Wiktionary transparency transparent Transparency may refer to Transparency and translucency , the physical ... induced transparency , an effect in which a medium that is normally opaque at a particular wavelength ... with growing transparency in paints with age Reversal film Transparency photography , a still, positive image created on a transparent base using photochemical means Transparency projection , a thin ... Transparency computing , user and engineering design considerations, including Location transparency ... location Network transparency if there is no difference between the centralized database and the distributed database Latch electronics Transparency digital design , the property of a latch electronics latch to show input changes immediately on output Transparency data compression , the ideal result of lossy data compression Transparency telecommunication , the property by which a transmission system passes a signal through without changing its form or content Transparency graphic , for overlay and translucency in PNG, GIF, and TIFF files Transparency pseudo , or background translucency in the X or X11 Window System Referential transparency computer science Referential transparency in programming designates a deterministic function Security through transparency , a security engineering ..., government, and business Media transparency , in the communications industry Radical transparency in management Corporate transparency , a form of radical transparencyTransparency behavior , a metaphor implying visibility in contexts related to the behavior of individuals or groups Transparency linguistic , a term used in linguistics and the philosophy of language Transparency market , a term in economics Transparency philosophy , an adjective applied to a state in which the subject can be aware of being in that state Transparency social , the social value of access to information held by centers of authority Transparency trade , the formal principle of the WTO that a country s policies and regulations ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image OHP sch.JPG thumb right 300px Overhead projector in operation, with a transparency being flashed. A transparency is a thin sheet of transparency optics transparent flexible material, typically cellulose acetate , onto which figures can be drawn. These are then placed on an overhead projector for display to an audience. This system is being largely replaced by LCD projector s and interactive whiteboards . Spatial light modulators SLMs Many overhead projector s are used with a flat panel Liquid crystal display LCD which, when used this way is referred to as a spatial light modulator or SLM. Data projectors are often based on some form of SLM in a projection path. An LCD is a transmissive SLM, whereas other technologies such as Texas Instrument s Digital Light Processing DLP are reflective SLMs. Not all projectors use SLMs e.g., some use devices that produce their own light rather than function as transparencies . An example of non SLM system are Organic light emitting diode OLEDs . Display technology DEFAULTSORT Transparency Projection Category Display technology Tech stub de Overheadfolie fr Transparent projection fi Transparangi sv Transparang ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Pseudo transparency is a term used for X Window System clients that simulate the appearance of translucency or transparencyopticstransparency by manipulating the same pixmap that has been drawn on the root window computing window , or by instructing the X Server that the Background Pixmap should be inherited from the window s parent. Purpose Traditionally, the X Window System has lagged behind other windowing systems in adding purely eye candy or aesthetic features, such as window translucency . This has encouraged X client client Software developer developer s to develop Hack technology slang hacks cunning workarounds to overcome this limitation. This pseudo transparency, so called as the background pixmap of the root window is visible analogous to computer wallpaper desktop wallpaper rather than any obscured windows, allows users to make windows look less imposing such as Terminal emulator s, which usually comprise large chunks of text , and to integrate the appearance of windows with their desktop themes. Implementation There are three common methods for achieving pseudo transparency using Xlib , each with its own advantages and drawbacks. Parental relative The parental relative method uses code XSetWindowBackgroundPixmap code to inherit the parent window s background image. Unfortunately, using this method, the X server permits very few operations to be performed on the background pixmap such as XOR , preventing clients from implementing any sort of advanced image filtering. XROOTPMAP ID and ESETROOT PMAP ID properties These properties are used to inform the window where it can find the pixmap used on the root window. Using ... of the window onto its background, achieving the effect of transparency. This method uses the most ... transparency effect in that it can include obscured windows, but with the significant disadvantage ... X client applications to utilize true alpha transparency . DEFAULTSORT Pseudo Transparency Category ... more details
