Unreferenced date December 2009 In finance , a trading strategy see also trading system is a predefined set of rules for making trading decisions. Traders, investment firms and fund managers use a trading strategy to help make wiser investment decisions and help eliminate the emotional aspect of trading. A trading strategy is governed by a set of rules that do not deviate. Emotional bias is eliminated because the systems operate within the parameters known by the trader. The parameters can be trusted based on historical analysis backtesting and real world market studies forward testing , so that the trader can have confidence in the strategy and its operating characteristics. Development When developing a trading strategy, many things must be considered return, risk, volatility, timeframe, style ... strategies A trading strategy can be executed by a trader manually or automated by computer . Manual trading requires a great deal of skill and discipline. It is tempting for the trader to deviate from the strategy, which usually reduces its performance. An automated trading strategy wraps trading ... with electronic access to world market data and information, enable traders using a trading strategy to have a unique market vantage point. A trading strategy can automate all or part of your investment portfolio. Computer trading models can be adjusted for either conservative or aggressive trading styles. Styles Technical analysis Fundamental analysis Quantitative trading Trend following Mean reversion Volatility finance TradingLevels Timeframes Intraday High frequency trading High frequency Scalping trading Shaving trading a round trip trade a buy and sell in as little as one second. Momentum finance Day trading Trend following Gorilla Trading Buying near the closing bell and selling the next morning holding a position overnight Long term trading Short term trading External links http www.stocklur.com Swing Trading Stock News DEFAULTSORT Trading Strategy Category Financial markets ... more details
In business , the trading day is the time span that a particular stock exchange is open. For example, the New York Stock Exchange is, as of 2008, open from 9 30 AM Eastern Time Zone Eastern Time to 4 00 PM Eastern Time Zone Eastern Time . Trading days never take place on weekends. When a trading day ends, all share trading ends and is frozen in time until the next trading day begins. There are several other special circumstances which would lead to a shortened trading day, or no trading day at all, such as on holidays. External links http www.marketclocks.com Trading Day Schedules For World Stock Exchanges Category Stock exchanges Stockexchange stub Business stub de B rsentag ... more details
A trading halt occurs in the U.S. when a stock exchange stops trading on a specific security for a certain time period. The halt usually lasts for one hour, but is not limited to that. Trading halts occur during the trading day intraday , while a trading delay occurs at the beginning of the trading day delayed opening . ref name SEC 1 cite web title SEC Trading halts and delays url http www.sec.gov answers tradinghalt.htm ref Trading halts usually occur when a publicly traded company is going to release significant news about itself. The halt in trading for the affected security gives Investor investors time to review the news and assess its impact. Another situation in which a trading halt might occur is when the exchange is uncertain whether the security continues to meet the market s listing standards. ref name SEC 1 Regulatory and non regulatory trading halts Both of the reasons mentioned above are regulatory trading halts and are implemented on many major stock exchanges for example ... detail why trading has been halted for a security. ref cite web title NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ Trading ... Over The Counter Bulletin Board OTCBB currently uses 5 codes. ref cite web title OTCBB Trading Halt Codes url http www.otcbb.com marketwatch ref A non regulatory trading halt occurs if significant order ... non regulatory trading halts. Before trading resumes, market specialists must determine an appropriate ... do not always stop trading a security affected by the non regulatory halt. ref name SEC 1 NASDAQ OMX ... TradeHalts current trading halts for the NASDAQ, New York Stock Exchange, and the American Stock Exchange ... trading halt list and a rolling 6 month history. Trading suspension A trading suspension occurs when the United States Securities and Exchange Commission SEC stops trading for a specific security ... being traded. ref cite web title SEC Trading suspension FAQs url http www.sec.gov answers tradingsuspension.htm ... trading suspensions going back to 1995. Trading curb Trading curb s stop trading for an entire ... more details
