article intros Fusional language is a type of syntheticlanguage An agglutinative language is a form of syntheticlanguage A syntheticlanguage , in linguistic typology , is a language with a high ... , Spanish language Spanish , Persian language Persian , Greek language Greek , Latin , Lithuanian language Lithuanian , German language German , Italian language Italian , French language French , Romanian language Romanian , Russian language Russian , Ukrainian language Ukrainian , Polish language Polish and Czech language Czech , as well as many languages of the Americas, including Navajo language Navajo , Nahuatl , Mohawk language Mohawk and Quechua language Quechua . Forms of synthesis There are several ways in which a language can exhibit synthetic characteristics Derivational synthesis In derivational ... sh ng to be born ri sun day are typically synthetic. Rather isolating English language English ... synthetic Japanese language Japanese span lang jp span Watashitachi ... as an isolating language . This linguistic classification is largely independent of morpheme usage classifications such as fusional language fusional , agglutinative language agglutinative , etc. , although there is a common tendency for agglutinative languages to exhibit synthetic properties. Synthetic and isolating languages Synthetic languages are frequently contrasted with isolating ... may contain as much information as an entire English language English sentence at the other extreme. Synthetic languages tend to lie around the middle of this scale. Examples Synthetic languages are numerous ... new words. For example German language German Aufsichtsratsmitgliederversammlung On view council ... morpheme s Greek language Greek overmuch high cholesterol blood ia suffix meaning hypercholesterolemia , i.e. the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Polish language Polish przystanek beside stand little meaning bus stop English language English antidisestablishmentarianism ... more details
wiktionary syntheticSynthetic is usually used in the sense of Synthesis disambiguation synthesis , the combination of two or more parts, whether by design or by natural processes. Furthermore, it may imply being prepared or made artificially, in contrast to naturally. In the sense of combination Synthetic option position , a concept in finance Analytic synthetic distinction , a concept in philosophy Syntheticlanguage 1 , a language type that often uses several small pieces of words to form new words. In the sense of artificial Synthetic fiber , a fiber not made from natural animal, plant materials Synthetic intelligence , a view that the intelligence of computing machines is not an imitation or in any way artificial. See also artificial intelligence . constructed languageSyntheticlanguage 2 . See also Esperanto , etc. Synthesizer , a machine to create artificial sound & music Synthesizer Synthetic music 1 Synthetic music 2 artificial person Synthetic person In the sense of both Synthetic chemical or synthetic compress, produced by the process of chemical synthesis Organic compound Synthetic compounds Synthetic organic compounds are tens of thousands of synthetic chemical compounds, all containing carbon, that are extremely useful, including medicines, rubbers, plastics, refrigerants. They may also act as manmade contaminants in water, in air, or in solid substances. Synthetic fuel Synthetic oil See also artificial man made pharmaceutical plastics synthetic rubber disambig pl Syntetyk simple Synthetic fi Synteettinen ... more details
Infobox journal title Synthetic Communications cover discipline Synthesis of organic compounds website http www.tandf.co.uk journals titles 00397911.asp publisher Taylor & Francis country abbreviation Synth. Commun. ISSN 0039 7911 eISSN 1532 2432 history 1971 present impact 0.960 impact year 2009 Synthetic Communications is a scientific journal covering the synthesis of organic compounds . journal stub Category Biochemistry journals Category Publications established in 1971 Category English language journals Category Taylor & Francis academic journals fr Synthetic Communications ... more details
Distinguish Synthetic Programming HP 41 Multiple issues context March 2009 notability March 2009 refimprove March 2009 orphan February 2010 Synthetic programming refers to assembly language programming in scripting language s. Implementations vary from Inline assembler inline assembly to better wrapped machine instructions. Implementations Python programming language Python Corepy http www.corepy.org AutoHotkey http www.autohotkey.com forum topic21172.html AutoIt http www.autoitscript.com forum index.php?showtopic 86672 Category Computer programming Compu prog stub ... more details