Multiple issues wikify August 2009 orphan February 2009 Perceptual transparency is the phenonmenon of seeing ... transparent surfaces allow the transmission of a certain amount of Ray optics light rays through ... is transmitted, as for coloured glass. Perceptually, the problem of transparency is much more ... somehow maps this information onto a perceptual representation of two different objects. Physical transparency ... condition for perceptual transparency. Image Transparency1.gif thumb Click on the image to see the full ... and that of the background. Tudor Hart 1928 showed it is not possible to perceive transparency in a totally ... of transparency , in the absence of physical transparency. In order to distinguish perceptual from physical transparency, the former has often been addressed as transparency illusion. Paradoxically ... of perceptual transparency the episcotister model by Metelli 1970 1974 and the filter model by Beck et al. 1984 . Metelli s episcotister model and the luminance conditions for transparency Though he was not the first author to study the phenomenon of transparency illusion, the Gestalt psychologist ... transparency perception, but studied and classified the conditions under which a transparency illusion ... transparency is the opposite of colour fusion in a rotating episcotister, i.e. a rotating disk that alternates ... transparency, perhaps because in spite of being much more complicated than the episcotister model ... conditions in transparency illusion, its validity as a theory of perception has been challenged ... model are necessary for illusion of transparency when constraints iii and iv are not fulfilled, the illusion can still be experienced. They also argued that the degree of perceived transparency ... for transparency to i and ii the ordinal condition p a, q or q p, b , that was shown to agree better than episcotister model with transparency judgements performed by na ve subjects in a yes no task ... Zmura et al. 1997 . According to the model, transparency illusion would be generated by coherent ... more details
extension of the meaning a transparencyoptics transparent object is one that can be seen ...TOCright For other uses see TransparencyTransparency , as used in the humanities and in a Social actions ... budgetary review , audits , etc. Uses Banking Banking transparency and disclosure of bank activities ... 8.pdf Will Greater Disclosure and Transparency Prevent the Next Banking Crisis ref underground economy ... 2009 11 22 language ref Corporate Corporate transparency , a form of radical transparency is the construct .... ref http www.nysscpa.org cpajournal 2005 405 essentials p34.htm Corporate Transparency Code of Ethics Disclosures ref Management Radical transparency is a management method where nearly all decision ... are themselves also published. This is known as radical transparency . Media Media Transparency is the concept ... in a certain issue will try to influence the decisions. Transparency creates an everyday .... ref http www.icmpa.umd.edu pages studies transparency main.html Openness & Accountability A Study of Transparency in Global Media Outlets ref Politics In politics, transparency is introduced as a means ... interest. ref http ideas.repec.org p pen papers 07 008.html The Transparency of Politics and the Quality ... , sociology , etc., transparency is the opposite of privacy an activity is transparent if all .... When military authorities classified information classify their plans as secret, transparency is absent ..., built on transparency and everyday participation, has been used officially in northern Europe ... been adopted as an ideal to strive for by the rest of EU. To promote transparency in politics ... the name Platform for Transparency PfT in 2005. A similar organization that promotes transparency is Transparency International . Research research Scholarly research in any scientific method academic ... it aims at creating transparency ref thereby facilitating Recognition sociology social recognition ... mathematical software such as Mathematica for mathematical proofs , because these do not provide transparency ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Network Transparency in its most general sense refers to the ability of a protocol to transmit data over the network in a manner which is Transparency computing transparent visible to those using the applications that are using the protocol. The term is often applied in the context of the X Window System which is able to transmit graphical data over the network and integrate it seamlessly with applications running and displaying locally. Databases In a centralized database system , the only resource that needs to be shielded from the user is the data that is, the storage ... one. This kind of transparency is referred to as network transparency or distribution transparency . From a Database management system DBMS perspective, distribution transparency requires that users do not have to specify where data is located. Some have separated distribution transparency into location transparency and naming transparency. Location transparency in commands used to perform a task ... out. Naming transparency means that a unique name is provided for each object in the database. Firewalls Transparency in firewall technology can be defined at the networking IP or Internet Layer Internet layer or at the Internet Layer Application layer . Transparency at the IP layer means the client ... an intermediate host address , which could be a proxy or a caching server. IP layer transparency .... Transparency at the Application layer means the client application uses the protocol in a different ... GET http foo.bar HTTP 1.1 br Proxy Connection Keep Alive blockquote Application layer transparency is symmetric when the same working mode is used on both the sides. The transparency is asymmetric when the firewall usually a proxy converts server type requests to proxy type or vice versa. Transparency at the IP layer does not mean automatically application layer transparency. See also Data independence Replication transparency DEFAULTSORT Network Transparency Category Networks Category Data ... more details