Carbon trading may refer to Carbon emission trading Personal carbon trading Emissions trading Disambiguation Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Trading Up may refer to Trading Up Business book Why Consumers Want New Luxury Goods and How Companies Create Them. By Michael J. Silverstein and Neil Fiske, 2003. A BusinessWeek Bestseller and Berry AMA book prize winner. Trading Up David Vogel , political economy book on globalization. Trading Up novel , a novel by Candace Bushnell disambig ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 The mirror trading method allows traders in financial market s to select a trading strategy and to automatically mirror the trades executed by the selected strategies in the trader s brokerage account. Traders can select strategies that match their personal trading preferences, such as risk tolerance and past profit s. Once a strategy has been selected, all the signals sent by the strategy will be automatically applied to the client s brokerage account. No intervention is required by the client as all the account activity is controlled by the platform. Clients may trade one or more strategies concurrently. This flexibility enables the trader to diversify their risk while maintaining complete trading control of their account at all times. History Mirror trading is an evolution of automated trading , also known as algorithmic trading . Automated trading in general has witnessed exponential growth over the last few years. This development has been widely accepted by clients at the retail level as it helps overcome the traditional barriers to successful trading. Mirror trading has certain distinctions from program trading . Mirror trading is a concept that allows traders to copy or track trades from other traders. These other traders can come in the form of system developers, manual traders or financial institution s. Mirror trading allows a trader to choose strategies. The trades are delivered and executed automatically with entry and exit points on multiple currency pair s. Clients have ability to click and choose from a vast supply of trading strategies. DEFAULTSORT Mirror trading Category Articles created via the Article Wizard Category Financial terminology ... more details
trading post for trade with the Plains Indians . A trading post or as frequently a trading fort in colonial contexts or circumstances is a place or establishment where the Trade trading of product business goods takes place. The preferred travel route to a trading post or between trading posts, is known as a trade route . Trading posts were also places for people to meet and exchange the news of the world or simply the news from their home country many of the world s trading posts were located in places .... Trading posts in general were of great importance to the history of currency . Though barter has been used for millennia and continues to be used, almost from the start of trading post history, the need ... a trading settlement of Phoenicia n colonists, Carthage grew into a vast economic and political power throughout the Mediterranean , accumulating wealth and influence through its economic trading prowess. Almost every city of importance of the world once started its history as a trading post Venice , New York , Shanghai , Singapore , Hong Kong , Naples , Rotterdam etc. The Factory trading post annexation of trading posts along ancient trade routes took place in the 16th and 17th century by European ... Asia in search of the source of the lucrative spice trade . Trading posts were also very common in the early ... Company set up trading posts around Hudson Bay during the fur trade . Goods were traded for Beaver ... States in the early 19th century, trading posts used by Native Americans in the United ... Clark in which the Osage Nation conceded most of Missouri in order to access the trading post. Other uses In the context of Scouting , trading post usually refers to a camp store where snacks, craft materials and general merchandise are sold. A trading post can also be referred to as the place ..., many people have developed their own trading posts such as the http www.frontrangetradingpost.com Front Range Trading Post in Colorado Springs, CO. Trades include handmade and hand grown raised items ... more details
Social trading is the process through which online financial investors rely mostly or solely on user ... for making financial trading decisions. ref http en.wiktionary.org wiki social trading wiktionary , retrieved 20 January, 2011 br ref The term has been associated with a variety of online social trading networks. ref http www.socialtimes.com 2010 07 social day trading comes to facebook SocialTimes , July 21, 2010 br ref These social trading networks can be considered a subcategory of online social networks . History Prior to the emergence of the Internet , financial trading was characterized ... and exchanges . As the internet has gathered momentum electronic trading has become a major focus ... and Twitter in particular was followed in the financial trading industry with financial traders ... or technical in its essence. Online financial trading companies have exploited the popularity of the new social networking channels and it is in this context that fully fledged social trading networks ... 