description language HDL systems like Verilog . Synthetic instruments in test and measurement are conceptually ...A synthetic instrument is a term in metrology test and measurement science . A Synthetic Instrument is software that runs on a Synthetic Measurement System to perform a specific wikt synthesis synthesis , analysis , or measurement function. A Synthetic Measurement System SMS is a common, general purpose, physical hardware platform that is intended to perform many kinds of synthesis, analysis, or measurement functions using Synthetic Instruments. Typically the generic SMS hardware is dual cascade ... them is the device under test DUT that is being measured. Image Cccsms.png frame Synthetic Measurement System A synthetic instrument is the opposite of the retronym natural instrument . Although the word synthetic in the phrase synthetic instrument might seem to imply that synthetic instruments are synthesizers ... nothing is implied about what the instrument does. A synthetic instrument might indeed be a synthesizer, but it could just as easily be an analyzer, or some hybrid of the two. Synthetic instruments ... of a synthetic instrument. Measurement specificity is encapsulated totally in software. The hardware ... that distinguishes a synthetic instrument from the more commonly found instrumentation software ..., whereas a synthetic instrument in test and measurement may be equally likely to generate or to measure ... , is a superset of synthetic instrumentation. All synthetic instruments are virtual instruments ... capabilities of the natural instrument. The essential point is this synthetic instruments ..., synthetic instruments are synergistic instruments . Like a triangle is more than three lines, synthetic ... on. Therefore, one way to tell if you have a true synthetic instrument is to examine the hardware ... specificity is all hidden in software&mdash then you likely have a true synthetic instrument. External links http www.synthetic instrument.com Synthetic Instruments Book Blog Category Measurement ... more details
url language format accessdate 2007 01 29 ref Synthetic oils are not recommended in automotive Wankel ...For synthetic liquid hydrocarbons Synthetic fuel File Motor oil.JPG thumb 220px A sample of synthetic motor oil Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compound s which are artificially made Chemical synthesis synthesized . Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified .... Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum when operating in extremes ... those found in traditional mineral oil s. Aircraft jet engine s, for example, require the use of synthetic ... Zorn ref Eilhard Jantzen The Origins of Synthetic Lubricants The Work of Hermann Zorn in Germany, Part 1, Basic Studies of Lubricants and the Polymerisation of Olefins, Journal of Synthetic Lubrication ... Schmierstoffe VDI Berichte Band 20, 1957, p. 47 ff. ref ref Eilhard Jantzen, The Origins of Synthetic Lubricants The Work of Hermann Zorn in Germany Part 2 esters and Additives for Synthetic Lubricants Journal of Synthetic Lubrication JSL 13 2 1996 , ref led to the preparation of over 3500 esters in the late ..., In Synthetic Lubricants, eds. R.C. Gunderson, A.W. Hart, 1962, chapter 2, p. 6 60 ref ..., synthetic oil. The first real synthetic engine oils appeared for aircraft engines in World War II concurrently .... 126 135 ref e.g. polymerized olefins ethylene. Because synthetic oils made engine starting in winter ..., Fleet tests of synthetic lubricants SAE Quarterly Transactions, April 1948, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 242 250 ref ref C. Kratzer, D.H. Green and D.B. Williams, New synthetic lubricants SAE Journal Transactions , Vol. 54, No. 5, May, 1946, p. 228 238 ref Synthetic engine oil In the early 1960s, Chevron Corporation ... are marketed to the general public as fully synthetic motor oil. On July 1, 2000, Chevron Corp. combined ... stocks, some of which are used for automotive synthetic motor oils. fact date July 2010 Although used in the aviation and aerospace industries beginning in the early 1950s, the first synthetic oil ... more details