Transparency is a general quality. It is implemented by a set of policies, practices and procedures that allow citizens to have accessibility , usability , information informativeness , understandability and auditability of information and process held by centers of authority society or organizations . Feedback mechanisms are necessary to fulfill the goal of transparency. Motivation Transparency has ... access to the information has been an important issue on modern societies. Scope Organizational transparency for stakeholders Transparency in organizations is delimited by ethics and the value of truth if the value of truth can be verified and in which degree of objectivity . Transparency also must ... into the organization . ref Henriques A., Corporate Truth The Limits to Transparency, EARTHSCAN, UK, 2007. ref Target transparency for consumers According to Fung et al., ref ws Fung A., Graham M., Weil D., s Full disclosure The perils and promise of transparency Full Disclosure the Perils and Promise of Transparency , Cambridge University Press, 2007. ref target transparency aims to reduce .... The ingeniousness of target transparency lies in its mobilization of individual choice, market forces, and participatory democracy through relatively light handed government action. Social transparency for citizens Social transparency allows citizens to be more informed and encourages the disclosure ... the interests and needs are focused in the citizen. See also The Transparent Society Transparency behavior NYC Transparency Project Footnotes references References http transparencia.les.inf.puc rio.br artigos scopeoftransparency.pdf cite book coauthors B. Holzner & L. Holzner title Transparency ... edition 1st cite book last Lord first K. M. title The Perils and Promise of Global Transparency ... rio.br english eng index.html Software Transparency DEFAULTSORT Transparency Social Category Humanities Category Transparency sociology stub ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 unreferenced date December 2007 A transparency threshold is a term used to describe a given value at which transparency is reached. It is commonly used to describe compressed data bitrates. For example, the transparency threshold for .MP3 to .WAV audio is said to be around 192kbs 44.1 kHz 44.1 kHz MP3. This means that when MP3 is playing back at 192kbs 44.1 kHz it is indistinguishable from the original WAV, and Transparency data compression transparent to compression. Category Data compression software stub ... more details
The illusion of transparency is a tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which their personal mental state is known by others. Another manifestation of the illusion of transparency aka the observer s illusion of transparency is a tendency for people to overestimate how well they understand others personal mental states. This cognitive bias is similar to the illusion of asymmetric insight , but the illusion of transparency is more prominent for people who have a personal relationship . See also List of cognitive biases References http psywww.human.metro u.ac.jp Personal miamia Take Numa05spsp.pdf The three illusions on interpersonal perception Effects of relationship intimacy on two types of illusion of transparency and the illusion of asymmetric insight PDF T Gilovich, K Savitsky, VH Medvec, 1998. The illusion of transparency Biased assessments of others ability to read one s emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. http psych.cornell.edu sec pubPeople tdg1 Gilo.Sav.Medvec.pdf Category Cognitive biases psych stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Politics of Guatemala Transparency Transparencia is a political party in Guatemala . At the last legislative elections in Guatemala elections , 9 November 2003, the party won 1.1 of the popular vote but no seats. See also Transparency humanities Category Political parties in Guatemala Guatemala party stub ... more details
Cleanup date December 2007 In economics , a market is transparent if much is know n by many about What products, services or capital asset s are supply available . What price . Where. There are two types of price transparency 1 I know what price will be charged to me, and 2 I know what price will be charged to you. The two types of price transparency have different implications for differential pricing. ref http content.healthaffairs.org cgi content abstract 26 5 1384 Would Greater Transparency and Uniformity of Health Care Prices Benefit Poor Patients?, Margaret K. Kyle and David B. Ridley. Health Affairs. 2007. Vol. 26, No. 5 1384 1391. ref This is a special case of the topic at transparency humanities . A high degree of market transparency can result in disintermediation due to the buyer s increased knowledge of supply pricing. Transparency is important since it is one of the theoretical conditions required for a free market to be efficient. Price transparency can, however, lead to higher prices, if it makes sellers reluctant to give steep discounts to certain buyers, or if it facilitates collusion. While the stock market is relatively transparent, hedge funds are notoriously secretive. Some financial professionals, including Wall Street veteran Jeremy Frommer are pioneering the application of transparency to hedge funds by broadcasting live from trading desks and posting detailed portfolios online. See also Shell corporation Underground economy Information Efficient market Transfer pricing Market anomaly International Sugar Organization Consumer protection Consumer organization Competition regulator Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative or EITI Transparency behavior References references econ stub de Markttransparenz it Trasparenza economia nl Transparantie markt Category Markets customer bases ... more details
