day arylsulfatase. Negative for production of nicotinic acid , acetamidase, benzamidase, urease , isonicotinamidase, nicotinamidase, pyrazinamidase, succinidamidase, nitrate reductase and tellurite reduction. Pathogenesis Opportunistic pathogen , disseminated mycobacteriosis, Biosafety level 2. Type Strain First isolated from two male HIV infected patients in Germany . Strain 3895 92 American Type Culture Collection ATCC 700090 CIP 105165 DSM 44136. References reflist Springer et al. 1996. Mycobacterium conspicuum sp. nov., a new species isolated from patients with disseminated infections. J. Clin. Microbiol., 33, 2805 2811. PMID 8576323 Mycobacteria Category Acid fast bacilli Category Corynebacterineae Category Nontuberculous mycobacteria Mycobacterium stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Mycobacterium vanbaalenii regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. vanbaalenii binomial Mycobacterium vanbaalenii binomial authority Khan et al. 2002, DSM 7251 Mycobacterium vanbaalenii is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that can use polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . It was first isolated from petroleum contaminated estuarine sediments and has been shown by 16S rRNA gene sequencing to be closely related to Mycobacterium aurum and Mycobacterium vaccae . M. vanbaalenii has potential use in the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated environmental sites. Etymology vanbaalenii of Van Baalen, in memory of Dr Chase Van Baalen, late Professor at The University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas Marine Laboratory, Port Aransas, TX, USA. Description Microscopy Gram positive, acid fast rods 1.4 um long and 0.7 um wide Colony characteristics Colonies are smooth and saffron yellow. Physiology Can grow well at 24 and 37 C, with minimal or no growth at 42 C. Classified as a rapidly growing Mycobacterium species Cells are aerobic, Catalase and urease positive, reduce nitrate to nitrite. metabolizes salicylic acid , hydrolyses Tween 80 , reduces tellurite and uses pyrene , anthracene , fluoranthene , naphthalene , phenanthrene , 1 nitropyrene , 6 nitrochrysene , 3 methylcholanthene and benzopyrene . Pathogenesis First isolated from an environmental source, not known to be pathogenic. Type strain Strain PYR 1 DSM 7251 JCM 13017 NRRL B 24157. References Reflist Khan A.A. , 2002. Classification of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolizing bacterium, Mycobacterium sp. strain PYR 1, as Mycobacterium vanbaalenii sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 52, 1997 2002. PMID 12508859 Mycobacteria DEFAULTSORT Mycobacterium Vanbaalenii Category Acid fast bacilli Category Corynebacterineae Category Nontub ... more details
enzyme Name urea carboxylase EC number 6.3.4.6 CAS number 9058 98 4 IUBMB EC number 6 3 4 6 GO code 0004847 image width caption In enzymology , an urea carboxylase EC number 6.3.4.6 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP urea HCO sub 3 sub math rightleftharpoons math ADP phosphate urea 1 carboxylate The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , urea , and HCO3 , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP , phosphate , and urea 1 carboxylate . This enzyme belongs to the family of ligase s, specifically those forming generic carbon nitrogen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is urea carbon dioxide ligase ADP forming . Other names in common use include urease ATP hydrolysing , urea carboxylase hydrolysing , ATP urea amidolyase , urea amidolyase , UALase , and UCA . This enzyme participates in urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups . It employs one cofactor biochemistry cofactor , biotin . References reflist 1 cite journal author Roon RJ and Levenberg B date 1970 title ATP Urea amidolyase ADP Candida utilis journal Methods Enzymol. volume 17A pages 317&ndash 324 cite journal author Roon RJ, Levenberg B date 1972 title Urea amidolyase. I. Properties of the enzyme from Candida utilis journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 247 pages 4107&ndash 13 pmid 4556303 issue 13 cite journal author Sumrada RA, Cooper TG date 1982 title Urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase are components of a multifunctional protein in yeast journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 257 pages 9119&ndash 27 pmid 6124544 issue 15 cite journal author Kanamori T, Kanou N, Atomi H, Imanaka T date 2004 title Enzymatic characterization of a prokaryotic urea carboxylase journal J. Bacteriol. volume 186 pages 2532&ndash 9 pmid 15090492 doi 10.1128 JB.186.9.2532 2539.2004 issue 9 pmc 387783 ligase stub Category EC 6.3.4 Category Biotin enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
The IMViC tests are a group of individual tests used in microbiology lab testing to identify an organism in the Coliform bacteria coliform group . A coliform is a gram negative, aerobic or facultative aerobic rod which produces gas from lactose within 48 hours. The presence of some coliforms indicate fecal contamination. Except for the lowercase i , which is added for ease of pronunciation, each of the letters in IMViC stands for one of these tests. I is for indole M is for methyl red V is for Voges Proskauer, and C is for citrate. File IMViC Results.jpg thumb IMViC Results Indole test In this test, the organism under consideration is grown in peptone Water Broth. It contains tryptophan, which under the action of enzyme tryptophanase is converted to an Indole molecule, pyruvate and carbon dioxide.The indole is then extracted from the broth by means of xylene. To test the broth for indole production, Kovac s reagent is added. A positive result is indicated by a Pink Red layer forming on top of the liquid. Methyl Red test Voges Proskauer test These tests both use the same broth for bacterial growth. The broth is called MRVP broth. After growth, the broth is separated into two different tubes, one for the Methyl Red MR test and one for the Voges Proskauer VP test. The pH indicator Methyl Red is added to one tube and a red color appears at pH s lower than 4.2, and indicated positive test. The VP test uses alpha naphthol and potassium hydroxide to indicate a positive or negative test. Citrate Test This test uses Simmon s citrate agar to determine the ability of a microorganism to use citrate as its sole carbon source. The citrate agar is green before inoculation, and turns blue as a positive test indicator. These IMViC tests are useful for differentiating the family Enterobacteriaceae , especially when used alongside the Urease test . Category Microbiology Microbiology stub de IMViC es IMVIC eu IMVIC mk IMViC ... more details
