The Stieda body is an organelle located at the polar region of the sporocyst of some coccidia visible with electron microscopy. It appears as a knob like structure and is a plug occluding a hole in the sporocyst. The breakdown of this body allows excystation of the sporozoite s. Alveolata Chromalveolate diseases Category Parasites Category Apicomplexa ... more details
Image Primaquine.svg thumb Primaquine Image Pamaquine.svg thumb Pamaquine Image Tafenoquine.svg thumb Tafenoquine The 8 aminoquinoline family of drugs contains three members, primaquine , tafenoquine and pamaquine ref cite journal title Short report The activity of pamaquine, an 8 aminoquinoline drug, against sporozoite induced infections of Plasmodium vivax New Guinea strains author Sweeney AW, Blackburn CRB, KH Rieckmann. journal Am J Trop Med Hyg volume 71 issue 2 date 1 August 2004 pages 187 189 url http www.ajtmh.org cgi content full 71 2 187 pmid 15306708 ref and are used in the treatment of malaria . They may be used to eradicate malaria hypnozoites from the liver and have both been used for malaria prophylaxis . The 8 aminoquinoline drugs must not be given to patients with G6PD deficiency , because they cause potentially fatal haemolysis in these patients. Pamaquine is no longer available anywhere, but primaquine is still used routinely worldwide as part of the treatment of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale malaria. Tafenoquine is currently in Phase III clinical trials and is not yet available to prescribe. References Reflist Antimalarials DEFAULTSORT Aminoquinoline, 8 Category Antimalarial agents Category Quinolines antimicrobial stub ... more details
Taxobox image Emaxima oocysts usda.jpg image width 210px image caption Eimeria maxima oocysts name Conoidasida domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida subdivision ranks Orders subdivision Eucoccidiorida Conoidasida is a class of protists. The class was defined in 1988 by Levine and contains two subclasses the coccidia and the gregarine s. All members of this class have a complete, hollow, truncated conoid . Gregarines tend to parasitize invertebrate s with the mature gamont s being extracellular, the coccidia mostly infect vertebrate s and have intracellular gamonts. Description A conoid is found in most species and when present forms complete but truncated cone. Sexual and asexual reproduction are present in lifecycle of all species. Each zygote normally forms an oocyst wall within which it undergoes meiosis . This is sometimes followed by mitosis . This process of sporogony produces mobile vermiform sporozoite s. Mitotic divisions also occur during merogony of the feeding stages trophozoite s and during gametogony . Microgametes of some species are flagella ted Locomotion of other gamete s and any other mobile stages is by gliding or body flexion. Some species possess pseudopodia but use them only in phagocytosis . External links ITIS id 553100 taxon Conoidasida accessdate June 1, 2007 Alveolata Category Chromalveolata Chromalveolate stub es Conoidasida id Conoidasida simple Conoidasida ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Karyolysus domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Coccidia ordo Eucoccidiorida subordo Adeleorina familia Karyolysidae genus Hemolivia subdivision ranks Species subdivision Hemolivia mariae br Hemolivia mauritanica br Hemolivia stellata br Hemolivia is a genus of the phylum Apicomplexia . History This genus was described in 1990 by Petit et al . ref name Petit19900 Petit G, Landau I, Baccam D, Lainson R 1990 Description et cycle biologique d Hemolivia stellata n.g., n.sp., h mo gr garine de crapauds Br siliens. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 65 3 15. ref The type specis is Hemolivia stellata . Characteristics of the genus The species in this genus are haemogregarine s and infect exothermic vertabrates. They have erythrocytic gamogony , both erythrocytic and extra erythrocytic merogony and cystogony . The definitive hosts are ixodid tick s. Sporogony occurs in two phases. In the first phase conjugation and fertilization occur within the tick gut. This is followed by the formation of oocyst s and the generation of sporokinete s. In the second phase the sporokinetes invade the body of the tick and give rise to sporocyst s containing sporozoite s infective to the vertebrate host. br Life cycle The vertebrate host of this species is the cane toad Bufo marinus . The invertebrate host is the tick Amblyomma rotondatum . Toads become infected by ingesting infected ticks. The sporozoites are released from the sporocysts within the tick and penetrate the intestinal wall. Within the toad they replicate within the endothelial cell s and erythrocyte s. Liver cysts may form. Circulating gamonts are then ingested by a tick. Within the tick gut the gamnts form pairs and penetrate the epithelial cells. Within these cells they associate in syzygy . Gametes are formed and fuse forming an oocyst . The oocysts are star shaped. The oocyst undergoes meiosis and then mitosis producing numerous sporozoite s. These sporozoites ... more details
