of a human sperm cell. Other uses The term sperm is derived from the Greek word sperma meaning ... one being termed the male or sperm cell. The human sperm cell is haploid , so that its 23 chromosomes can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell. A uniflagellar sperm cell that is Motility motile is referred to as a spermatozoon , whereas a non motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium . Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited life span, but after fusion ... of the male body in a fluid known as semen . Mammalian sperm cells can survive within the female reproductive ... of human sperm function after recovery from the female reproductive tract. Biol Reprod 31,888 894. ref . Sperm cells in algal and many plant gametophyte s are produced in male Gametangium gametangia Antheridium antheridia via mitosis mitotic division. In flowering plant s, sperm nuclei are produced inside pollen . cn date January 2011 Anatomy File Sperm egg.jpg thumb right 200px Sperm fertilizing an egg The sperm cell consists of a head, a midpiece and a tail. The head contains the Cell nucleus ... movements that propel the spermatocyte. Cn date January 2011 During fertilization , the sperm provides .... ref Motile sperm cells File Plant sperm.png thumb Motile sperm cells of algae and seedless plants. ref ... pages isbn 0 7167 1007 2 ref Motile sperm cells typically move via Flagellum flagella and require ... of their propulsion. The uniflagellated sperm cells with one flagellum produced in most animal ... 2011 Motile sperm are also produced by many protist s and the gametophyte s of bryophyte s, fern s and some gymnosperm s such as cycad s and ginkgo . The sperm cells are the only flagellated cells in the life ... more than one flagellum . ref name Raven In nematode s, the sperm cells are amoeboid and crawl, rather ... T, Stewart M, Oster G title How nematode sperm crawl journal J. Cell. Sci. volume 115 issue Pt 2 pages 367 84 year 2002 pmid 11839788 doi ref Non motile sperm cells Non motile sperm cells called ... more details
Infobox Film name The Sperm image The Sperm movie poster.jpg caption The Thai theatrical poster. director Taweewat Wantha producer Prachya Pinkaew writer Siwaporn Pongsuwan br Kiat Songsanant br Taweewat Wantha narrator starring Leo Putt music cinematography Taweewat Wantha editing Lee Chatametikool distributor Sahamongkol Film International released flagicon Thailand March 22, 2007 runtime country Cinema of Thailand Thailand language Thai language Thai budget 40 million baht preceded by followed by The Sperm lang th , or Asujaak is a 2007 in film 2007 Cinema of Thailand Thai science fiction comedy film directed by Taweewat Wantha. Plot A young, struggling Bangkok rock musician, Sutin, constantly dreams about having almost sex with sexy model actress La mai, but always wakes up before he can actually have sex. When he wins a chance to appear in a battle of the bands contest, and La mai presents the prize, he is not sure he is dreaming, so he crudely propositions La mai on live television. Embarrassed by what he s done, Sutin proceeds to go out to dinner with his bandmates and become very intoxicated. Later that night, he masturbates in front of a poster of La mai, and then the next day thousands of women in the city become pregnancy pregnant . The women then give birth to abnormal, fast growing babies that all look like Sutin. Observing the proceedings is a scientist, Dr. Satifeung, and assisted by his daughter, he tries to come up with a way to stop the look alike gang , but soon there are bigger problems. Cast Leo Putt as Sutin Pimpaporn Leenutapong as La mai Somlek Sakdikul as Dr. Satifeung Dollaros Dachapratumwan as Doctor s daughter Nuttawut Srimhog as Prasert Chakrapong Siririn as Surachai External links http www.thespermworld.com Official site imdb title id 0969694 title The Sperm DEFAULTSORT Sperm, The Category 2007 films Category Sahamongkol Film International films Category Thai films Category Thai language films Category 2000s comedy films Category ... more details
about a requirement for a chemical reaction a step in a software installation process Product activation the calling of a subroutine Subroutine Activation in bio chemical science s generally refers to the Process science process whereby something is prepared or excited for a subsequent reaction . Chemistry In chemistry , activation of molecule s is where the molecules enter a state that avails for a chemical reaction to occur. The phrase activation energy energy of activation ref http chemed.chem.purdue.edu genchem topicreview bp ch22 activate.html The Activation Energy of Chemical Reactions Bot generated title ref refers to the Energy chemistry energy the reactant s must acquire before they can successfully react with each other to produce the Product chemistry products , that is, to reach the transition state . The energy needed for activation can be quite small and the molecules may have enough energy just from thermal fluctuations the molecules naturally have i.e. lots of reactions ... kinetics . Biology Biochemistry In biochemistry , activation, specifically called bioactivation ... active. Immunology Main Immunologic activation In immunology , activation is the transition of leucocytes ... in the reverse direction. This balance is tightly regulated, since a too small degree of activation causes susceptibility to infections, while, on the other hand, a too large degree of activation causes autoimmune diseases . Activation and deactivation results from a variety of factors, including ... , adhesion molecules , bacterial products and viral products. Physics Similarly, neutron activation ... and energy of the emitted particles. Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis PGAA is a rapid, nondestructive, instrumental, nuclear technique which is used for trace and major component analysis of various elements. Electrophysiology Activation refers to the opening ... SIA Category Chemical kinetics da Aktivering de Aktivierung fr Activation ja uk ... more details
chapter Sperm Motility Activation and Chemoattraction pages 29 quote isbn 0 12 311629 5 oclc doi url accessdate ref . Successful fertilization also depends on the ability of sperm to penetrate extracellular matrix surrounding eggs. The sperm motility is activated by changes in intracellular ion ... ion concentration can also contribute to the activation of sperm motility. In some mammals , sperm ...Cleanup date October 2007 mergeto Semen analysis date August 2008 Sperm motility describes the ability of sperm to move properly towards an ovum egg . This can also be thought of as the quality of the sperm, which is a factor in successful pregnancies , as opposed to the quantity . Sperm which do not properly swim , will not reach the egg in order to fertilize it. Sperm motility in mammals also facilitates the passage of the sperm through the cumulus oophorus and zona pellucida , which are a series of layers that surround the ovulated egg cell plasma membrane of a mammalian oocyte . For example, in the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus , sperm aggregates form mobile trains that possess an enhanced fertilization capability because they are better suited to navigate the viscous environment of the female ... fertilization capacity. It may also depend upon the effectiveness of sperm motility in response to certain factors released from eggs. The migration of sperm through the female reproductive tract ... to decrease in potassium, thus induces membrane hyperpolarization . As a result, sperm motility is activated. ref Darszon, A., labarca, P., Nishigaki, T., and Espinosa, F. 1999 . Ion channels in sperm ... sperm is not going to fertilize. Therefore assessing the fraction of a sperm population that is motile is perhaps the most widely used measure of semen quality making sperm motility an important factor of it. Insufficient sperm motility is a common cause of subfertility or infertility . Classifications ... semeneval motility.html Sperm motility, Colorado State University http drmalpani.com book chapter4b.html ... more details
wiktionarypar sperm TOCright Sperm commonly refers to Sperm cell , the male gamete involved in heterogamous sexual reproduction Spermatozoon zoosperm , a sperm cell propelled by a single flagellum, found in most animals Semen sperma , the bodily fluid containing spermatozoa Sperm may also refer to Sperm album , the second studio album by the German band Oomph Sperm whale , a whale of the Physeteridae family. disamb ... more details
spermactivation, but Ca2 alone contributes sperm chemotaxis in the ascidian, Ciona savignyi. Dev ...Sperm guidance is the process by which sperm cells spermatozoa are directed to the oocyte egg for the aim ... of sperm attraction to the female gametes in ferns over a century ago Pfeffer, 1884 , sperm guidance in the form of sperm chemotaxis has been established in a large variety of species Miller, 1985 . Although sperm chemotaxis is prevalent throughout the Metazoa kingdom, from marine species ... Kaspa, 1994 Miller, 1985 , most of the current information on sperm chemotaxis is derived from studies ... different guidance mechanisms chemotaxis Ralt et al., 1994 and thermotaxis Bahat et al., 2003 . Sperm guidance in non mammalian species Sperm guidance in non mammalian species is performed by chemotaxis ... up the concentration gradient towards the oocyte. Sperm chemotaxis was demonstrated in a large number ..., 1998 . Chemoattractants The sperm chemoattractants in non mammalian species vary to a large extent. Some examples are shown in Table 1. So far, most sperm chemoattractants that have been identified ... are the sperm chemoattractants of corals, ascidians , plants such as ferns, and algae Table 1 . Table 1. Some sperm chemoattractants in non mammalian species class wikitable border 1 Species ... Ciona activation of motility precedes chemotaxis Cosson, 1990 Kaupp et al., 2006 Miller, 1985 ... mechanism of sperm chemotaxis is still not fully known. The current knowledge is mainly based ... . This rise leads to flagellar asymmetry and, consequently, to a turn of the sperm cell Kaupp et al., 2006 . Image Signal transduction in sea urchin sperm chemotaxis.jpg 500px left Figure 1. A model of the signal transduction pathway during sperm chemotaxis of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata . Binding ... sup 2 sup exchange mechanism. Taken from Kaupp et al., 2006 . Sperm guidance in mammals I. Chemotaxis ... Ralt et al., 1994 . Sperm chemotaxis was later also demonstrated in mice Giojalas and Rovasio ... more details