Infobox journal title Synthetic Metals cover File Synthetic Metals.gif editor A. J. Epstein discipline Materials science peer reviewed language English abbreviation Synt. Met. publisher Elsevier country Netherlands frequency 24 issues year history 1985 present openaccess license impact 1.901 impact year 2009 website http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 504105 description description link1 http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 03796779 link1 name Online access link2 link2 name RSS http rss.sciencedirect.com publication science 5611 atom JSTOR OCLC 5540596 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0379 6779 eISSN boxwidth Synthetic Metals is an international peer reviewed journal covering electronic polymers and electronic molecular materials. According to the 2009 Journal Citation Reports , the journal has an impact factor of 1.901. It has published several highly cited papers 1 with 1000 citations ref cite journal author Jin Chih Chianga, Alan G MacDiarmid year 1986 title Polyaniline Protonic acid doping of the emeraldine form to the metallic regime journal Synthetic Metals volume 13 pages 193 doi 10.1016 0379 6779 86 90070 6 ref 5 with 600 citations 30 with 200 citations, according to Web of Science most of them are devoted to conductive polymer s especially polyaniline and one to optical properties of carbon nanotubes carbon nanotubes ref cite journal author H. Kataura et al. year 1999 title Optical Properties of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes url http staff.aist.go.jp h kataura Kataura Synth Met 103 2555.pdf journal Synthetic Metals volume 103 pages 2555 doi 10.1016 S0379 ... Synthetic Metals is indexed in the following services columns list 2 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts ... Synthetic Metals website References reflist Category Elsevier academic journals Category English language journals Category Biweekly journals Category Publications established in 1985 Category Materials science journals physics journal stub fr Synthetic Metals ... more details
about how individuals are synthetically created within mass audiences how media construct personalities for themselves synthetic personality Synthetic personalisation is the process by which writing s treat their mass audiences as if they were individuals. It developed from critical discourse analysis CDA , a branch of sociolinguistics concentrating upon how power is articulated. Norman Fairclough , credited with developing the concept, calls it a compensatory tendency to give the impression of treating each of the people handled en masse as an individual. Examples would be air travel have a nice day , and restaurants welcome to Wimpy 2001 52 . The use of second person pronoun s contribute significantly to the process of synthetic personalisation within the mass media . It is extremely common to encounter constructions such as See you after the break on television shows prior to television commercial commercial breaks . This example is also common in Paddy Scannell s concept of Broadcast Sociability . Mary Talbot 1995 2003 used the concept in her work on a synthetic sisterhood in teenage girls magazines , analysing the linguistic devices pronouns , presupposition s constructing a simulated friendship between reader and producer. Using a variety of sociolinguistics sociolinguistic concepts, including positive politeness , she comments upon the ideology ideological implications, such as patriarchy . References Fairclough, N. 2001 Language and Power . 2nd ed. Essex Longman. Talbot, M. 1995 A synthetic sisterhood false friends in a teenage magazine In K. Hall and M. Bucholtz eds Gender Articulated Language and the Socially Constructed Self. New York Routledge. pp. 143 65. Talbot, M., K. Atkinson & D. Atkinson 2003 Language and Power in the Modern World . Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0 7486 1538 5 Category sociolinguistics Ling stub ... more details
File Woman with cyberlocks in hair.jpg thumb alt Alt text Cyberlox Synthetic dreads , also called dread extensions , ref http www.hairfromhell.com page29.htm Hair From HEll Hair From Hell In English ref dread falls, and cyberlocks, are interlocked coils of synthetic hair , mostly kanekalon , that give the look and feel of natural dreadlocks without the commitment or maintenance. They are mainly worn as a fashion statement for the subculture of cybergoth and cyberpunk . Cybergoth fashion and culture got its label in 1988 in the United Kingdom based on science fiction , and got its name from Dark Future , a miniwar game. Mixed with both influences from United States America and the United Kingdom s versions of techno and other electronic music , cybergoths tend to dress in bright colors, neon light s, lots of plastic , loud, or costume jewelry known as kandi and one of the most essential items is fake hair. Synthetic dreads or falls are most commonly seen in the cybergoth and cyberpunk fashion and are easily accessorized with LED threads of light, yarn, wool , tubed crin, bead s and more. Categories of Synthetic Dreads Dread Extensions Dread extensions can be braid braided , sewn, or wrapped into natural hair. With proper maintenance