2.0 properties in almost every trading platform, financial traders have begun to follow information ... explicitly by intentionally following the trading activities of one or more selected traders, either manually or automatically , or implicitly, as one s trading decisions are unintentionally influenced by the trading activities of other traders. Key Features Information Flow Social trading involves ... is held to be of premium importance in financial trading ref http economics.about.com cs ... of information of interest to small scale as well as individual investors. Cooperative Trading Social trading offers traders the opportunity to work together in trading teams which can trade the markets ... like StockTwits or eToro offer real time feeds recording how the social trading community is trading. ref http advantagetradingsystems.com trading top 10 recommended social networking sites for traders and investors Advantage trading Systems , November 18, 2010 br ref Monetization As with social ... more details
Floor trading is where traders or stock brokers meet at a specific venue referred to as a trading floor or pit to buy and sell financial instruments using open outcry method to communicate which each other. These venues are typically stock exchange s or futures exchange s and transactions are executed by members of such an exchange using specific language or hand signals. During the 1980s and 1990s phone and electronic trading replaced physical floor trading in most exchanges around the world. Some exchanges such as the NYSE still execute a percentage of their trades on the floor. That means that the traders actually form a group around the post on the floor of the market for the specialist, someone that works for one of the NYSE member firms and handles the stock. Just like in an auction, there are shouts coming from those that want to sell and those that want to buy. The specialist facilitates in the match and centralizing the trades. Change is inevitable, and the NYSE underwent the biggest change on January 24, 2007 it went from strictly an auction market to a hybrid that encompassed both the auction method and an electronic trading method that immediately makes the trade electronically. A small group of extremely high priced stocks isn t on this trading system and is still auctioned on the trading floor. Even though over 82 percent of the trades take place electronically, the action on the floor of the stock exchange still has its place. While electronic trading is faster and provides for anonymity, there s more opportunity to improve the price of a share if it goes to the floor. Investors maintain the right to select the method they want to use. See also Floor broker Floor trader Trading room External links http www.cmegroup.com tools information floor trading index.html ... http www.1mtx.com markets trades en main trades floor trading floor otc trading floor trading.php 1MTX Trading Glossary http stock trading on line.com articles inner workings of the nyse Stock market ... more details
italictitle Infobox Journal title Journal of Trading abbreviation discipline Finance , investment publisher Euromoney Institutional Investor country United States frequency Quarterly history 2006 present website http www.iijournals.com JOT ISSN 1559 3967 The Journal of Trading is a quarterly academic journal covering tools and strategies in institutional trading including topics such as algorithmic trading , transaction costs , execution options, trading platforms, liquidity, and multi asset trading. Its editor in chief is Brian R. Bruce Finance Institute, Southern Methodist University . External links Official http www.iijournals.com JOT Category Financial journals Category Publications established in 2006 Category Quarterly journals Category English language journals journal stub ... more details
Swing trading is commonly defined as a speculative activity in financial markets whereby instruments ... A swing trading position is typically held longer than a day trading day , but shorter than trend ... can be sought by engaging in either Long or Short trading. ref Ibid. ref Swing trading methods Utilizing ... trading. The trading rules can be used to create a predictive market Algorithmic tradingtrading algorithm or trading system which can be further defined as a calculable set of trading rules that uses ... trade price points. Trading algorithms are not exclusive to swing trading and are also used for day trading and long term trading. Investment in researching trading algorithms systems has skyrocketed, particularly by investment banking firms like Goldman Sachs , which spends tens of millions on trading algorithm research and staffs its trading algorithm team more heavily than even its trading desk ... Into My Trading