Sperm heteromorphism is the simultaneous production of two or more distinguishable types of sperm by a single male . The sperm types might differ in size, shape and or chromosome complement. Sperm heteromorphism is also called sperm polymorphism or sperm dimorphism for species with two sperm types . Typically, only one sperm type is capable of fertilizing ovum eggs . Fertile types have been called eusperm or eupyrene sperm and infertile types parasperm or apyrene sperm . One interpretation of sperm polymorphism is the kamikaze sperm hypothesis Baker and Bellis, 1988 , which has been widely discredited. The kamikaze sperm hypothesis states that the polymorphism of sperm is due to a subdivision of sperm into different functional groups. There are those that defend the egg from fertilization by other male sperm, and those that fertilize the egg. However, the polymorphism of sperm is probably only due to genetic variance not some organised military like operation conducted by sperm. The sole purpose of every sperm is to impregnate the female and continue the proliferation of its own genes ... No evidence for killer sperm or other selective interactions between human spermatozoa in ejaculates ... ref Distribution Sperm heteromorphism is known from several different groups of animals. Insects Lepidoptera i.e. butterflies and moths Almost all known species produce two sperm types. The fertilizing ... group of species in the genus Drosophila is sperm heteromorphic. As with the Lepidoptera, there is a long ..., haploid chromosome complement. It is not known why the shorter sperm are infertile, though it has ... infertile type. Carabidae ground beetles some species produce large, infertile sperm that may ... sperm types. The infertile types may be large carrier types the fertile sperm attach to for transport, or lancet types. The lancet sperm sometimes contain many lysosomes . Fish Some Sculpin may be sperm heteromorphic. Their ejaculates appear to contain fertile sperm as well as disc shaped, infertile ... more details
, K. and Morisawa, M. 1994 . Calcium and cyclic AMP mediate spermactivation, but Ca sup 2 sup ...Sperm chemotaxis is a form of sperm guidance , in which sperm cells spermatozoa follow a concentration ... the discovery of sperm attraction to the female gametes in ferns over a century ago Pfeffer, 1884 , sperm chemotaxis has been established in a large variety of species Miller, 1985 . Although sperm ... , most of the current information on sperm chemotaxis is derived from studies of marine invertebrates ... et al., 1994 . Sperm chemotaxis in non mammalian species In sperm chemotaxis, the oocyte secretes a chemoattractant ... towards the oocyte. Sperm chemotaxis was demonstrated in a large number of non mammalian species ... The sperm chemoattractants in non mammalian species vary to a large extent. Some examples are shown in Table 1. So far, most sperm chemoattractants that have been identified in non mammalian ... and sensitive to proteases Cosson, 1990 Miller, 1985 . Exceptions to this rule are the sperm chemoattractants of corals, ascidians , plants such as ferns, and algae Table 1 . Table 1. Some sperm chemoattractants ... loops of small radii. In some species for example, herring or the ascidian Ciona activation ... the chemoattractant source B hmer et al., 2005 . Molecular mechanism The molecular mechanism of sperm ... asymmetry and, consequently, to a turn of the sperm cell Kaupp et al., 2006 . Image Signal transduction in sea urchin sperm chemotaxis.jpg 500px left A model of the signal transduction pathway during sperm chemotaxis of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata . Binding of a chemoattractant ligand to the receptor ... from Kaupp et al., 2006 . Sperm chemotaxis in mammals Following the findings that human spermatozoa ... , chemotaxis was substantiated as the cause of this accumulation Ralt et al., 1994 . Sperm chemotaxis ... Fabro et al., 2002 . In addition, sperm accumulation in follicular fluid but without substantiating ... et al., 2001 . A key feature of sperm chemotaxis in humans is that this process is restricted to Capacitation ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove January 2010 globalize January 2010 A sperm bank , semen bank or cryobank is a facility that collects and stores human spermatozoon sperm mainly from sperm donation sperm donor ... by artificial insemination . Sperm donated in this way is known as donor sperm . General POV section date September 2010 The development of sperm banks, whilst considered by some to be controversial, has enabled people to have greater control over their reproductive lives. By providing sperm from donors ... frequently use sperm banks in order to have their own biological children. The increasing range of services which is available through sperm banks nevertheless enables more and more people to have choices ... and sperm from a