extensions can last up to 4 months, sometimes longer depending on how fast the hair grows and creates looseness at the scalp . Dread extensions come in single and double ended. Single ended means the synthetic hair is created with the loop on the top ... page page&id 19 title Dreadlocks publisher UvKITTY language English ref Double ended is twice the length ... http www.attitudehair.co.uk info.html title Attitude publisher Hair Extensions language English accessdate ... dread falls title Dread Falls publisher iKandi Hair Design language English accessdate 2009 ... in many colors that cannot be recreated in synthetic hair, and therefore they give a certain appeal ... Hairstyles sv Kanekalon 5. http www.syntheticcreations.co.uk Synthetic Creations UK Based custom made ... more details
April 2010 Synthetic phonics is a method of teaching reading which first teaches the letter sounds .... The method relates to the English language only. History in the United Kingdom Up until the 1970s a mixture of synthetic and analytic phonics was used for teaching reading in British schools. From ... 1997 2010 research showing that Synthetic Phonics increased the literacy of all groups finally received attention. A rearguard action by teachers resulted in a period when Synthetic Phonics was taken ... minister this was replaced by an imperative to teach Synthetic Phonics first and fast . As of 2007 Synthetic Phonics is the favored method of the UK government . ref http www.timesonline.co.uk tol news ... bows to pressure for teaching by phonics 492883.html ref . Description The name Synthetic Phonics comes ..., Synthetic phonics is a very accelerated form of phonics that does not begin by establishing an initial ... Terminology Common terminology used within the Synthetic Phonics method includes blend vb. to draw ... see external links What it is Synthetic phonics involves the teaching of letter s sound correspondences ..., but the emphasis is on all through the word blending and segmenting from week one. Synthetic phonics develops phonemic awareness along with the corresponding letter shapes. Synthetic phonics ... and rime. Synthetic phonics involves the children rehearsing the writing of letter shapes alongside ... extending to text level. Synthetic phonics teachers put accuracy before fluency. Fluency will come ... of the reader s oral comprehension more readily. Synthetic phonics involves the teaching of the transparent ... and spelling of the full alphabetic code. Synthetic phonics introduces irregular words and more ... and segment for spelling . Phonics application still works at least in part in such words. Synthetic ... generally. Synthetic phonics teachers read a full range of literature with the children and ensure .... What it is not Synthetic phonics does not teach whole words as shapes initial sight vocabulary prior ... more details
A synthetic personality is a Social construction constructed , friendly, approachable persona , often used in Broadcasting broadcast media . The term was initiated by Andrew Tolson, and is related to Face self image face and politeness theory. Tolson focuses upon how the speech genre of online chat chat is found across many broadcasts, including interviews. He identifies three features topical shift towards the personal the shift may be accompanied by displays of wit opens up the possibility of transgression the interview ee asking the interview er questions He describes an interview between Robin Day and Margaret Thatcher in which the discourse about the General Election shifts to the personal. See also Critical discourse analysis References Talbot, Mary M., Karen Atkinson & David Atkinson 2003 Language and Power in the Modern World . Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0 7486 1538 5 Tolson, Andrew 1991 Televised chat and the synthetic personality In P. Scannell ed. Broadcast Talk London Sage. ISBN 0 8039 8375 1 Category sociolinguistics bcast stub ... more details
A synthetic vaccine is a vaccine consisting mainly of synthetic peptides , carbohydrate s, or antigen s. They are usually considered to be safer than vaccines from bacterial cultures. History The world s first synthetic vaccine was created in 1982 from diphtheria toxin by Louis Chedid scientist from the Pasteur Institute and Michael Sela from the Weizmann Institute . In 1986, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo created the SPf66 , the first version of a synthetic vaccine for Malaria . References and links http www.globalexchange.org countries americas cuba foodAndMeds 1510.html Article on synthetic Hib vaccine http crisp.cit.nih.gov Thesaurus 00007875.htm CRISP Thesaurus entry on Synthetic Vaccines http www.pnas.org cgi content abstract 101 43 15440 Abstract for paper on a synthetic vaccine http www.webhealthcentre.com general im began.asp Web Health Centre History of Vaccines Category Virology Category Vaccines Category Infectious diseases Category Microbiology medicine stub ... more details