Multiple issues rewrite December 2007 disputed December 2007 unreferenced December 2007 In computer networks location transparency describes names used to identify computer network network resources independent of both the user s location and the resource location. A distributed system will need to employ a networked scheme for naming resources. In other words it is an idea that the resources can be accessed by a user from anywhere on the network without knowing where the resource is located. A file could be on the user s own PC, or thousands of miles away on other servers. Software using network transparency These well known software, or types of software, can or do use network transparency Network file system Distributed file systems such as the Andrew File System . MythTV back ends stream, and otherwise interact, with front ends transparently to the user. GNOME GNOME VFS virtual filesystem . KDE KIO . Expand list date August 2008 Network protocols providing location transparency It is a standard feature of TIPC to address Port Names regardless of the network Node they were opened on. See also Transparency computing DEFAULTSORT Location Transparency Category Computer networking compu stub ... more details
otherusesof TransparencyTransparency disambiguation In a distributed system , failure transparency refers to the extent to which errors and subsequent recoveries of Server computing hosts and Web service services within the system are invisible to users and Application software applications . How does it relate to Fault tolerant system concept? Is this sub category, uber category, or just the same thing? For example, if a server fails, but users are automatically redirected to another server and never notice the failure, the system is said to exhibit high failure transparency . Failure transparency is one of the most difficult types of transparency to achieve since it is often difficult to determine whether a server has actually failed, or whether it is simply responding very slowly. ref name Tanenbaum Tanenbaum, Andrew S. and Maarten van Steen, Distributed Systems Principles and Paradigms, Prentice Hall, Second Edition, 2007. ISBN 0 132392 27 5 ref Additionally, it is generally impossible to achieve full failure transparency in a distributed system since networks are unreliable. There is also usually a trade off between achieving a high level of failure transparency and maintaining an adequate level of system performance. For example, if a distributed system attempts to mask a transient server failure by having the client try to contact the failed server multiple times, performance of the system may be negatively affected. In this case, it would have been preferable to have given up earlier and tried another server. ref name Tanenbaum References Reflist See also Byzantine fault tolerance Intrusion Tolerance Capillary routing Cluster computing Data redundancy Elegant degradation Error detection and correction Fail safe Fault tolerant design Fault tolerant system Progressive Enhancement Separation of protection and security Transparency computing Category Distributed computing compu stub ... more details
Referential transparency may refer to Referential transparency computer science , a property whereby an expression can be replaced by its value without affecting the program The opposite of an opaque context in linguistics and philosophical logic de Referenzielle Transparenz fr Transparence r f rentielle nl Referenti le transparantie ja ru Disambig ... more details
background Transparency is possible in a number of graphics file formats. The term transparency is used in various ways by different people, but at its simplest there is full transparency ..., or there would be nothing to see. More complex is partial transparency or translucency where ... transparency is always simulated at some level by mixing colors. There are many different ways to mix colors, so in some cases transparency is ambiguous. In addition, transparency is often an extra for a graphics format, and some graphics programs will ignore the transparency. Raster graphics Raster file formats that support transparency include Graphics Interchange Format GIF , Portable Network ... channel . Most Vector graphics vector formats implicitly support transparency because they simply avoid ... WMF . For vector graphics this may not strictly be seen as transparency, but it requires much of the same careful programming as transparency in raster formats. More complex vector formats may allow transparency combinations between the elements within the graphic, as well as that above. This includes ... shows transparency by a special pattern, e.g. a chessboard pattern. Transparent pixels Image Binary transparency monochrome.png frame This image has binary transparency some pixels fully transparent ... color vanishing. Even this limited form of transparency has patchy implementation, though ... for transparency in the device or driver. Outside the world of web browsers, support is fairly hit or miss for transparent GIF files. Edge limitations of transparent pixels Image Binary transparency greyscale.png frame This image has binary transparency. However, it is grayscale, with anti aliasing .... For a variable background color there are no suitable fixed intermediate colors. Partial transparency by alpha channels Image Alpha transparency image.png frame This image has partial transparency 254 possible levels of transparency between fully transparent and fully opaque . It can be transparent ... more details