Room A Complete Guide To Trading, Dr. Alexander Elder, John Wiley & Sons, 2002 ref Trading algorithms systems may lose their profit potential when they obtain enough of a mass following ... challenge for all swing trading as well as long term trend following trading strategies. However ... trading are commensurate with market speculation in general. Risk of loss in swing trading typically increases in a trading range, or sideways price movement, as compared to a bull market or bear market that is clearly moving in a specific direction. References references See also Algorithmic trading Day trading Don t fight the tape Dow theory Further reading cite book last Farley first Alan S. authorlink ... Short Term Trading Opportunities date 2000 url isbn 0 07 136309 2 cite book last Markman first John D. authorlink John D. Markman title Swing Trading Power Strategies to Cut Risk and Boost Profits ... Swing title Swing Trading Simplified date 2003 url http www.amazon.com Swing Trading Simplified ... 21 cite book last Brown first Kevin authorlink Kevin Brown title Definitive Guide to Swing Trading ... more details
Mahurat trading is the auspicious stock market trading for an hour on Diwali Deepawali , the biggest festival for Hindus. Muhurat trading in the stock market happens for about an hour on Diwali day. Usually, this trading session is held in the evening. It is a symbolic ritual which has been performed for years. Stock brokers offices take on a distinctly ethnic look with neatly designed rangolis and innumerable diyas lined up to welcome Goddess Lakshmi. Muhurat trading is one of the many links the broking community retains with its rich past. The practice of muhurat trading has been retained and observed for ages. Usually, the Sensex closes on a higher note on the muhurat trading day. Most traders buy on this day. With this, the traders on Dalal Street welcome the New Year on a positive note. The traditional muhurat trading on the day of Diwali still retains much significance for many traders. Many start the New Year with traditional ceremonies and pujas. Muhurat trading is traditionally an occasion for an auspicious beginning to the traditional New Year. Investors place token orders and buy stocks for their children, which are held for the long term and sometimes never sold. Traders normally book their intra day profits, however small they may be. For the trading communities of the north ... muhurat trading takes place, where the Sensex invariably notches up a few points even in a bad market .... The time of the muhurat trading is specified by the stock exchange. It is a part of the traditional rituals among the stock broking community. The event is believed to bring in wealth. A nominal trading ... trading on this day brings in wealth and prosperity throughout the year. An auspicious beginning is thus ... list of nse stock markets holidays 2011 Mahurut Trading in 2011 http economictimes.indiatimes.com Financial Times Muhurat trading A ritual since many years articleshow 2515989.cms Muhurat trading A ritual since many years. indiatimes.com India econ stub Category Stock exchanges in India ... more details
Refimprove date March 2009 Orphan date March 2009 Mergeto Day trader date June 2008 Casual trading is a newly developed variant of financial trading. It consists of the same principles carried out in trading room s but involves the use of trading platforms that can be operated from the trader s residence. Casual trading is a general name for all trading actions that are carried out by individuals without the use of a mediator. They can be found in stock exchange, foreign exchange, commodities and other markets. General trading markets There are three major markets in casual trading. They are stocks, foreign exchange forex and commodities. Stock market stock trading or equity trading is trading of Corporation company stock and Derivative finance derivative s of company stock at an agreed price. Both of these are security finance securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately. In foreign exchange currency or forex or FX , market traders select a currency pair in which one currency is traded for another. It is by far the largest financial market in the world, with the average daily trade in the global forex and related markets estimated at US 3 trillion. ref name BIS http www.bis.org publ rpfx07.pdf Triennial Central Bank Survey April 2007 , Bank for International ... such as iron ore, crude oil, coal, etc for a full list see List of traded commodities . Casual trading versus standard trading The principal differences between casual trading and floor trading are in the traders ... from the trading floor and carry large volumes. Casual traders do not trade as a profession but as an addition ... an Internet connection and a trading platform software day trading software , which is monitored and regulated ... www.businessweek.com technology content may2001 tc20010523 908.htm The Darwinism of Day trading Businessweek online http www.cftc.gov Commodity Futures Trading Commission Alex Frino, David Johnstone ... for more traders Financial Times online See also stock trader day trader floor trader paper trading ... more details