pp semi small yes File Spice drug.jpg thumb A bag of Spice brand herbal incense. Synthetic cannabis is a psychoactive ... scienceblogs.com terrasig 2010 02 k2 spice jwh018 marijuana.php title What s the buzz? Synthetic marijuana ... both of which have largely become genericized trademark s used to refer to any synthetic cannabis product. It is also for this reason that synthetic cannabis is often referred to as spice product , due to the latter. When synthetic cannabis blends first went on sale in the early 2000s decade 2000s ... showed this was not the case and that they in fact contained synthetic cannabinoid s which act ... variety of synthetic cannabinoids, most often cannabicyclohexanol , JWH 018 , JWH 073 , or HU 210 , are used in an attempt to avoid the laws which make cannabis illegal, making synthetic cannabis ... smoking blends . In either case the products are usually smoked by users. Although synthetic ... metabolites in human urine. The synthetic cannabinoids contained in synthetic cannabis products have ... announced it would make five synthetic cannabinoids Schedule I drugs within a month using emergency ... title DEA imposes emergency ban to control synthetic marijuana publisher CNN date 2011 03 01 ref History According to the Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Project, synthetic cannabis products ... herbal blends with synthetic cannabinoids added. A survey of readers of Mixmag in the UK in 2009, found that one in eight respondents had used synthetic cannabis, compared to 85 who had used cannabis. ref cite doi 10.1111 j.1360 0443.2010.03130.x ref Ingredients Synthetic cannabis is claimed by the manufacturers ... from the claimed plant ingredients were not present. There were also large amounts of synthetic ... 2008 concluded that it was unclear what the actual plant ingredients were, where the synthetic ... of the claimed plant ingredients or instead might possibly be caused by a synthetic cannabinoid drug. Synthetic cannabinoid ingredients In January 2009, researchers at the University of Freiburg ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Synthetic Generation Type studio Artist Deathstars Cover Synthetic Generation.jpg Released November 24, 2003 Europe br January 6, 2004 North & South America Genre Industrial metal Length 41 12 Label Nuclear Blast Download www.death stars.tk FAN SITE Reviews Metal Reviews 75 100 http www.metalreviews.com reviews detail.php3?id 1959 link Last album Syndrome single This album Synthetic Generation br 2003 Next album Termination Bliss br 2006 Synthetic Generation is the debut album of the Sweden Swedish industrial metal band Deathstars . Track listing All tracks composed by Nightmare Industries and Whiplasher. Semi Automatic 4 17 Synthetic Generation 3 28 New Dead Nation 3 39 Syndrome 3 10 Modern Death 3 57 Little Angel 4 11 The Revolution Exodus 4 00 Damn Me 3 33 The Rape Of Virtue 3 54 Genocide 3 39 No Light To Shun 3 24 White Wedding Billy Idol Cover On Limited Edition Our God, The Drugs On Limited Edition Synthetic Generation Video On Limited Edition Syndrome Video On Limited Edition Band personnel Whiplasher Bernadotte Vocals Beast X Electric Guitar Nightmare Industries Guitar, Keyboards, Electronics, Bass Bone W Machine Drums Guest musician Johanna Beckstr m Female Vocals Production personnel H kan kesson Mastering Thomas Ewerhard Design Anders Frid n Audio engineering Engineer Stefan Glaumann Audio mixing recorded music Mixing Category 2003 albums Category Industrial albums Category Debut albums Category Deathstars albums bg Synthetic Generation et Synthetic Generation es Synthetic Generation fr Synthetic Generation it Synthetic Generation pl Synthetic Generation pt Synthetic Generation fi Synthetic Generation sv Synthetic Generation ... more details