Notability date October 2009 Neologism date October 2009 Radical transparency is a management approach in which ideally all decision making is carried out publicly. The term was used by Daniel Goleman in his book http www.danielgoleman.info topics ecological intelligence Ecological Intelligence . In the book, Goleman discusses the potential for new technologies that reveal with radical transparency the eco impact of products we buy, with the potential to drive consumers to make smarter decisions and companies to reform their business practices. Draft documents, arguments for and against a proposal ... and remain publicly archived. Exceptions to full transparency humanities transparency typically ... transmission error of oral communication of information in these communities leads to less transparency than digital communication. A partial form of radical transparency has existed in many national ... is difficult despite the radical transparency at the formal parliamentary level. In other words, radical transparency is necessary, but not sufficient, for public participation in political decisions. Radical transparency versus accountability Radical transparency is much more transparency humanities ... carried out, radical transparency encourages corrections and improvements to decisions to be made long before poor quality decisions have the chance to be enacted. Hence, radical transparency potentially helps avoid the need for punishment mechanisms. The potential of radical transparency to allow ..., even when the decision making method is authoritarian unilateral , radical transparency may still encourage the decision maker to make better decisions. Transparency and the Internet In traditional ... , the Internet has created a force towards transparency H ere s the interesting paradox The reputation ... transparency should make for a more tolerant society in which people eventually accept that everybody ... ref See also Corporate transparency E democracy Open business Open government Open society Open ... more details
Corporate transparency is a form of radical transparency The construct removing all barriers to and facilitating of free and easy public access to corporate, political and personal information and the laws, rules, social connivance and processes that facilitate and protect those individuals and corporations who freely join, develop and embellish the process ref http www.nysscpa.org cpajournal 2005 405 essentials p34.htm Corporate Transparency Code of Ethics Disclosures ref . The goal of radical transparency is Complete personal and corporate transparency. The health, safety, and wellbeing of individuals, neighborhoods, communities, institutions, governments and social support systems that subscribe. The protection of the natural environment. The dynamic development of the social assumptions, laws, and conviviance that construct the radical transparency paradigm. The idea of radical transparency is diametrically opposite though not opposed and often synched to the ultimate goals of those of privacy advocates. Central is the idea of free access to personal information. But melded to that element is the idea of private ownership of that publicly accessible information. The information can not be used freely to enhance economic or political profit or to harm or use the participant. Corporate transparency is also an indicator of business openness to shareholder and potential investors. Standard & Poor s has included this form of transparency in its http www2.standardandpoors.com portal site sp en ap page.product equityresearch gamma 2,5,13,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0.html GAMMA Methodology aimed at analysis and assessment of corporate governance . As a part of this work, Standard ... equityresearch gamma 2,5,13,0,0,0,0,0,0,6,1,0,0,0,0,0.html Transparency Index calculated as the average ... extended and enjoyed by corporations, their boards and officers. See also Open business Radical transparency ... StaticContent AGS corptrans.cfm Corporate transparency http www.cgfrc.nus.edu.sg download ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 In epistemology , transparency is a property of epistemic states defined as follows An epistemic state E is weakly transparent to a subject S if and only if when S is in state E, S can know that S is in state E an epistemic state E is strongly transparent to a subject S if and only if when S is in state E, S can know that S is in state E, AND when S is not in state E, S can know S is not in state E. Pain is usually considered to be strongly transparent when someone is in pain, he knows immediately that he is in pain, and if he is not in pain, he will know he is not. Transparency is important in the study of self knowledge and meta knowledge knowledge that one knows something . References Paul A. Boghossian, The Transparency of Mental Content Philosophical Perspectives, Vol. 8, Logic and Language. 1994 , pp. 33 50. Category Philosophical terminology Category Epistemology philosophy stub ... more details
