prevents the transmission of sound. The dynamics of the lower thermosphere below approximately convert ... ru simple Thermosphere sk Termosf ra ckb sr sv Termosf r th ... more details
Infobox Spacecraft Name Ionosphere Thermosphere Storm Probes Organization NASA Mission Type Two Earth orbiters investigating the ionosphere and thermosphere Number of Observatories 2 Inclination 60 degrees The Ionosphere Thermosphere Storm Probes I TSP is a NASA mission which will study the ionosphere and the thermosphere . This mission is part of the Living With a Star program, the second mission in a pair of geospace missions. The first mission is the Radiation Belt Storm Probes , which launches in 2012. Mission Like the Radiation Belt Storm Probes , the I TSP will be a twin spacecraft mission. The mission is to study distributions of ionospheric and thermospheric densities, geomagnetic disturbances, and ionospheric irreularities. This mission relates to the Sun and solar flare solar storms in that it studies the effects of solar flare solar storms on geospace. ref Cite web url http books.nap.edu openbook.php?record id 11188&page 25 title Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics work The National Academics Press accessdate 2007 08 14 ref This mission can save astronauts and satellites . Goals The Ionosphere Thermosphere Storm Probes mission has two goals Determine the effects of solar variability on the global scale behavior of ionospheric electron density Determine the solar and geospace causes of small scale ionospheric irregularities See also Ionosphere Radiation Belt Storm Probes Living With a Star Thermosphere References Reflist External links http www.lws.nasa.gov geospace HTML Mission LWSgeospaceITSP.html More Information on Geospace Missions Page http lws.gsfc.nasa.gov Living With a Star page Category NASA programs Category Future spaceflights ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Industrial Sounding System is a proposed system to propel inert payloads to a height of up to 100 kilometers, or rocket assisted payloads to 250km, with the use of a cannon . This might be useful when trying to launch science experiments into the thermosphere without the use of a rocket. There are plans to develop the ISS further to develop the capability to launch satellite s into orbit . External links http www.astronautix.com lvs indystem.htm Encyclopedia Aeronautica entry Category Spaceguns rocket stub de Industrial Sounding System ... more details
Summary This figure shows temperature profiles in the stratosphere and thermosphere of Uranus . Approximate altitudes are also indicated. The shaded area is the layer with a high hydrocarbon abundance. The data of the blue curve are from Herbert et al. ref name Herbert1987 Herbert, Floyd Sandel, B.R. Yelle, R.V. et.al. 1987 . The Upper Atmosphere of Uranus EUV Occultations Observed by Voyager 2 PDF . J. of Geophys. Res. 92 15,093 15,109. Table 1 ref The data of of the green curve are from ref name Bishop1990 Bishop, J. Atreya, S.K. Herbert, F. and Romani, P. 1990 . Reanalysis of Voyager 2 UVS Occultations at Uranus Hydrocarbon Mixing Ratios in the Equatorial Stratosphere PDF . Icarus 88 448 463. DOI 10.1016 0019 1035 90 90094 P Table 1 ref References references Licensing GFDL self migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons ... more details
The turbopause marks the altitude in the Earth s atmosphere below which turbulence turbulent mixing dominates. The region below the turbopause is known as the homosphere , where the chemical constituents are well mixed and display identical height distributions in other words, the chemical composition of the atmosphere remains constant in this region for chemical species which have long mean residence times. Highly reactive chemicals tend to exhibit great concentration variability throughout the atmosphere, whereas unreactive species will exhibit more homogeneous concentrations. The region above the turbopause is the heterosphere , where diffusion molecular diffusion dominates and the chemical composition of the atmosphere varies according to chemical species. The turbopause lies near the mesopause , at the intersection of the mesosphere and the thermosphere , at an altitude of roughly 100 km. References http amsglossary.allenpress.com glossary search?p 1&query turbopause&submit Search AMS Glossary Turbopause http splidar.gi.alaska.edu midatm.htm http web.haystack.mit.edu pcr spaceweather webpageatmosphericgasses.html earthsatmosphere Category Atmosphere climate stub ca Turbopausa et Turbopaus es Turbopausa ko it Turbopausa no Turbopausen nn Turbopause ru ... more details