wiktionary Synthetic Environment Synthetic environment refers to simulations on the internet that represent activities at a high level of realism, from simulations of theaters of war to factories and manufacturing processes. These environments may be created within a single computer or a vast distributed network connected by local and wide area networks and augmented by super realistic special effects and accurate behavioral models. SE allows visualization of and immersion into the environment being simulated. ref Department of Defense Modeling and Simulation M&S Glossary , DoD 5000.59 M, United States Department of Defense Department of Defense , 1998 http www.dtic.mil whs directives corres pdf 500059m.pdf ref The synthetic environment could be divided into the terms below to eliminate ambiguity and confusion Synthetic natural environment Representation of climate , weather , terrain , oceans , space , etc. Synthetic human made environment Representation of human made structures like buildings , bridges, and roads Synthetic psychological environment Representation of psychological influences on individuals and or groups based on demography and other cultural factors. See also Modeling and simulation Glossary of military modeling and simulation Computer simulation References Reflist Further reading Braudaway, Wesley Ph.D., Chapter 3 Synthetic Natural Environments Representation , University of Central Florida, http www.iems.ucf.edu about faculty proctor Interoperability 20Text Chapter 203 Synthetic 20Natural 20Env 20 20Final.htm Category Military terminology Category Synthetic environment ... more details
Multiple issues orphan August 2009 unreferenced August 2009 A synthetic bond is a mixture of investments designed to mimic the cash flow and risk profile of a corporate bond . A synthetic bond can contain items such as bond puts, bond calls, bond futures, Treasuries, money market securities, and CDS . Category Bonds Finance stub ... more details
A synthetic substance or synthetic compound usually refers to a substance that is artificially produced, rather than naturally. However, it may also refer to a substance or compound formed by any chemical reaction , either by artificial chemical synthesis or by biosynthesis . See also Synthesis disambiguation disambig ... more details
Synthetic fabrics are textiles made from synthetic fiber s. They are used primarily to make clothing. A synthetic fabric is plastic fabric. It is also used to cover skin of androids so it looks human like. Some of the examples of synthetic clothings were usually made of polyester, acrylic, and nylon. textiles stub fabric Category Fabrics Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Synthetic Pleasures 1995 is a documentary film by Iara Lee that explores the idea of pleasure and futurism. Awards and nominations 1996 Sundance Film Festival Nominated for the Grand Jury Prize in the Documentary category 1996 Ft. Lauderdale International Film Festival Won Jury Award for Best Documentary External links IMDB title id 0114597 title Synthetic Pleasures Category 1995 films Category 1990s documentary films Documentary stub de Synthetic Pleasures ... more details
Image C F B synthetic chord.png thumb right C F B chord, according to Arnold Schoenberg Schoenberg a, synthetic chord which differs considerably from the original scale harmonies ref Brelet, Gisele 1947 . Esthetique et creation musicale , p.60. cited in Dufrenne, Mikel 1989 . The Phenomenology of Aesthetic Experience , p.253. ISBN 0810105918. ref audio C F B synthetic chord.mid Play . See quartal and quintal harmony . Image C triad.svg thumb right 220px C E G, major triad audio Major triad on C.mid Play , a traditional chord. In music theory and harmony harmonic musical analysis analysis , a synthetic chord is a made up or Common practice period non traditional chord music chord which cannot be analyzed in terms of traditional chord music Notation chord symbols . Chords constructed from synthetic scale s are often synthetic. For example, if a composer uses a synthetic scale as the basis for a passage music passage of music and constructs chords from its tones, in much the same way that a tonal composer may use a major scale major or minor scale s notes to build harmony harmonies , then the resulting chords may be synthetic chords and referred to as such. The term synthetic chord is also occasionally used to refer to the chord devised by Alexander Scriabin Scriabin , and far better known as his Mystic chord or the Prometheus chord . It is an example of a synthetic chord, perhaps the best known one, but it is only one of many possible examples. Additionally, many synthetic chords may be analyzed as traditional chords, including the Prometheus chord, which may be analyzed as an altered dominant chord. An example of a synthetic chord would be the repeated chord in the first act of Giacomo Puccini Puccini s Turandot Puccini Turandot at the beginning of the text passage Non indugiare, se chiami appare... . Sources references music theory stub Chords Category Post tonal music theory de Mystischer Akkord ja pl Akord syntetyczny ... more details