drugbox verifiedrevid 417762039 IUPAC name N , N diethyl N 6 methoxyquinolin 8 yl pentane br 1,4 diamine image Pamaquine.svg ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 9868 InChI 1 C19H29N3O c1 5 22 6 2 12 8 9 15 3 21 18 14 17 23 4 13 16 10 7 11 20 19 16 18 h7,10 11,13 15,21H,5 6,8 9,12H2,1 4H3 InChIKey QTQWMSOQOSJFBV UHFFFAOYAS smiles O c1cc NC C CCCN CC CC c2ncccc2c1 C ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 472698 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C19H29N3O c1 5 22 6 2 12 8 9 15 3 21 18 14 17 23 4 13 16 10 7 11 20 19 16 18 h7,10 11,13 15,21H,5 6,8 9,12H2,1 4H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey QTQWMSOQOSJFBV UHFFFAOYSA N CAS number 491 92 9 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem 10290 DrugBank C 19 H 29 N 3 O 1 molecular weight 315.453 g mol bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S8 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pamaquine is an 8 aminoquinoline drug used for the treatment of malaria . It is closely related to primaquine . History Pamaquine was the first synthetic antimalarial drug. Adverse effects Like primaquine, pamaquine causes haemolytic anaemia in patients with G6PD deficiency . Patients should therefore always be screened for G6PD deficiency prior to being prescribed pamaquine. Uses Pamaquine is effective against the hypnozoites of the relapsing malarias Plasmodium vivax P. vivax and Plasmodium ovale P. ovale and unlike primaquine, it is also very effective against the erythrocytic stages of all four human malarias. One small clinical trial of pamaquine as a causal prophylactic was disappointing ref cite journal title Short report The activity of pamaquine, an 8 aminoquinoline drug, against sporozoite induced infections ... more details
italic title Plasmodium silvaticum is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Plasmodium . Like all Plasmodium species P. silvaticum has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammal s. Taxobox name Plasmodium silvaticum image caption image image width regnum Protista phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium species P. silvaticum binomial Plasmodium silvaticum Description The parasite was first described by Garnham et al in 1972 ref name Garnham1972 Garnham PCC, Rajapaksa N, Peters W, Killick Kendrick R 1972 Malaria parasites of the orang utan Pongo pygmaeus . Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 66 287 94 ref It is a member of the vivax group and closely resembles the other members of this group. Geographical occurrence This species is found in Borneo . Vectors Anopheles balabacensis , Anopheles maculatus and Anopheles sundaicus Clinical features and host pathology The parasite has an approximately 48 hour life cycle and gives rise to a tertian fever. The disease itself appears to be mild with little overt pathology. Its prevalence varies considerably Wolfe et al ref name Wolfe1998 Wolfe ND, Escalante AA, Karesh WB, Kilbourn A, Spielman A, Lal AA. 1998 Wild primate populations in emerging infectious disease research the missing link. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4 14958. ref found the highest Plasmodium spp. prevalence tp be 93.5 29 31 in captive animals but 11.6 5 43 in wild orangutans. Despite the apparent lack of pathology a study of the population genetics of the alpha 2 haemoglobin suggested that this parasite or others like it has had a significant selective effect on the orangutan genome. ref name Steiper2005 Steiper ME, Wolfe ND, Karesh WB, Kilbourn AM, Bosi EJ, Ruvolo M. 2005 The population genetics of the alpha 2 globin locus of orangutans Pongo pygmaeus J. Mol. Evol. 60 3 400 408 ref It can be transmitted both by blood inoculation and by sporozoite inoculation into splenectomiz ... more details
types File Ookinete, sporozoite, merozoite.png thumb An ookinete, a sporozoite and a merozoite of Plasmodium ... title Ookinete Medical Dictionary publisher Dictionary.com accessdate 2009 12 11 ref A sporozoite ... more details