The Jacchia Reference Atmosphere is an atmospheric model that define values for atmospheric temperature, density, pressure and other properties at altitudes from 90 to 2500 km. Unlike the more common US Standard Atmosphere and related models, the Jacchia model includes latitudinal, seasonal, geomagnetic, and solar effects, but must be supplemented with another model at lower altitudes. The model, first published in 1970 and updated in 1971 and 1977, is based on spacecraft drag data, and is primarily used in spacecraft modeling and related fields. A common assumption while using the Jacchia Model is that the atmosphere rotates with the Earth as a rigid body. See also Atmospheric models NRLMSISE 00 International Standard Atmosphere US Standard Atmosphere External links http modelweb.gsfc.nasa.gov atmos jacchia.html NASA GSFC ModelWeb Jacchia page http letitbit.net download 27148.279379ecef1a0f5b9e1ce08a4 Jacchia 77 Atmospheric Model en .exe.html Jacchia 77 Model in digits References L. G. Jacchia, Static Diffusion Models of the Upper Atmosphere with Empirical Temperature Profiles, Smithson. Astrophys. Obs. Spec. Rept. No. 170, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1964. B08448 L. G. Jacchia, Revised Static Models of the Thermosphere and Exosphere with Empirical Temperature Profiles, Smithson. Astrophys. Obs. Spec. Rept. No. 332, 1971. B10091 L. G. Jacchia, Thermospheric Temperature, Density, and Composition New Models, Smithson. Astrophys. Obs. Spec. Rept. No. 375, 1977. Category Atmosphere climate stub ru Jacchia ... more details
Most climate models simulate a region of the Earth s atmosphere from the surface to the stratopause . There also exist numerical models which simulate the wind, temperature and composition of the Earth s tenuous upper atmosphere , from the mesosphere to the exosphere , including the ionosphere . This region is affected strongly by the 11 year Solar cycle through variations in solar UV EUV Xray radiation and solar wind leading to high latitude particle precipitation and Aurora astronomy aurora . It has been proposed that these phenomena may have an effect on the lower atmosphere, and should therefore be included in simulations of climate change. For this reason there has been a drive in recent years to create whole atmosphere models to investigate whether or not this is the case. External links Two examples of upper atmospheric models are http www.hao.ucar.edu modeling tgcm NCAR TIE GCM 97 to 450km , NCAR TIME GCM 30 to 450km http www.apl.ucl.ac.uk research modelling.html UCL CTIP 80km to 450km , UCL CMAT 30km to 450km http www.uam.mstu.edu.ru index.php Welcome to UAM UAM is the global mathematical model of the Earth s upper atmosphere mesosphere, thermosphere, ionosphere, plasmasphere and inner magnetosphere . An example of a whole atmosphere model is http waccm.acd.ucar.edu WACCM 0 140km br Atmospheric, Oceanographic and Climate Models Category Numerical climate and weather models climate stub ru ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 The thermopause is the Earth s atmosphere atmospheric boundary of Earth s energy system, located at the top of the thermosphere . Below this, the atmosphere is defined to be active on the insolation received, due to the increased presence of heavier gases such as monoatomic oxygen. The solar constant is thus expressed at the thermopause. Beyond above this, the exosphere describes the thinnest remainder of atmospheric particles with large mean free path, mostly hydrogen and helium. The exact altitude varies by the energy inputs of location, time of day, solar flux, season, etc. and can be between 500 1000 km high at a given place and time because of these. A South Atlantic Anomaly portion of the magnetosphere dips below this layer as well. Although these are all named layers of the atmosphere, the pressure is so negligible that the chiefly used definitions of outer space are actually below this altitude. Orbiting satellites do not experience significant atmospheric heating, but their orbits do decay over time, depending on orbit altitude. Space missions such as the International space station ISS , space shuttle , and Soyuz programme Soyuz operate under this layer. Earthsatmosphere Category Atmospheric thermodynamics Category Atmosphere Sci stub cs Termopauza de Thermopause et Termopaus es Termopausa fr Thermopause ko it Termopausa hu Termopauza nl Thermopauze pl Termopauza pt Termopausa sr th uk ... more details
Aeronomy is the science of the upper region of the atmosphere , where dissociation chemistry dissociation and ionization are important. The term aeronomy was introduced by Sydney Chapman mathematician Sydney Chapman , and the above definition stems from 1960. ref Andrew F. Nagy, p. 1 2 in Comparative Aeronomy , ed. by Andrew F. Nagy et al. Springer 2008, ISBN 978 0 387 87824 9 ref Today the term also includes the science of the corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. Aeronomy is a branch of atmospheric physics . Research in aeronomy requires access to balloons, satellites, and sounding rockets which provide valuable data about this region of the atmosphere. Atmospheric tide s dominate the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere . Therefore, understanding of atmospheric tides is essential to understanding the