Synthetic logic is a non standard system of paraconsistent logic . It allows contradictions to exist as meaningful components of language. Synthetic logic is based on the law of non identity A is not A and the law of contradiction A is &minus A . These laws are the exact opposite of the two basic laws of standard, analytic logic the law of identity A is A and the law of non contradiction A is not &minus A . This way of distinguishing between two types of logic was first suggested by Stephen Palmquist in connection with his perspectival interpretation of Immanuel Kant ref Stephen Palmquist , The Architectonic Form of Kant s Copernican Logic , Metaphilosophy 17 4 October 1986 , pp. 266&ndash 288 revised and reprinted in http www.hkbu.edu.hk ppp ksp1 Kant s System of Perspectives Lanham University Press of America, 1993 , Chapter III. ref and, as part of the geometry of logic, ref http www.hkbu.edu.hk ppp gl toc.html The Geometry of Logic ref has been defended and applied in numerous contexts. ref See e.g., Stephen Palmquist , Analysis and Synthesis in the Geometry of Logic , Indian Philosophical Quarterly 19 1 January 1992 , pp. 1&ndash 14 Stephen Palmquist , Emergence, Evolution, and the Geometry of Logic Causal Leaps and the Myth of Historical Development , Foundations of Science 12.1 March 2007 , pp. 9&ndash 37 and Stephen Palmquist , http www.hkbu.edu.hk ppp tp4 The Tree of Philosophy Hong Kong Philopsychy Press, 2000 . ref Footnotes references Category Immanuel Kant Category Systems of formal logic Category Non classical logic ... more details
Synthetic Genomics is a company dedicated to using modified or synthetically produced microorganisms to produce the alternative fuels ethanol and hydrogen . Synthetic Genomics was founded in part by Craig Venter J. Craig Venter . Venter s previous company, Celera Genomics , was a driving force in the race to sequence the Human Genome Project Human Genome . ref cite web title About Synthetic Genomics work Synthetic Genomics corporate website url http www.syntheticgenomics.com about.htm accessdate November 26, 2005 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20050924142325 http syntheticgenomics.com about.htm Bot retrieved archive archivedate September 24, 2005 ref The firm takes its name from the phrase synthetic genomics which is a scientific discipline of synthetic biology related to the generation of organisms artificially using genetic material. ref cite news first David last Whitehouse title Venter revives synthetic bug talk date July 4, 2005 publisher BBC url http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi sci tech 4636121.stm ref ref cite doi 10.1126 science.328.5981.958 ref Currently, Synthetic Genomics is working to produce biofuel s on an industrial scale using recombinant algae and other microorganisms. They are receiving funding from companies like Exxon for this venture. ref http www.xconomy.com san diego 2009 06 04 craig venter has algae biofuel in synthetic genomics pipeline Juha Pekka Tikka Craig Venter Has Algae Biofuel in Synthetic Genomics Pipeline. Xconomy San Diego. 6 4 09. ref ref cite news title Scientist On Plan To Turn Algae To Fuel data July 15th, 2009 publisher NPR url http www.npr.org templates story story.php?storyId 106658672 ref External links http www.syntheticgenomics.com Official website References Reflist Category Biotechnology companies biotech stub pl Synthetic Genomics ... more details
Synthetic lethality arises when a combination of mutations in two or more genes leads to cell death, whereas a mutation in only one of these genes does not, and by itself is said to be viable ref name lethalcombo Tucker CL, Fields S. Lethal combinations. Nat Genet. 2003 Nov 35 3 204 5. ref In a synthetic lethal genetic screen , it is necessary to begin with a mutation that does not kill the cell, although may confer a phenotype for example, slow growth , and then systematically test other mutations at additional loci to determine which confer lethality. The importance of synthetic lethality as a type of genetic screen is reflected in the tendency of organisms to maintain buffering schemes that allows phenotypic stability despite genetic variation, environmental changes and random events such as mutations. Synthetic lethality can help identify these buffering relationships, and what type of disease or malfunction that may occur when these relationships break down, through the identification of gene interactions that function in either the same biochemical process or pathways that appear to be unrelated ref Hartman JL 4th, Garvik B, Hartwell L. Principles for the buffering of genetic variation. Science. 2001 Feb 9 291 5506 1001 4. ref . By exploring these relationships, a synthetic lethal screen may help illuminate questions about how cellular processes work when the protein products expressed by two different genes have an effect together but not separately. Synthetic lethality may be explored in a variety of model organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Since synthetic lethal mutations are inherently inviable, common approaches are to employ temperature sensitive mutations or put mutations under the control of a regulated promoter to allow ... topics rev sup synthetic.html Synthetic Lethal Mutations. Retrieved on 2010 01 27. ref . See also Synthetic genetic array References Reflist wiktionarypar synthetic lethality Category Genetics ... more details