About transparency in communications investigative website MediaTransparency Media transparency is the concept of determining how and why information is conveyed through various means. Media transparency ... by the government. Transparency causes issues when there are many competing sources and they are possibly ... or draw their own conclusions from the findings. Media transparency brings up issues concerning freedom ..., due mainly to the fact that there is a lack of media transparency. Transparency , publicity .... http ips.sagepub.com content 31 3 301.full.pdf html Transparency is not Enough Making Transparency ... they receive through transparency, in order to increase its effectiveness. The media s pervasive ... transformed into political issues . The transparency with which information has been ... for issues, while the opposite can also be true. Media transparency and power The media can play ... transparency can be particularly important in allowing members of a particular country to see what ... is very common in some countries and this can be directly related to a lack of media transparency. It is this absence ... figures, pleading the public s right to know . The result is a simulated transparency between governments ... creates an illusion of transparency. ref Mary Angela Block, http hij.sagepub.com content 14 2 257.full.pdf ... case of the topic, Transparency humanities . ref http www.icmpa.umd.edu pages studies transparency main.html Openness & Accountability A Study of Transparency in Global Media Outlets ref As used ... transparency . These organizations include Wikipedia , the GNU Linux community, and Indymedia ... in both privacy and transparency. Privacy can protect a news source from retaliation, increase ... Borders World Press Freedom Committee World Press Freedom Day Yellow journalism Lobbying Transparency market Market transparency Mass communication Mass media Media accountability Media bias Media manipulation ... Sakr. http gaz.sagepub.com content 72 1 35.full.pdf html News, Transparency and the Effectiveness of Reporting ... more details
the database transparently see Data Access Object , for example . In object oriented programming , transparency ... actual implementations done with different underlying Class computer science classes . Types of transparency in distributed system Transparency means that any form of distributed system should hide ... types of transparency Access transparency Regardless of how resource access and representation ... should always access resources in a single, uniform way. Location transparency Users of a distributed system should not have to be aware of where a resource is physically located. Migration transparency ... to a different physical or logical location. Relocation transparency Should a resource move while in use, this should not be noticeable to the end user. Replication computer science Replication transparency ... resource. Concurrency computer science Concurrent transparency While multiple users may compete for and share a single resource, this should not be apparent to any of them. Failure transparency Always ... Persistence transparency Whether a resource lies in volatile or permanent memory should make no difference to the user. Capability based security Security transparency Negotiation of cryptographically ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced January 2009 update October 2010 notability January 2009 Platform for Transparency was a loose unofficial grouping within the European Parliament , established in 2005 http www.hpmartin.net Platform for Transparency created by MEPs van Buitenen Martin and Mote lang en.html , for three Member of the European Parliament MEPs who are not affiliated to an official European political party . The grouping does not appear to have an official leader or organisational structure and, instead, appears to work as a means through which its members can collectively draw attention to what it believes are irregularities within the European Union . The members of Platform for Transparency were AUT Hans Peter Martin Hans Peter Martin s List a Non Inscrits member. NLD Paul van Buitenen Europe Transparent an independent member of the European Greens European Free Alliance group between 2004 and 2009 . GBR Ashley Mote Independent politician Independent a Non Inscrit member, representing South East England , who was elected in 2004 as a member of the United Kingdom Independence Party . He did not seek re election in 2009 . On 8 January 2007 it was reported that Ashley Mote will become a member of the new Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty group in the European Parliament, which includes far right and nationalist elements. http www.guardian.co.uk eu story 0,,1984947,00.html http derstandard.at ?url ?id 2717104 It is not known if this will affect the continued operation of Platform for Transparency. Use dmy dates date October 2010 DEFAULTSORT Platform For Transparency Category Political parties established in 2005 Category Pan European political parties Category Anti corruption parties ... more details