donor. Sperm banks often provide services which enable a woman to have subsequent ... donors. Sperm banks sometimes enable a woman to choose the sex of her child, enabling even greater control over the way families are planned. Sperm banks increasingly adopt a less formal approach ... individual requirements. Men who choose to donate sperm through a sperm bank also have the security ... produced from their sperm. Whether a donor is anonymous or not, this factor is important in allowing sperm banks to recruit sperm donors and to use their sperm to produce whatever number of pregnancies .... However, in many parts of the world sperm banks are not allowed to be established or to operate. Sperm banks do not provide a cure for infertility in that it is the sperm donor who reproduces himself, not a partner of the recipient woman. Most societies are built upon the family model and sperm banks may be seen as a threat to this, particularly where a sperm bank makes its services available to unmarried women. Where sperm banks are allowed to operate they are often controlled by local legislation ... more intended to placate those who would be opposed to sperm donors producing tens or scores of children as to provide a justifiable safeguard. However, such legislation usually cannot prevent a sperm ... more details
Orphan date June 2009 Catch the Sperm is a Swiss computer game recognized as an entertaining way for health ... Catch the Sperm computer game on the internet for AIDS prevention , Int Conf AIDS . 2002 Jul 7 12 14 abstract no. TuPeF5284. ref The original Catch the Sperm now known as CTS Style I is a 3.4 ... international distribution. Copyright of the Catch The Sperm series is owned by Scandinavian Games http www.games.is . Various versions Catch the Sperm is available in seven versions CTS Style 1 2001 ... own theme, spermatozoon sperm characters, virus villains , and screen graphics, some of which seem ... page.html . CTS Style 1 The original Catch the Sperm CTS Style 1 was created in 2001. It is set within ... are a Neutral Sperm, a Dual Techno Sperm, and a Precious Sperm. Various viruses are included as the villains. CTS Style 2 CTS Style 2 is a 2002 update of the original Catch the Sperm game ... or outer space, it features a Frozen Sperm, a Supersperm, a Fool Sperm, a Jungle Sperm, an I Sperm, and a Jurassic Precious Sperm. Carnival The Carnival edition of Catch the Sperm is set against a background ... are a Waggis , a Joker, a Sambina, a Lipstick, a Clown, and Gold, Silver, and Bronze Sperm. There are six virus es. Summer The Summer edition of Catch the Sperm is set in a sunny Caribbean ocean of light ... , a Swimmer, a Water, and a Diver Sperm. As with the Carnival edition, the Summer version also includes six viruses. Christmas The Christmas edition of Catch the Sperm is a winter landscape over which the sperm characters fly rather than swim. As they travel through the frosty night, they pass ... Sperm that, as its name suggests, resembles milk chocolate a bearded Santa Claus Sperm, wearing a red stocking hat with a white pompom and a red flannel body suit a Cold Sperm, wearing a blue and green stocking cap and matching earmuffs a white Snowy Sperm, wearing a black top hat and a Wrapped Sperm that is decorated with a bright red bow. International versions In addition, Catch the Sperm ... more details
A sperm granuloma is a lump of extravasated sperm that appears along the vasa deferentia or epididymides in vasectomy vasectomized men. Sperm granulomas are rounded or irregular in shape, one millimeter to one centimeter or more, with a central mass of degenerating sperm surrounded by tissue containing blood vessels and immune system cells. ref name mcdonald McDonald S. Cellular responses to vasectomy. International Review of Cytology. 2000 199 295 339. PMID 10874581 ref Sperm granulomas can be either asymptomatic or symptomatic, i.e. painful. Sperm granulomas are present in the vast majority of vasectomy vasectomized men as a result of the pressure induced changes of vasectomy . ref name silber Silber S. Reversal of vasectomy and the treatment of male infertility role of microsurgery, vasoepididymostomy, and pressure induced changes of vasectomy. Urologic Clinics of North America. 1981 8 53 62. PMID 7210354 ref References reflist Category Human reproduction ... more details
Oocyte or ovum egg activation is a series of processes that occur in the oocyte after fertilisation . Sperm ... by the introduction of phospholipase C isoform zeta PLC from the sperm cytoplasm, although this remains to be established definitively. Activation of the ovum includes the following events Cortical reaction to block against other sperm cells Activation of egg metabolism Reactivation of meiosis DNA synthesis Sperm trigger of egg activation The sperm may trigger egg activation via the interaction between a sperm protein and an egg surface receptor. It is possible that a receptor is activated by the sperm ... signaling system has been implicated as the pathway involved with egg activation. IP sub 3 sub ... is that a soluble sperm factor diffuses from the sperm into the egg cytosol upon sperm oocyte ... messengers . A novel PLC