atmosphere as a whole. Other phenomena studied are upper atmospheric lightning discharges, such as Sprite lightning red sprites , sprite halos, blue jets, and elves. Atmospheric tides Main article Atmospheric tide Atmospheric tide s form an important mechanism for transporting energy input into the lower atmosphere from the upper atmosphere, while dominating the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Therefore, understanding the atmospheric tides is essential in understanding the atmosphere as a whole. Modeling and observations of atmospheric tides are needed in order to monitor and predict changes in the Earth s atmosphere. Upper atmospheric lightning Image Upperatmoslight1.jpg 300px thumb right Representation of upper atmospheric lightning and electrical discharge phenomena Main articles Upper atmospheric lightning Sprites lightning Upper atmospheric lightning or upper atmospheric discharge are terms sometimes used by researchers to refer to a family of electrical breakdown phenomena that occurs well above the altitudes of normal lightning . The preferred current usage is transient luminous event s TLEs to refer to the ... more details
Image EarthAtmosphereBig.jpg thumb 80px right Earth atmosphere diagram showing the exosphere and other layers. The layers are to scale. From Earth s surface to the top of the stratosphere convert 50 km mi abbr on disp or is just under 1 of Earth s radius. This article is about the atmospheric mesosphere, for the Earth s mantle see Mesosphere mantle . The mesosphere IPA en m so sf r pron from the Greek language Greek words mesos middle and sphaira ball is the layer of the Earth s atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere . In the mesosphere temperature decreases with increasing height. The upper boundary of the mesosphere is the mesopause, which can be the coldest naturally occurring place on Earth with temperatures below 130 K. The exact upper and lower boundaries of the mesosphere vary with latitude and with season, but the lower boundary of the mesosphere is usually located at heights of about 50 km above the Earth s surface and the mesopause is usually at heights near 100 km, except at middle and high latitudes in summer where it descends to heights of about 85 km. The stratosphere, mesosphere and lowest part of the thermosphere are collectively referred to as the middle atmosphere , which spans heights from approximately 10 to 100 km. The mesopause , at an altitude of convert 80 90 km mi abbr on , separates the mesosphere from the thermosphere &mdash the second outermost layer of the Earth s atmosphere. This is also around the same altitude as the turbopause , below which different chemical species are well mixed due to turbulent eddies. Above this level the atmosphere becomes non uniform the scale height s of different chemical species differ by their molecular mass es. Temperature Within the mesosphere, temperature decreases with increasing altitude . This is due to decreasing solar heating and increasing cooling by CO sub 2 sub radiative emission. The top of the mesosphere, called the mesopaus ... more details
FUTBOLIN FU ll T ransfer B y O ptimized LIN e by line methods Multi level multiple scattering radiative transfer model for the calculation of line by line atmospheric emission transmission spectra in planetary Celestial body atmosphere atmospheres . It has been developed by Javier Martin Torres AS&M. Inc, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA now at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA . It allows generating high resolution synthetic spectra in the 0.3 1000 micrometre spectral range. The code can handle spherical or plane parallel atmospheres. It reads spectral lines in HITRAN or GEISA format and can handle carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub line mixing and continuum absorption from water molecule H sub 2 sub O , oxygen O sub 2 sub , nitrogen N sub 2 sub and CO sub 2 sub . It also takes into account the Non Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium NLTE effects on the rotational, electronic and vibrational populations of the atmospheric species and allows to specify any combinations of clouds, coverage and spectral albedo. It has been used to model the Earth s atmosphere, and the atmospheres of Mars , Venus , and Titan moon Titan . The code can calculate reflectivity reflection , transmittance transmission , absorption spectrum absorption , infrared cooling rate, and flux spectra. See also Radiative transfer References Martin Torres, F. J., & Mlynczak, M. G., 2005, American Geophysical Union, Spring Meeting, abstract A21A 05 Kratz, D. P. et al., An inter comparison of far infrared line by line radiative transfer models , Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, v. 90, iss. 3 4, p. 323 341. Mlynczak et al., Observations of the O 3P fine structure line at 63 m in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere , Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 109, Issue A12, CiteID A12306 Category Scattering ... more details