A trading fund is a UK government department, or an executive agency or part of the department, which has been established as such by means of a Trading Fund Order made under the Government Trading Funds Act 1973. A trading fund can only be established with HM Treasury agreement. One may only be set up where more than 50 of the trading fund s revenue will consist of receipts in respect of goods and services provided by the trading fund, and where the responsible Minister and the Treasury are satisfied that the setting up of the trading fund will lead to improved efficiency and effectiveness in management of operations . ref Government Trading Funds Act 1973 s 1 1 b , as amended by Government Trading Funds Act 1990. See http www.opsi.gov.uk RevisedStatutes Acts ukpga 1973 cukpga 19730063 en 1 . ref The significance of a trading fund is that it has standing authority under the 1973 Act to use its receipts to meet its outgoings. Some trading funds have, as their main function, the collection and supply of information to both public and private sectors others do not. List of trading funds United Kingdom Date of establishment as Trading Fund is shown Army Base Repair Organisation April 2002 merged with Defence Aviation Repair Agency in April 2007 to create the Defence Support Group Central Office of Information 1 April 1991 Companies House 1 October 1991 Defence Aviation Repair Agency April 2001 Merged with Army Base Repair Organisation in April 2007 to create the Defence Support Group Defence Evaluation and Research Agency 1 April 1993 Defence Science and Technology Laboratory July 2001 Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency April 2004 Driving Standards Agency 1 April 1997 Fire Service College 1 April 1992 Forensic Science Service 1 April 1999 HM Land Registry 1 April 1993 Medicines ... The Land Registry Drainage Services Department Sewage Services Trading Fund 1994 1997 Notes Reflist DEFAULTSORT Trading Fund Category Executive agencies of the United Kingdom government Category ... more details
Pin trading is the practice of buying, selling, and exchanging collecting collectible pins most often lapel pin s associated with a particular common theme, as well as related items such as lanyards , bags, and hat s to store and display the pins as a hobby . Collectible pins used in pin trading are often found in amusement parks and resorts the Disneyworld and Disneyland resorts, for example, are venues where Disney pin trading has become a popular activity, ref cite web url http eventservices.disney.go.com pintrading index title Events & 124 Disney Pin Trading Events & 124 Disney publisher Eventservices.disney.go.com date accessdate 2011 03 06 ref and similar pin trading activities are popular at comparable venues such as Sea World , the Universal Resorts , ref name universalpintrading cite web url http www.universalstudioshollywood.com PinTrading title Pin Trading publisher Universal Studios Hollywood date accessdate 2011 03 06 ref and at Six Flags theme parks. They are also found at event s that are recurring and or share a common theme, such as the Olympic Games and other sports sporting events . ref name cocacola olympicpintrading cite web url http www.thecoca colacompany.com heritage pdf Olympics PinTrading.pdf title Olympic Pin Trading publisher The Coca Cola Company date accessdate 2011 03 06 ref The pins collected and traded are often of a limited edition and thus more highly valued in pin trading, and are sometimes marked or distributed by various companies such as The Coca Cola Company ref name cocacola olympicpintrading who sponsor the events and venues associated with the traded pins. Pin trading at particular venues and events is often governed by rules of etiquette particular to the venue or occasion. Pin trading and collecting may have originated with the sport of curling as some of the oldest pins that could be described as trading pins are from curling clubs dating back to the mid nineteenth century. Citation needed date July 2010 References Reflist ... more details
A trading jacket is a garment worn by an individual who executes trades by open outcry in and around the trading pits of various financial exchanges. Trading jackets are frequently brightly coloured and distinctive to assist in the identification of specific traders and or the exchange members for whom they work. This colourful characteristic of the financial markets is dying out as open outcry exchanges adopt electronic trading platform s. Nick Leeson s Trading Jacket On 5 April 2007, the Guardian newspaper reported that KPMG, the Liquidators of Barings PLC had sold a trading jacket thought to have been worn by Nick Leeson while trading on SIMEX in Singapore. The jacket was offered for sale on ebay but it failed to reach its reserve price despite a highest bid of 16,100. It was subsequently sold for 21,000 ref http www.guardian.co.uk business 2007 apr 05 money1 ref . In October 2007 a similar jacket used by Leeson s team but not thought to have been worn by Leeson himself sold at auction for 4,000 ref http www.norwood.org.uk contact us pr media newsarchive 2007 Fundraising News distressed investing dinner 2007.htm. ref References Reflist Category Workwear Category Financial markets clothing stub ... more details