and divides initially by meiosis and then by mitosis to give rise to the sporozoite s. The sporozoites ... cyst , 2 sporozoite s, 3 merozoite s, 4 gametocyte s. image2 Apicomplexa structure.svg alt2 caption2 ... an active invasion by the parasites similar to entosis , which divide to produce sporozoite s that enter ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Hepatozoon image Hepatozoon canis.png image width image alt image caption A gamont of Hepatozoon canis in a blood smear from a naturally infected dog. domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida ordo Eucoccidiorida familia Hepatozoidae genus Hepatozoon genus authority Gerrit Smith Miller Miller , 1908 subdivision ranks Selected species subdivision Hepatozoon atticorae br Caldasia28 371. Hepatozoon canis br Hepatozoon muris br Hepatozoon sipedon Hepatozoon is a genus of Apicomplexa n protozoa which incorporates over 300 species obligate intraerythrocytic parasites. Species have been described from all groups of tetrapod vertebrates, as well as a wide range of haematophagous arthropod s, which serve as both the vectors and definitive hosts of the parasite. By far the most biodiverse and prevalent of all haemogregarine s, the genus is distinguished by its unique reciprocal trophic life cycle which lacks the salivary transmission between hosts commonly associated with other apicomplexans. While particularly prevalent in amphibian s and reptile s, the genus is more well known in veterinary circles for causing a tick borne disease called hepatozoonosis in some mammal s. Life cycle Members of the genus Hepatozoon possess particularly complex life cycles which vary considerably among species. Sexual reproduction and sporogenic development occur within the haemocoel of the invertebrate host, which is subsequently consumed by the vertebrate host. The sporozoite s then migrate to the liver of the vertebrate , where they undergo multiple fission asexual reproduction to produce merozoite s. The meront s are released into the bloodstream where they form gametocyte s, the final stage of development within the vertebrate host. The gamont s are large, conspicuous organisms which occupy a significant portion of the erythrocyte , and are easily visible on simple blood films. When the invertebrate vector ... more details
This article is about Isospora hammondi Barnard et al., 1971, infecting rice rats. See Isospora datusi for the species sometimes known as Isospora hammondi Frenkel, 1974 . ref Tadros and Laarman, 1982, p. 332 ref Taxobox regnum Chromalveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida ordo Eucoccidiorida familia Eimeriidae genus Isospora species I. hammondi binomial Isospora hammondi binomial authority Barnard, Ernst, and Stevens, 1971 Isospora hammondi is an apicomplexa n parasite of the genus Isospora that infects the marsh rice rat Oryzomys palustris . It was discovered at Tuskegee National Forest , Macon County, Alabama Macon County , Alabama, and formally described in 1971. ref name Bea1293 Barnard et al., 1971, p. 1293 ref The specific name honors Dr. Datus M. Hammond of Utah State University . ref name Bea1294 Barnard et al., 1971, p. 1294 ref The oocyst is about egg shaped and has a smooth, single layered wall about 1 m thick. It is 24 to 30 m long and 16 to 21 m broad when sporulation sporulated . There are two Apicomplexan cellular morphology sporocyst , 13 to 18 m long and 11 to 15 m broad, with four sporozoite s each. The sporozoites are placed parallel along the long axis of the sporocyst. The sporozoites are slightly curved in form and sausage shaped and lack refractile globule s. Near one end, there is one a light, rounded cell nucleus nuclear region. ref name Bea1294 Unlike most rodent infecting Isospora species, I. hammondi lacks both an oocyst residuum and Stieda bodies . Most other species that also lack both of these structures have a differently shaped oocyst. Two other species Isospora uralica from the field mouse Apodemus sylvaticus and Isospora ordubadica from the gerbil Meriones persicus differ in size and other details. ref name Bea1295 Barnard et al., 1971, p. 1295 ref In Alabama, I. hammondi was recovered in 3 of 19 examined marsh rice rats. At room temperature, it takes one and a ha ... more details
Taxobox image image width 210px image caption Eimeria maxima oocysts domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida ordo Eucoccidiorida familia Eimeriidae family authority Minchin 1903 genus Tyzzeria genus authority subdivision ranks Species subdivision Tyzzeria allenae br Tyzzeria anseris br Tyzzeria boae br Tyzzeria chalcides br Tyzzeria chenicusae br Tyzzeria galli br Tyzzeria natrix br Tyzzeria parvula br Tyzzeria pellerdyi br Tyzzeria peomysci br Tyzzeria perdyi br Tyzzeria perniciosa br Tyzzeria typhlopis br Tyzzeria is a genus of parasitic protozoa that with one exception Tyzzeria boae infect the cells of the small intestine . ref http wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org S 0zProctista apic tyzzeria tyzzeria.htm ref History The genus Tyzzeria was first described by Allen in 1936. ref name Allen1936 Allen EA 1936 Tyzzeria perniciosa gen . et sp . nov ., a coccidium from the small intestine of Pekin Duck, Anas domesticus L. Archiv f