File Biology organism collage.png thumb right 200px Synthetic life is artificial life created from non living abiotic substances. It belongs to the discipline of synthetic biology . It is usually distinguished from mechanical life that usually belongs to the discipline of robotics . Synthetic biochemical life Synthetic life is artificial life created in vitro from biochemical s and their component materials as opposed to the normally implied in silico when using the broader term alife . W. Wayt Gibbs suggests that synthetic life has three major goals One, learn about life by building it, rather than by tearing it apart. Two, make genetic engineering worthy of its name a discipline that continuously improves by standardizing its previous creations and recombining them to make new and more sophisticated systems. And three, stretch the boundaries of life and of machines until the two overlap to yield truly programmable organisms. ref Cite journal author W. Wayte Gibbs title Synthetic Life journal Scientific American url http www.scientificamerican.com article.cfm?id synthetic life date May 2004 ref Synthetic life experiments attempt to either probe the origins of life, study some of the properties of life, or more ambitiously to recreate life from non alive abiotic substances. An example of synthetic life might be an attempt to create self replicating, self perpetuating autocatalysis autocatalytic chemical reaction s to simulate possible origins for life. Researchers involved feel that the creation of true synthetic biochemical life is relatively close and cheap, and perhaps easier ... Synthetic biology Systems biology References Reflist External links http www.che.caltech.edu groups fha SyntheticLife.html Synthetic Life http patentvector.com ?p 21.html Prelude to Synthetic Life Forms http www.edge.org 3rd culture church venter09 church venter09 index.html A short course on synthetic ... synthetic life Ted talks Youtube DEFAULTSORT Synthetic Life Category Synthetic biology Category ... more details
Merge from Gecko tape date November 2010 Synthetic setae emulate the setae found on the toes of a gecko .... File Stickybot.jpg right thumb 400px Stickbot A Climbing Robot using Synthetic Setae ref http ... surface excluding Teflon ref http www.sciencentral.com articles view.php3?language english&type ... should be replicable in synthetic adhesive materials. In fact, Kellar Autumn s group observed ... ref name dev . however, synthetic setae are still at a very early stage. There are growing list of benchmark properties can be used to evaluate the degree of geckolike function of synthetic prototypes .... The adhesion coefficient of real gecko setae is 8 16, while those of existing works of synthetic setae ... to yield 3N and 0.3 atm of adhesion, yielding a value of math mu 0.06 math The synthetic setae of Northern ... ref In summary, the key parameters in the design of synthetic gecko adhesive include Pattern and periodicity of the synthetic setae Hierarchical structure Length , diameter , angle and stiffness of the shafts ... list of benchmark properties that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of synthetic ... of synthetic setae, polymers like polyimide , polypropylene and polydimethylsiloxane PDMS are frequently ... that make synthetic setae more effective. Fabrication Techniques A number of Microelectromechanical systems MEMS NEMS fabriction techniques are applied to the fabrication of synthetic setae, which ... examples will be given to show the design and fabrication process of synthetic setae. We can also gain ... This example is one of the first developments of synthetic setae, which arose from a collaboration between ... fibres of polyimide as the synthetic setae structures on the surface of a 5 math mu math m thick ... 0.06, which is really low compared with real gecko 8 16 . Nanotube Synthetic Gecko Foot Hair File Micro view of CNTs synthetic setae.jpg right thumb 250px Micro view of the Nanotube Synthetic Gecko ... the University of Akron and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA, created synthetic setae structures ... more details
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