Pope and Frank Vogl . ref http www.transparency.org news room faq faq ti When and why was Transparency International TI founded? , FAQ, Transparency International ref ref cite web first Bill last Hicks title Transparency International publisher Pinkindustry.com date 2010 ref ref name Larmour .... TI says of itself blockquote Transparency International is the global civil society organization ... Transparency humanities References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes for an explanation ... Category Non governmental organizations ar bs Transparency International bg cs Transparency International da Transparency International de Transparency International et Transparency International el es Transparencia Internacional eo Travideblo Internacia fa fr Transparency International gl Transparencia Internacional ko hi id Transparency International it Transparency International he ka sw Transparency International lv Transparency International lt Transparency International mg Transparency International mr ms Badan Ketelusan Antarabangsa nl Transparency International ja no Transparency International nn Transparency International pl Transparency International pt Transpar ncia Internacional ru Transparency International sk Transparency International fi Transparency International sv Transparency International ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2010 Linguistic transparency is a phrase which is used in multiple, overlapping subjects in the fields of linguistics and the philosophy of language. It has both Norm philosophy normative and descriptive senses. Normative Normatively, the phrase can be used to describe the effort to suit one s rhetoric to the widest possible audience, without losing relevant information in the process. Advocates of normative linguistic transparency often argue that linguistic opacity is dangerous to a democracy. These critics point out that jargon is deliberately employed in government and business. It encrypts morally suspect information in order to dull reaction to it for example, the phrase collateral damage to refer to the manslaughter of innocents. One play upon this view was by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White , who in the Elements of Style ruled that the writer ought to eschew obfuscation . The Plain Language Movement is an example of people who advocate using clearer, common language within the wider academic community. Professor at New York University Alan Sokal , perpetrator of the Sokal hoax , is another noteworthy example of an advocate of linguistic transparency. Writer and political philosopher George Orwell was a proponent of this view, which he captured in the landmark essay, Politics and the English Language . Orwell wrote a novel, Nineteen Eighty Four 1984 , about a dystopia n future controlled through a politically crafted language called Newspeak . Newspeak is a language that is linguistically transparent in the descriptive sense, but not in the normative one. Comedian George Carlin has famously parodied the phenomenon in his stand up comedy. The approach may sound like common sense, but it faces the difficulty of figuring out how to communicate complex and uncommon ideas in a popular way. Descriptive Semantic transparency is a descriptive ..., M., Yoon, Y B. & Sandra D. 2003 . Compound fracture The role of semantic transparency and morphological ... more details
Expert subject Physics date March 2010 The conductivity of transparency describes the combination of the sheet resistance and the Transparency and translucency transparency and utilizes the properties of graphene as the reference. Description The properties of electroconductive and transparent materials can be described by the sheet resistance and the Transparency and translucency transparency at 550 nm . The conductivity of transparency was introduced on the basis of graphene to compare different materials without the use of two independent parameters. ref cite journal author S. Eigler year 2009 title A new parameter based on graphene for characterizing transparent, conductive materials journal Carbon volume 47 pages 2936 2939 doi 10.1016 j.carbon.2009.06.047 ref Conductivity of Transparency math sigma gt frac epsilon graphene lg frac I I 0 rho sample math math sigma gt math conductivity of transparency based on graphene math epsilon graphene math absorption coefficient of graphene math rho sample math sheet resistance of the sample math I math intensity of light after absorption math I 0 math intensity of light before absorption. Derivation The absorption of a single graphene layer was published in 2008. So graphene absorbs 2.3 of white light. ref cite journal author R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, A. K. Geim year 2008 title Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene journal Science volume ... the conductivity of transparency of arbitrary electroconductive and transparent materials, utilizing graphene as the reference Formula to determine the Conductivity of Transparency class wikitable math sigma gt frac 301655cm 1 lg frac I 100 rho sample math So, to determine the conductivity of transparency ... of the sample, because graphene is utilized as the reference by using the transparency. Examples ... Of Transparency Category Transparent materials ... more details
Transparency is a World Trade Organization principle stipulating that a country s policies and regulations affecting foreign trade should be clearly communicated to its trading partners. For example, out of recognition that sanitary and phytosanitary measures may sometimes deliberately be unclear, arbitrary, or capricious, recent international trading agreements have provisions calling on countries to notify others, in advance, about any measures that could affect trade, to fully explain them, and to provide a means for commenting on them. References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach Category International trade ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