isoform, PLC , may be the equivalent of the mammalian sperm factor. A recent paper shows that mammaliam sperm contain PLC zeta which can start the signaling cascade. ref cite ... PLC zeta a sperm specific trigger of Ca 2 oscillations in eggs and embryo development. journal Development ... See Cortical reaction Polyspermy is the condition when multiple sperm fuse with a single egg. This results .... The resting potential of an egg is 70mV. After contact with sperm, an influx of sodium ions increases ... and the vitelline membrane and cleave the bindin to release the sperm. The mucopolysaccharides attract ... to sperm. Through these molecules the vitelline membrane is transformed into the fertilization ... reaction in sea urchins. The terminal sugars from ZP3 are cleaved to release the sperm and prevent new ..., 6th Edition, Blackwell Publishing ref DNA synthesis 4 hours after fusion of sperm and ovum ... syngamy . ref name johnson The sperm contributes a pronucleus and a centriole to the egg. Most ... mechanisms. Due to the increased metabolic activity of the sperm compared to the egg, due to its .... ref name johnson Furthermore, sperm are exposed to reactive oxygen species from leukocytes in the epididymis ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Sperm Type Album Artist Oomph Cover Sperm album.jpg Released 2 May 1994 Recorded 1994 Genre Industrial metal br Neue Deutsche H rte Length 49 04 br 71 21 Re release Label Dynamica Records Language German, English Last album Oomph album Oomph br 1992 This album Sperm br 1994 Next album Defekt br 1995 Sperm is the second studio album by the Germany German band Oomph . This album would drastically change the direction and sound of the band from their heavily synthesizer based, electronic body music EBM Oomph album debut album . The band at this point decided to change to a Heavy metal music heavy metal based style while retaining many elements of their EBM origins and influences. Sperm is also regarded as one of the establishing albums of the Neue Deutsche H rte genre. Track listing Suck Taste Spit Sex War Dickhead Schisma small Schism small Feiert das Kreuz small Celebrate the Cross small Love Das ist Freiheit small That is Freedom small Kismet Breathtaker Ich bin der Weg small I am the Way small U Said New Edition Tracklist Suck Taste Spit Sex War Dickhead Schisma small Schism small Feiert das Kreuz small Celebrate the Cross small Love Das ist Freiheit small That is Freedom small Kismet Breathtaker Ich bin der Weg small I am the Way small U Said Live Sex Angelgrinder Mix Feiert das Kreuz Pope Mix Suck Taste Spit Milk Mix Das ist Freiheit Jailhouse Mix U Said Alzheimer Mix Singles Breathtaker Sex 3 1 Videos Sex Oomph DEFAULTSORT Sperm Album Category Oomph albums Category 1994 albums 1990s metal album stub de Sperm es Sperm lbum hy Sperm fr Sperm it Sperm pl Sperm pt Sperm ru Sperm fi Sperm albumi sv Sperm ... more details
Sperm competition is a concept initially proposed by British biologist Geoffrey Parker in a 1970 paper. There it is defined as the competition biology competition between sperm of two or more males for the fertilization of an ovum . ref Geoff Parker Parker, Geoffrey A. 1970. Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects, Biological Reviews 45 525 567. ref Sperm competition is often ... i.e. fathering offspring the more tickets he has i.e. the more sperm he inseminates a female with . However, sperm are not free to produce, ref Olsson et al., 1997 Wedell et al., 2002 ref and as such males are predicted to produce sperm of a size and number that maximizes their success in sperm competition. By making many sperm, males can buy more raffle tickets , and it is thought that selection for numerous sperm has contributed greatly to the evolution of anisogamy because of the energetic trade off between sperm size and number . Dozens of adaptations have been documented in males that help them succeed in sperm competition. These adaptations may be behavioral for example, males frequently ... even produce more than one sperm type, typically a fertile type and a helper or worker caste see Sperm heteromorphism that may help males win or avoid sperm competition. Empirical support File ... image of immature parasperm lancet infertile Sperm heteromorphism sperm morph of Fusitriton oregonensis .... It is produced when sperm competition occurs. It has been found that because of female choice see sexual selection , morphology biology morphology of sperm in many species occurs in many variations ... tract . ref Snook, R, & SNOOK. 2005 . Sperm in competition not playing by the numbers. Trends in ecology ... kinds of female sperm storage organs in Drosophila. Evolution, 53 6 , 1804 1822. ref ref Pai ... for the competition of sperm. Polyandrous females mate with many male partners. ref WEIGENSBERG ... and other phyla have a specialized sperm storage organ called the spermatheca in which the sperm ... more details