Multiple issues orphan September 2008 unreferenced September 2008 Image SSULI Components.jpg thumb SSULI Components The Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager SSULI is an imaging spectrometer that is used to observe the earth s ionosphere and thermosphere . These sensors provide vertical intensity profiles of airglow emissions in the extreme ultraviolet and far ultraviolet spectral range of 800 to 1700 Angstrom 80 to 170 nanometre and scan from 75 km to 750 km tangent altitude. The data from these sensors will be used to infer altitude profiles of ion, electron and neutral density. Overview The United States Naval Research Laboratory NRL has built five of these ultraviolet spectrographs for the United States Air Force USAF Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DMSP block of 5D3 satellites. Launch The first sensor was launched on the DMSP F16 spacecraft in October of 2003 into a sun synchronous 830 km circular orbit at a local time of 0800 2000 Universal Time UT . Technical information The sensor has a field of view of 2.4 x0.15 and sweeps out a 2.4 x17 field of regard during each 90 second scan, with wavelength coverage between 800 and 1700 at 23 resolution. The field of view scans ahead of the spacecraft in the orbital plane through a 17 field of regard, corresponding to approximately 75 750 km altitude. References cite journal author Milazzo, Anna Clair Thonnard, Stefan E. Lam, Chau. title Performance measurements and results of the SSULI Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager stacked grid collimator journal SPIE volume 3443 pages p. 7 18 External links http www.nrl.navy.mil tira Projects ssuli Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager Category Spectrometers science stub ... more details
of between nowrap 0.1 and 10 sup 10 sup bar and the hot thermosphere or exosphere extending ... nowrap 0.1 and 10 sup 10 sup bar and the thermosphere exosphere extending from 4000 km ... and thermosphere of Uranus. The shaded area is where hydrocarbons are concentrated. Stratosphere ... increases with altitude from 53 K in the tropopause to between 800 and 850 K at in the thermosphere ... is caused by the downward heat conduction from the hot thermosphere, ref name Lunine1993 ... name Smith1986 43 Thermosphere and ionosphere The outermost layer of the Uranian atmosphere, extending for thousands of kilometres, is the thermosphere , which has a uniform temperature around 800 to 850 ... K observed in the thermosphere of Saturn. ref name Miller2005 Miller2005 Miller , 2005, p.322, Table ... 1123 In addition to molecular hydrogen , the thermosphere contains a large proportion of free ... ref The thermosphere and upper part of the stratosphere contain a large concentration of ion s and electron ... power input into the aurora is 3 7 Esp 10 W insufficient to heat up the thermosphere. ref .... ref name Herbert1999 1123 One the sources of information about the ionosphere and thermosphere .... tag ref The hot thermosphere of Uranus produces hydrogen quadrupole emission lines in the near ... of Uranus. As the temperature varies from 53 K in the tropopause up to 800 K in the thermosphere ... of the thermosphere explain in part why Uranus s exosphere is so vast. tag ref The corona contains .... Their origin is not clear, but they may be produced by the same mechanism that heats the thermosphere ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 399502307 ImageFile ImageSize IUPACName aluminium II oxide OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 125481 InChI 1 Al.O rAlO c1 2 InChIKey AIRCTMFFNKZQPN IPBSAJSUAY StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S Al.O StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey AIRCTMFFNKZQPN UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 14457 64 8 PubChem SMILES O Al Section2 Chembox Properties Formula AlO MolarMass 42.98 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Aluminium II oxide or aluminium monoxide is a compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula AlO. It has been detected in the gas phase after explosion of aluminized grenades in the upper atmosphere ref cite journal author D. C. Tyte title Red B2 A2 Band System of Aluminium Monoxide doi 10.1038 202383a0 journal Nature volume 202 issue 4930 year 1964 page 383 ref ref cite journal author D. C. Tyte title The dissociation energy of aluminium monoxide doi 10.1088 0370 1328 92 4 339 journal Proc. Phys. Soc. volume 92 issue 4 year 1967 page 1134 ref ref cite journal author Johnson E. R. & Low C. H. title Further spectral observations of grenade glow clouds in the lower thermosphere bibcode 1967AuJPh..20..577J journal Australian Journal of Physics volume 20 year 1967 page 577 ref and in stellar absorption spectra ref cite journal author Merrill, P. W., Deutsch, A. J., & Keenan, P. C. title Absorption Spectra of M Type Mira Variables doi 10.1086 147348 journal Astrophysical Journal volume 136 year 1962 page 21 ref References reflist See also Aluminium Aluminium oxide Aluminium I oxide Oxide Aluminium compounds inorganic compound stub Category Aluminium compounds Category Oxides ... more details