r Protistenkunde 87, 262 267 ref As is all too common in protozoal taxonomy the validity of several of the species is controversial. Species occurring in Anseriforme birds appear to be valid whereas the other species may be misidentifications. The application of DNA based methods it is to be hoped will resolve these matters. Description The oocyst s lack sporocysts each oocyst possesses eight sporozoite s. Host parasite relations Tyzzeria allenae common goldeneye Chenicus coromandelianus br Tyzzeria boae red tailed boa Boa constrictor Boa constrictor constrictor br Tyzzeria chalcides ocellated skink Chalcides ocellatus br Tyzzeria chenicusae common goldeneye Chenicus coromandelianus br Tyzzeria galli Ceylon jungle fowl Gallus lafayettei br Tyzzeria natrix yamakagashi Rhabdophis tigrinus br Tyzzeria parvula greater white fronted goose Anser albifrons , greylag goose Anser anser , snow goose Anser caerulescens , Ross goose Anser rossii , brent goose Branta bernicla , Canada goose Brant ... more details
F. Mean maximum parasite levels were 6,944 microl for sporozoite induced infections and 7,310 microl ... Cycle Human Infection Liver Stage The P. ovale sporozoite enters a hepatocyte and begins its exoerythrocytic ... more details
of a combination of antigens from different phases of the parasite s development. Sporozoite Abs that block hepatocyte invasion Abs that kill the sporozoite via complement fixation or opsonization ... from the sporozoite using CS repeats and merozoite parasites. During phase I trials a 75 efficacy ... during the life cycle. CSP and sporozoite surface protein 2 called PfSSP2 were derived from the sporozoite ... repeats of the sporozoite surface protein NANP . Limitations of the technology exist as it contains ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Cryptosporidium parvum image Cryptosporidium parvum 01.jpg image caption Immunofluorescence image of C. parvum oocysts. regnum Chromalveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida subclassis Coccidia sina ordo Eucoccidiorida familia Cryptosporidiidae genus Cryptosporidium species C. parvum binomial Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium parvum is one of several protozal species that cause cryptosporidiosis , a parasitic disease of the mammal ian intestine intestinal tract . Primary symptoms of C. parvum infection are acute, watery, and non bloody diarrhoea . C. parvum infection is of particular concern in immunocompromised patients, where diarrhea can reach 10 15L per day. Other symptoms may include anorexia symptom anorexia , nausea vomiting and abdomen abdominal pain. ref Cryptosporidiosis. Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. CDC. 5 Sept 2007. http www.dpd.cdc.gov dpdx HTML Cryptosporidiosis.htm ref Infection is caused by ingestion of sporulate d oocyst s transmitted by the fecal oral route. In healthy human hosts, the median infective dose is 132 oocysts. ref cite journal author DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W title The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers journal N. Engl. J. Med. volume 332 issue 13 pages 855 9 year 1995 month March pmid 7870140 url http content.nejm.org cgi pmidlookup?view short&pmid 7870140&promo ONFLNS19 doi 10.1056 NEJM199503303321304 ref The general Cryptosporidium Life cycle C. parvum life cycle is shared by other members of the genus. Invasion of the wikt apical apical tip of ileal enterocyte s by sporozoite s and merozoite s causes pathology seen in the disease. Infection is generally self limiting in immunocompetent people. In immunocompromised patients, such as those with AIDS or those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, infection may not be self limiting, leading to dehydration and, in severe cases, death. The diagn ... more details
are available. Life cycle The infective stage is the sporozoite which is present in the salivary ... diameters greater than 20 microns. The average length of the sporozoite s is less than 10 microns. One end of the sporozoite is more pointed than the other. Parahaemoproteus Parasites of birds other than ... is greater than 10 microns. Both ends of the sporozoite are equally pointed. Pathology Infections ... more details
gland of the mosquito . The parasite is in its sporozoite stage at this point. As the mosquito ... replication at the period of sporozoite production in oocysts. ref name Shimizu2010 cite journal ... 2011 title SAP1 is a critical post transcriptional regulator of infectivity in malaria parasite sporozoite ... of the sporozoite to the various tissues it attaches to. TRAP , S6 and TLP have been implicated ... stages sporozoite, merozoite, trophozoite, gametocyte , representing 46 of the theoretical number ... more details
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