Very long date January 2011 Unreferenced date January 2011 Cleanup reorganize date January 2011 Sperm donation is the provision or donation by a man, known as a sperm donor , of his sperm , known as donor sperm , with the intention that it be used to impregnate a woman who is not usually the man s sexual partner, in order to produce a child. Sperm donation can be performed either in a medical setting, such as a fertility clinic , or at home. Home donations are done using sperm from a known donor, or from a contact through a classified advert or sperm donation forum or website. Pregnancies are usually achieved using donated sperm by artificial insemination either by Intracervical Insemination ... as natural insemination, or NI . The general process of sperm donation is described as third party reproduction . A donor may donate sperm as an anonymous or non anonymous donor through a clinic known as a sperm bank or through a third party or broker who makes arrangements between sperm donors and recipient women, known as a sperm agency . A sperm donor may also donate directly to the recipient ... a sperm bank or fertility clinic . A sperm donor is the natural or biological father of every child produced as a result of his donations. In some cases, informal sperm donation is not recognised in law, and in many cases informal sperm donors are also the legal father, although the rights and responsibilities this status confers may be ignored by both the donor and recipient. Sperm donation is used ... the male partner produces no sperm azoospermia . However, techniques e.g. Intracytoplasmic sperm ... the couple to produce their own biological child such techniques are not without risks . Sperm donation ... by Choice.com ref When a donor s sperm is successfully used repeatedly to fertilize the same or different ... father, siblings and half siblings. Sperm donors may be selected on the grounds of looks, personality ... informal private donations over clinic donations. Provision A man who provides sperm as a sperm donor ... more details
Sperm washing is a term used to describe the process in which individual spermatozoon sperms are separated from the seminal fluid . The sperms are then used in intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization . Sperm washing is a standard procedure used in infertility treatment. Sperm may be washed by density gradient centrifugation or by a direct swim up technique that doesn t involve centrifugation. In normal semen samples, centrifugation causes no more DNA damage to spermatozoa than a direct swim up technique. ref cite journal author Younglai EV, Holt D, Brown P, Jurisicova A, Casper RF title Sperm swim up techniques and DNA fragmentation journal Hum. Reprod. volume 16 issue 9 pages 1950 3 year 2001 month September pmid 11527903 doi url ref Decreased HIV transmission It can be used to decrease the risk of HIV transmission in HIV positive fathers, because the HIV infection is carried by the seminal fluid rather than the sperm. One Italian study from 2005 of 567 serodiscordant couples treated with sperm washing resulted in no horizontal to the woman or vertical to the child HIV seroconversion . ref name about http aids.about.com cs womensresources a washing.htm About.com HIV and Sperm Washing. By Mark Cichocki, R.N. Updated December 18, 2009 ref However, there is no 100 guarantee that washed sperm is free from virus. ref name about History Sperm washing was first used in Milan , Italy and has so far not resulted in any female becoming HIV positive. The oldest child conceived using this method is now about 11 and is HIV negative. The first known American baby conceived this way, Baby Ryan, was born in 1999 ref cite web url http americanradioworks.publicradio.org features evading virus concryan.html title Conceiving Ryan publisher American Radio Works ref through the Special ... virus howworks.html title Sperm Washing How it Works publisher American Radio Works ref The idea ... born through this process. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Sperm Washing Category HIV AIDS Category ... more details
Female sperm is a term that refers to a sperm that contains an X chromosome , produced in the usual way by a male, referring to the fact that, when such a sperm fertilizes an egg, a female child is born ... sperm whereby all of the chromosomes come from an adult woman. ref cite web url http www.samesexprocreation.com ... sperm, by injecting bone marrow stem cell s from a female chicken into a rooster s testicles. ref name chicken sperm cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 9227893 title Differentiation of female .... Female sperm production Creating female sperm was first raised as a possibility in a patent filed ... such techniques by creating chicken female sperm in a similar manner. However, the ratio of produced ... spermatogenesis. ref name chicken sperm These simple transplantation methods follow from earlier ... begin the processes to become both sperm and eggs. One potential roadblock to injecting a woman ... s immune system will not attack foreign cells such as a woman s cells injected into the sperm ... enough to be converted into sperm. However, there are more serious roadblocks. Biologists have well established that male sperm production relies on certain genes on the Y chromosome , which, when missing or defective, lead to such men producing little to no sperm in their