Fraudulent trading is an insolvency law concept, and in particular a UK insolvency law concept. It refers to a company law company that has carried on business with intent to defraud creditor s. ref For example, in the United Kingdom, see section 213 of the Insolvency Act 1986 ref Law Where during the course of a Liquidation winding up it appears to the liquidator that fraudulent trading has occurred, the liquidator may apply to the court for an order any persons who were knowingly parties to the carrying on of such business are to be made liable to make such contributions if any to the company s assets as the court thinks proper. Conceptually, fraudulent trading is similar to a fraudulent conveyance ... s assets, whereas a court order in relation to fraudulent trading it is the responsible ... to be simultaneously fraudulent trading and a fraudulent conveyance, and to be the subject on concurrent ... pursuant to an order for fraudulent trading to subrogation subrogated to any claim that the company ... of fraudulent trading are rare because of the high Legal burden of proof burden of proof associated with fraud . Usually, even where fraudulent trading is suspected, an application is made with respect to an allegation of wrongful trading or insolvent trading where the burden of proof is lower. Where applications are brought for fraudulent trading it is usually because when the trading occurred, the company was not insolvent at that time insolvency at the time of the trading is normally a requirement to establish wrongful trading, but not fraudulent trading . The effect of a successful application for fraudulent trading varies between different legal systems. In some countries the assets ..., a floating charge . However, some countries have ring fenced payments made for fraudulent trading so that they are made available to the pool of assets for unsecured creditor s. Fraudulent trading is entirely separate and distinct from insider trading , which focuses purely upon the abuse of inside ... more details
trading to avoid taking on excessive risk due to inexperience. Various companies and online trading simulation tools offer paper trading services, some free, others with charges, that allow investors to try out various strategies some stock broker ages allow 14 day demo accounts , or paper trading ... money of paper trading is sometimes also called paper money, virtual money, and Monopoly ... more details
Twin Trading is a leading alternative trading organisation alternative trading company in the United Kingdom . It was founded in 1985 and is based in London . Twin Trading is wholly owned by Twin, a registered charity and membership organisation. Twin s membership comprises 24 farmer co operatives in eight countries, drawing together a network of over 1,000 co ops, representing more than 163,000 farmer families. There are an additional 13 individual members with external experience. Members elect to a Council annually and also elect Guardians to oversee Twin s mission, constitution and procedures. Twin was originally founded in 1985 as the Third World Information Network with the support of the Greater London Council . In 1988 it began to import coffee, sold through Oxfam and Traidcraft , leading to the 1988 founding of Caf direct by Twin with Oxfam, Traidcraft and Equal Exchange Trading . In 1993, Twin helped chocolate farmers in Ghana to found the Kuapa Kokoo co operative, and in 1998 Divine Chocolate was formed, largely owned by Kuapa Kokoo, to market Fairtrade chocolate. Twin has also launched OK and Liberation Nuts . External links http www.twin.org.uk Official website See also fair trade Category Alternative trading organizations ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2009 Single infobox Name I m Not Trading Cover I m Not Trading Cover.jpg Artist Sunna band Sunna from Album One Minute Science Released Format Released March 12, 2001 Recorded Genre Heavy metal music Metal Length 3 50 Label Astralwerks , Virgin Records Producer Chart position Reviews nowiki nowiki Last single Power Struggle This single I m Not Trading Next single I m Not Trading is a song by the United Kingdom British industrial music hard rock band Sunna band Sunna with an unorthodox 5 beat time signature. Track listing I m Not Trading 3 50 Grave Live In Chicago 4 06 I m Not Trading UNKLE In Utero 4 11 Bonus tracks I m Not Trading Radio Edit 3 38 small United States Bonus track small Chart positions Single I m Not Trading border 1 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 2 width 550 align left valign top Year align left valign top Chart align left valign top Position align left valign top Weeks In UK Top 100 align left valign top 2001 align left valign top UK Charts align left valign top 94 align left valign top 1 Link http s7y.us gen Video of I m Not Trading Category 2001 songs Category Heavy metal songs Category Virgin Records singles ... more details