The COSPAR International Reference Atmophere CIRA is an empirical model of the atmosphere of Earth. It consists of a set of tables of average air pressure s, altitude s and temperature s. The CIRA models are developed by the Committee on Space Research COSPAR and have been important for the planning of spaceflight. ref http ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov modelweb atmos cospar1.html COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere 1986 0 km to 120 km NASA ref ref http badc.nerc.ac.uk data cira The COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere CIRA 86 British Atmospheric Data Centre ref History Orbit determinations and flight planning of the very first satellite s proved to be more complicated than expected due to a lack of knowledge on the upper atmosphere . The Committee on Space Research therefore set up a long lasting special project to elaborate a reference model of the most important parameters of the upper atmosphere. The first CIRA appeared 1961 as CIRA1961 . It was a set of tables reconsidered year for year by the Task group on the CIRA originally chaired by Hildegard Kallmann Bijl . Today Presently CIRA 1986 covers the height range up to 120 km as a set of tables. In the thermosphere, above about 100 km, CIRA 86 is identical to the more complicated NASA MSIS 86 model. All models are now available on the Web. The task group takes account of more recent data at bi annual meetings in connection to COSPAR meeting. Literature http ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov modelweb atmos cospar1.html http badc.nerc.ac.uk data cira description K.Labitzke, J.J.Barnett, B.Edwards, Middle Atmosphere Programme, MAP Handbook 16, Urbana,1985 source M.J.Rycroft, G.M.Keating, D.Rees, Upper Atmosphere Models and Research , Adv. Space Res.10 6,1988 See also Committee on Space Research COSPAR Space research Atmosphere References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Cospar International Reference Atmosphere Category Atmosphere Category Space research ... more details
nitrogen at 120 to 170 km in the thermosphere . Variations in the global distribution ... occurs primarily in the lower thermosphere region, and may be caused by turbulence from breaking ... in the lower thermosphere as the mean free path increases in the rarefied atmosphere. Citation needed ... and lower thermosphere. Therefore, understanding the atmospheric tides is essential in understanding ... Thermosphere Notes and references references DEFAULTSORT Atmospheric Tide Category Atmospheric dynamics ... more details
Infobox Spacecraft Name TIMED Image Image Timed logo.jpg 175px Organization NASA Major Contractors Applied Physics Laboratory Mission Type Ionosphere , Atmospheric science and Space weather research. Satellite Of Earth Launch 07 12 01 at 15 07 00 UTC Launch Vehicle Delta II rocket Delta II Decay Mission Duration 2 years planned 8 years ongoing Mass 660 kg Power Orbital elements yes NSSDC ID 2001 055B Webpage http www.timed.jhuapl.edu WWW index.php TIMED at APL Semimajor Axis Eccentricity 0 Inclination 74.1 degrees Orbital Period Apoapsis 625 km Periapsis 625 km Orbits The TIMED Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics mission was a two year project to study the Dynamics mechanics dynamics of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere MLT portion of the Earth s atmosphere . The mission was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on December 7, 2001 aboard a Delta II rocket launch vehicle. The project is sponsored and managed by NASA , while the spacecraft was designed and assembled by the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University . The MLT Region of the Atmosphere Image Timed litho front.jpg right thumb left TIMED Mission diagram NASA The MLT region of the atmosphere to be studied by TIMED is located between 60 180 km above the Earth s surface where energy from solar radiation is first deposited into the atmosphere. This can have profound effects on Earth s upper atmospheric regions, particularly during the peak of the sun s 11 year solar cycle when the greatest amounts of its energy are being released. Understanding these interactions is also important for our understanding of various subjects in geophysics , meteorology , and atmospheric science , as solar radiation is one of the primary driving forces behind tide atmospheric tides . Changes in the MLT can also affect modern satellite and radio telecommunications . Scientific instruments onboard The spacecraft payload consists of the following four main instruments Globa ... more details