testicles. An analogy, then, is that a cell ... a woman into sperm. In 2007, a patent application was filed ref cite web url http www.samesexprocreation.com ... female sperm using artificial or natural Y chromosomes and testicular transplantation. ref cite web url http www.samesexprocreation.com archive sprmpict.pdf title Color illustration of female sperm ... sperm and male egg s will be inducing male epigenetic markings for female cells that initially ... url http www.samesexprocreation.com epigenet.htm title EPIGENETICS the key to healthy female sperm ... a method of creating partly developed sperm cells, otherwise known as spermatogonial stem cells, from ... whether such techniques can be used to make female sperm. ref cite news url http www.guardian.co.uk ... more details
Sperm Bluff coor dm 77 5 S 161 36 E is a prominent dark bluff, 3 nautical miles 6 km long and over 1,000 m high, forming the northeast extremity of Clare Range , in Victoria Land . Charted and named by the British Antarctic Expedition , 1910 13. When viewed from the east, the north face of the bluff suggests the blunt head of a sperm whale. usgs gazetteer Category Geography of Antarctica EAntarctica geo stub ... more details
Infobox book name Sperm Wars title orig translator image include the file and the image size image caption ... by followed by Sperm Wars Infidelity, Sexual Conflict and Other Bedroom Battles is a primarily ... them, Baker proposes evolutionary purposes of sexual habits, mostly on the principle of sperm competition competition between sperm of different men for a prized egg. ref name Amazon The sperm wars include both literal battles between sperm inside a woman s reproductive tract, as well as figurative ... of the cervix . Male masturbation is said to discard old, dying sperm, so that an ejaculate contains younger sperm that will stay active inside the cervix longer, with more of a chance of being present during the window of ovulation . He also proposes that men adjust the amount of sperm they ejaculate ... likely to engage in extra pair copulation and retain larger amounts of sperm during their most fertile ... phase. ref http www.seductionlabs.org 2007 05 24 sperm competition and the kamikaze sperm hypothesis ref A major focus of the book is a supposed sperm heteromorphism in humans, where less than 1 of a man s sperm are egg getters , and the rest are infertile kamikaze sperm or blockers , whose primary purpose is to prevent other men s sperm from getting to the egg. He cites a study which found that 4 of human conceptions involve sperm from multiple men. Baker describes in detail how killer sperm with larger ... to prevent them from getting to the egg. However, this literal sperm warfare has not been observed ... 286 5448 2265b No Evidence for Human Sperm Wars 286 5448 2265 Science ref ref http eprints.whiterose.ac.uk 197 No evidence for killer sperm or other selective interactions between human spermatozoa in ejaculates of different males in vitro ref ref http www.seductionlabs.org 2007 05 24 sperm competition and the kamikaze sperm hypothesis Sperm competition and the Kamikaze Sperm Hypothesis ref Based ... so that the sperm can more easily swim into it, the so called upsuck theory of female orgasm. This has ... more details
Image Sperm whale2.jpg thumb right Sperm whale Sperm whaling is the hunting of sperm whale s for a substance ... Spermaceti is the semi liquid, waxy substance found in the sperm whale s head. Spermaceti is found ... as well as connective tissue . ref name encyc cite book author Whitehead, H. year 2002 chapter Sperm ... cite book title Sperm Whales Social Evolution in the Ocean author Whitehead, H. year 2003 pages 8 9 chapter The Peculiar Anatomy of the Sperm Whale The Spermaceti Organ publisher University of Chicago Press isbn 0 226 89518 1 ref Spermaceti and sperm oil were much sought after by 18th, 19th and 20th ... page 566 publisher H. Fisher, Son & Co. ref ref cite web title Aquarium of the Pacific Sperm Whale url http www.aquariumofpacific.org onlinelearningcenter print sperm whale accessdate 2008 10 11 ref Ambergris , a solid, waxy, flammable substance produced in the digestive system of sperm whales, was also ... where much sperm whaling originated Historically, whaling took a heavy toll on sperm whale populations. Prior to the early 18th century, very little hunting of sperm whales took place, mostly by indigenous ... offshore by a northerly wind, where he encountered a school of sperm whales and killed one. It is not clear ... Nantucket Historical Association ref Although the story may not be true, sperm whales were indeed ... sperm whales sometime around 1720. ref name dudley cite book title Philosophical Transactions 1683 ... whales 1724.htm page 267 year 1725 publisher The Royal Society ref Early 1700s Only a few sperm ... candles before 1743 , American vessels appear to have begun to take sperm whales in earnest. The diary ... other sloops with sperm whales being Flensing flensed alongside off the coast of North Carolina in late ... in the summer 1744 on a subsequent sperm whaling voyage he noted that 45 spermacetes are brought in here this day, another indication that American sperm whaling was in full swing. ref name leviathan Late 1700s Image Whaling of sperm whale.jpg thumb left Sperm whaling American sperm whaling soon ... more details