Trading the news is a technique to trade equities , currencies and other financial instruments on the financial market s. Trading news releases can be a significant tool for finance financial investor s. Economy Economic news reports often spur strong short term moves in the markets, which may create trading opportunities for trader finance trader s. Announcements about corporate profits, a change in management, rumors of a merger, are events that can cause a company s share price to move wildly up or down. Interest rates, unemployment and export rates, or the central bank s policy shifts, can cause a deep change of an exchange rate . Methods Manual Investors trading shares of a listed company know there are certain events that cause the share price to rise or fall sudden changes in energy prices, a labor strike at a supplier, a poor month for the sales, for example. Trading the news is the technique of make a profit by trading financial instruments stock, currency, etc just in time, and in accordance to the occurrence of those events. Automatic Algorithmic trading on news events is a reality. Also known as programmed trading, it is not a new phenomenon, but it is increasing in popularity since the early 2000s. A third of all stock trades in the United States were driven by automatic algorithms in 2005, some studies estimate. Algorithmic trading allows investors to fine tune their computers to scan live news feeds and watch for items affecting any listed company. See also News Analytics Stock trader Trader finance Trader Category Finance Category Stock market ... more details
Program trading is a generic term used to describe a type of trading in Security finance securities , usually consisting of baskets of fifteen stocks or more. ref http www.nyse.com press 1251367637915.html ref It is loosely defined as an electronic transaction involving 15 or more stocks with a combined value of at least 1 million. Three factors help to explain the explosion in program trading. First ... with all their sophisticated trading strategies is driving program trading volume ref cite web url ... title Background article Program trading date 9 August 2005 author Opalesque ref . While this definition provides a very simplistic answer, program trading is far more complicated. Program trading is a generic term used to describe a type of trading in securities , usually consisting of stocks ... & Poor s 500 Index futures contract traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange . The trading ..., or governmental or political actions. According to the New York Stock Exchange, program trading accounts for about 30 and as high as 46.4 of the trading volume on that exchange every day. ref http ... of Program Trading listed on the NYSE. Program Trading Firms Program Trading is a strategy ... of 2009, Goldman Sachs recorded record trading profits, with much of those gains ascribed to program trading, according to heavy press coverage. ref http www.ft.com cms s 0 e51f695a 8220 11de 9c5e ... trading figures each week, identifying index and non index arbitrage. ref http online.barrons.com ... form of Program Trading. The major institutional traders using Index Arbitrage are Royal Bank of Canada and the Deutsche Bank . Index Arbitrage ranges from 2 10 of the active Program Trading volume daily ... as high as 20 but that is rare, as the market size of the non Index Arbitrage Program Trading firms ... articles trading 07 program trading.asp ref It is possible to compute the fair value of a futures ... 1 Hedge funds DEFAULTSORT Program Trading Category Stock market ja sv Algoritmisk handel ... more details
Vote trading is the practice of supporting someone else s initiative in exchange for their support of one s own initiative. It frequently takes place in legislative bodies. An example would be Congressman A voting for a dam in Congressman B s district in exchange for Congressman B s support for farm subsidies in Congressman A s district. ref cite news url http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn articles A7241 2004Oct4.html title Vote Trading Ethics publisher The Washington Post date 2004 10 05 accessdate 2010 05 27 ref One of the first examples of vote trading to occur in the United States was the Compromise of 1790 , in which Thomas Jefferson made a deal with James Madison and Alexander Hamilton to move the capital from New York to a site along the Potomac after a lengthy stay in Philadelphia in