24, 1975 SRATS Taiyo Thermosphere and sun February 19, 1977 MS T3 Tansei 3 Technology experiment February 4, 1978 EXOS A Kyokko Aurora and ionosphere September 16, 1978 EXOS B Jikiken Magnetosphere and thermosphere ... more details
Infobox Spacecraft Name DANDE Image File Final DANDE Logo.jpg 200px Caption Organization University of Colorado at Boulder , Colorado Space Grant Consortium , CU Dept of Aerospace Engineering Sciences , AFRL , Space Test Program STP Major Contractors Bus Mission Type Demonstration of Concept, Neutral Density Flyby Of Satellite Of Earth Orbital Insertion Date Orbits Requesting Near Polar 350 km Decay Launch TBD 2011 Launch Vehicle Carrier Rocket Launch Site Mission Duration NSSDC ID Webpage Mass Power Batteries Orbit regime Longitude Semimajor Axis Eccentricity Inclination Orbital Period Apoapsis Periapsis Orbits Daily Repetitivity Main Instruments Transponders Coverage Resolution Swath Spectral Band Data rate SSR IMG Resolution DANDE or Drag and Neutral Density Explorer is a 50 kg class spacecraft developed by the University of Colorado at Boulder was the winner of the 5th iteration of the Air Force Research Laboratory Air Force Research Laboratory s University Nanosat Program . ref cite web url http www.colorado.edu news r accfc213b634dbb0f9b8cfe061b15773.html title CU Boulder Students Win First Place in National Nanosatellite Competition date 2009 01 22 publisher University of Colorado at Boulder ref Science Drag induced by the neutral atmosphere density is the major perturbation on satellites in low earth orbit. True density deviates as much as 21 from model predictions, introducing error into crucial government and private space operations with applications to situational awareness, space surveillance, laser communications, re entry prediction, rendezvous and proximity ops. A need exists to measure physical or true density, quantify density variations, and to provide in situ model calibration data. The Drag and Atmospheric Neutral Density Explorer DANDE will be a low cost density, wind, and composition measuring satellite that will provide data for the calibration and validation of operational models and improve our understanding of the thermosphere. The sp ... more details
thermosphere may be carried in an atmospheric waveguide , ref name isbn0 471 25293 X cite ... of the lower thermosphere by the dissipation of acoustic waves journal Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial ... Hz known as microbaroms, generated by interfering ocean waves, propagates into the lower thermosphere ... be refracted in the thermosphere or the stratosphere.... The presence of these tropospheric and stratospheric ... along the dominant wind directions. The thermosphere will frequently have two turning regions, and thus ... directed vertically toward the zenith are dissipated in the thermosphere, and are a significant ... more details
The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics LASP is a research organization at the University of Colorado at Boulder . LASP is a research institute with over 100 research scientists ranging in fields from solar influences, to Earth s and other planetary atmospherics processes, space weather, space plasma and dusty plasma physics. LASP has advanced technical capabilities specializing in designing, building, and operating spacecraft and spacecraft instruments. Founded after World War II, the first scientific instruments built at LASP were launched into space using captured German V 2 rockets. To this day LASP continues a suborbital rocket program through periodic calibration instrument flights from White Sands Missile Range. It was originally called the Upper Air Laboratory , but changed to its current name in 1965. LASP has historical ties to Ball Aerospace Corporation and the Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy CASA . LASP has two facilities offices on the main CU Boulder campus, and the Space Technology Building in the University s research park. LASP s new facilities allow it to handle almost every aspect of space mission s, itself. Hardware facilities allow for the construction of single instruments or entire spacecraft . A mission operations center allows for the control of spacecraft data collection, and a large research staff analyzes the data. Being part of the University, LASP has heavy student involvement in every aspect of its operations, including science, hardware design construction and mission operation s. LASP supports the following spacecraft and instruments Galileo probe Galileo ultraviolet spectrometer Cassini Huygens Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph UVIS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite UARS Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment SOLSTICE Student Nitric Oxide Explorer SNOE Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment SORCE Icesat Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite ICESat Quickscat Quick Scatterometer Mission QuikSCAT TIMED T ... more details
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