Drugbox Watchedfields verifiedrevid IUPAC name N 4 bromophenyl sulfonyl N 2 nowiki nowiki 2 diaminomethylideneamino 1,3 thiazol 4 yl methylsulfanyl ethyl methanimidamide image Ebrotidine.png CASNo Ref InChI smiles InChIKey CAS number 100981 43 9 ATC prefix ATC suffix PubChem 65869 DrugBank ChemSpiderID C 14 H 17 Br 1 N 6 O 2 S 3 molecular weight 477.42 g mol bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion pregnancy category legal status routes of administration Oral Ebrotidine is an H2 antagonist H sub 2 sub receptor antagonist with gastroprotective activity. It has a gastro protective action against ethanol , aspirin or stress induced gastric mucosa l damage. ref name Patel cite journal author Patel SS, Wilde MI title Ebrotidine journal Drugs volume 51 month Jun pages 974 980 year 1996 pmid 8736619 issue 6 ref The antisecretory properties of ebrotidine are similar to those of ranitidine , and approximately 10 fold greater than those of cimetidine . Ebrotidine has anti Helicobacter pylori activity via inhibition of the urease enzyme and the proteolytic and mucolytic activities of the bacterium. However, its activity is synergistic with a number of antibacterial agents. Ebrotidine counteracts the inhibitory effects of H. pylori lipo polysaccharides. Ebrotidine has been shown to be as effective as ranitidine for the treatment of gastric or duodenal ulcers or erosive reflux oesophagitis , with significantly better ulcer healing rates albeit inexplicably in those who smoke. ref name Patel References Reflist Histaminergics Category H2 receptor antagonists Category amidines Category guanidines Category organobromides Category sulfonamides Category thiazoles Category thioethers ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Mycobacterium branderi regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. branderi binomial Mycobacterium branderi binomial authority Koukila K hk l et al. 1995, ATCC 51304 Mycobacterium branderi is a slowly growing, nonchromogenic Mycobacterium first isolated from patients in Finland. Etymology of Brander, referring to Eljas Brander, the former head of the Tuberculosis Laboratory of the National Public Health Institute, Finland, who collected the strains. Description Microscopy Acid fast delicate slender rods that are often slightly curved, 1.2 to 3 um long. Colony characteristics Colonies are nonchromogenic and produce smooth, often umbonate, off white to grayish colonies on Middlebrook 7H11 agar. Physiology Slowly growing, reaching full colony size after 2 to 3 weeks. Growth is equally good at 37C and 45C and is only slightly delayed at 25C. The type strain is negative for Tween 80 hydrolysis, catalase, urease, and nitrate reductase activities and niacin. Strongly positive for arylsulfatase activity in 14 day tests and moderately to weakly positive for nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase activities. In susceptibility tests the type strain was resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and cycloserine but susceptible to ethambutol, streptomycin, ethionamide, and capreomycin. Differential characteristics Differentiation by 16S rRNA sequencing Distinguishing of M. branderi from M. celatum by pigment production Differentiation of M. branderi from M. xenopi on the basis of good growth of M. branderi at room temperature, the lack of pigment production by M. branderi Differentiation of M. branderi and M. cookii M. cookii is scotochromogenic and does not grow at 37 C. Pathogenesis The first strains of M. branderi were isolated from samples obtained from nine patients, some of whom had cavitary mycobacteriosis of the lungs that was res ... more details
orphan date January 2010 Berthelot s reagent is an alkali ne solution of phenol and hypochlorite , used in analytical chemistry . It is named after its inventor, Marcellin Berthelot . Ammonia reacts with Berthelot s reagent to form a blue product which is used in a colorimetric method for determining ammonia . The reagent can also be used for determining urea . In this case the enzyme urease is used to Catalysis catalyze the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. The ammonia is then determined with Berthelot s reagent. Phenol in the Berthelot reagent can be replaced by a variety of phenolic reagents, the most common being sodium salicylate, which is significantly less toxic. ref Sims, G. K., T.R. Ellsworth, and R.L. Mulvaney. 1995. Microscale determination of inorganic nitrogen in water and soil extracts. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 26 303 316. ref This has been used for blood urea nitrogen BUN determinations and commonly is used to determine water and soil total and ammonia N. Replacement of phenol by 2 phenylphenol reduces interferences by a variety of soil and water constituents and improves color stability at slightly lower pH. ref Rhine, E. D., G.K. Sims, R.L. Mulvaney, and E.J. Pratt. 1998. Improving the Berthelot reaction for determining ammonium in soil extracts and water. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62 473 480. ref Berthelot s reagent has been used in a range of situations. It is often used in colorimetric methods, through an auto analyser, spectrophotometer, or multiwell plate spectrophotometer. ref Rhine, E. D., G.K. Sims, R.L. Mulvaney, and E.J. Pratt. 1998. Improving the Berthelot reaction for determining ammonium in soil extracts and water. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62 473 480. ref The reagent lacks sensitivity in situations where there may be amine s as well as ammonia, however this can be overcome in part by the use of 2 pheylphenol to replace phenol. An ion selective electrode , or distillation titration method can often be ... more details
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