exchange ... journal title Vote Trading in the First Federal Congress? James Madison and the Compromise of 1790 ... vote trading process by creating a market brokered by party leaders in which members buy and sell ... title Centralized vote trading author Kenneth J. Koford publisher Springer Netherlands ref Hindrances to vote trading in the U.S. Congress include its bicameral structure and the geographic representation basis of its members. Vote trading is encouraged, however, by Congress s relatively ..., Charles Kershaw and Tollison, Robert D. ref Corporate vote trading has been proposed as a way of improving ... Vote Trading as an Instrument of Corporate Governance author Neeman, Z. and Orosel, G.O. date 1999 ref In this context, vote trading refers to borrowing shares of a stock in time to be the shareholder ... engage in a vote trading variant called vote pairing an example is the strategic voting facilitated ... Critique of the Economic Theory notes that vote trading is often considered immoral, since votes are to be determined ... than bribery, although in some countries it is still unlawful. However, vote trading can also ... and thus alleviate the tyranny of the majority . In this way, vote trading is similar to coalition ... more details
2008 Electronic trading , sometimes called etrading , is a method of trading security finance securities ... trading in the United States are regulated by either the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission , and are generally called electronic communications network s or ECNs ... electronic trading was on Globex, the CME Group s electronic trading platform that allows access ... a rival system that was based on Oak Trading Systems Oak platform which facilitated E Open Outcry, an electronic trading platform that allowed for electronic trading to take place alongside the trading that took place in the CBOT pits. Oak Trading Systems continues to offer access to global ... reputable brokerage firms such as EHedger LLC http www.ehedger.com . Electronic trading makes transactions ... Exchange were creating electronic trading platforms to support the emerging interest in trading ... are increasing their spending on technology for electronic trading. Citation needed date September 2008 Many floor traders and brokers are being removed from the trading process. Traders are relying on algorithmic trading algorithms to analyze market conditions and then execute their orders. Dates of introduction of electronic trading by the leading exchanges in 120 countries are provided in a Journal ... vs. floor trading, . ref Jain, Pankaj K., 2005, Financial market design and the equity premium Electronic vs. floor trading, Journal of Finance volume 60, issue 6, pp. 2955 2985. ref There are, broadly, two types of trading in the financial markets Business to business B2B trading, often conducted ..., transacting large amounts of securities, and Business to consumer B2C trading, where retail ... clients e.g. hedge funds, fund managers or insurance companies, trading far larger amounts of securities .... While the majority of retail trading probably now happens over the Internet, retail trading volumes are dwarfed by institutional, inter dealer and exchange trading. Citation needed date September ... more details
Distinguish Extended hours trading Multiple issues citation style September 2009 globalize September 2009 one source September 2009 primarysources September 2009 update September 2009 refimprove August 2009 Late trading is trading executed after the standard local national exchanges have closed. This is distinct from Extended hours trading after hours trading , as they have in context specific meanings, the former may be illegal while the latter is legal. Mutual funds In the mutual fund context, late trading involves placing orders for mutual fund Share finance share s after the close of the stock market, 4 00 p.m for the New York Stock Exchange , but still getting that day s closing price, rather than the next day s opening price. The Net asset value price of mutual funds is usually set only once per day, so intraday prices are not applicable. Citation needed date August 2009 Controversy In the United States this practice is illegal under U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission SEC rules but many mutual fund managers appear to have allowed exceptions for certain hedge fund s and other favored investors who were able to obtain that day s price, notwithstanding that their orders were received after hours. ref cite web url http mutualfunds.about.com od mutualfundfraud a stearns scandal.htm title Bear Stearns Settlement on Fund Trading Scandal publisher Mutual Funds at About first Dustin last Woodard ref See also 2003 mutual fund scandal References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Late Trading Category Investment Category Commercial crimes Category Funds Econ stub ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