Sperm sorting is a means of choosing what type of sperm cell is to Fertilisation fertilize the egg cell . It can be used to sort out sperm that are most healthy, as well as determination of more specific traits, such as sex selection in which spermatozoa are separated into X female and Y male chromosome ... health DNA damage in sperm cells may be detected by using Raman spectroscopy . ref name MIT http www.technologyreview.com biomedicine 21982 page1 Ranking sperm cells could improve the odds of in vitro ... enough to detect individual traits, however. ref name MIT The sperm cells having least DNA damage may subsequently be injected into the egg cell by intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI . ref name MIT For sex selection Methods Sperm sorting utilizes the technique of flow cytometry to analyze ... sperm for artificial insemination. Subsequently, the first patent application disclosing the method to sort two viable subpopulations enriched for x or y sperm ref US Patent 5,021,244, column 9, Sorting Sperm http patft.uspto.gov netacgi nph Parser?Sect1 PTO1&Sect2 HITOFF&d PALL&p 1&u 2Fnetahtml ..., both Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories and the USDA were only sorting fixed sperm nuclei ref ... patent filing a new technique was utilized by the USDA where sperm were briefly sonicated to remove ... sperm for DNA using an improved preparation method and staining with Hoechst 33342. Gamete Research ... abstract ref . USDA in conjunction with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Beltsfield Sperm ... mammalian spermatozoa. Reproduction 2002 124 733 743. ref . Accuracy While highly accurate, sperm ... be some male sperm among the female sperm and vice versa. The exact percentage purity ... Sex selection Ethical concerns For the most part, sperm sorting shares the ethical concerns implicit to the idea of sex selection. However, the fact that sperm sorting is in effect sex preselection, with the sex ... from an ethical standpoint. Regulation In the US, for humans, the practice of sperm sorting is tightly ... more details
Taxobox name Sperm Whale ref name msw3 MSW3 Cetacea id 14300131 ref status VU status system iucn3.1 status ref ref name iucn image Sperm whale 12.jpg image caption image2 Sperm whale size.svg image2 caption ... , 1822 range map cetacea range map Sperm Whale 4.PNG range map caption Sperm whale range in blue The sperm whale , Physeter macrocephalus , is a marine mammal species, order Cetacea , a toothed whale ..., spermaceti , found in the animal s head. The sperm whale is the only living member of genus Physeter ... in the sperm whale family sperm whale superfamily , along with the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm ... diving mammal. Its diet includes giant squid and colossal squid . The sperm whale s clicking ... to six years, and care for the calves for more than a decade. Historically, the sperm whale was also ... of the period from the early 18th century until the late 20th century, the sperm whale was whaling hunted to obtain spermaceti and other products, such as sperm oil and ambergris . Spermaceti found many important uses, such as candle s, soap , cosmetics and machine oil. Due to its size, the sperm whale could sometimes defend itself effectively against whalers. In the most famous example, a sperm ..., the sperm whale is currently listed as vulnerable species vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN . The sperm whale has few natural predators .... The sperm whale can live for more than 70 years. Name The name sperm whale is an apocope apocopation ..., A., Alexiadou, P., Madsen, P. T., and M hl, B. title Click production during breathing in a sperm ... ref name encyc ref name whiteheadsperm cite book title Sperm Whales Social Evolution in the Ocean author Whitehead, H. year 2003 pages 8 9 chapter The Peculiar Anatomy of the Sperm Whale The Spermaceti Organ publisher University of Chicago Press isbn 0 226 89518 1 ref The sperm whale is also ... ton Cow convert 11 m ft convert 14000 kg ton Newborn convert 4 m ft convert 1000 kg ton The sperm ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Sperm Warfare Type EP Artist Arthur Loves Plastic Cover Arthur Loves Plastic Sperm Warfare.jpg Released 27 March 1995 Recorded 1994 Genre Electronica Length 33 42 Label T.E.Q. Music? Producer Arthur Loves Plastic Bev Stanton Reviews Chronology Arthur Loves Plastic other Last album This album Sperm Warfare br 1995 Next album DCremixes br 1998 Sperm Warfare is the debut Extended play EP from Arthur Loves Plastic and was released in 1995. ref name citypaper http www.washingtoncitypaper.com display.php?id 22776 Washington City Paper interview with Bev Stanton . ref ref name monk http www.monk.com display.php?p People&id 22 Monk Magazine interview with Bev Stanton . ref ref name blade http www.washblade.com advertising eTearsheets 05 14 2004 054.pdf Washington Blade Spin Under The Stars With Arthur Loves Plastic . ref ref name discogs http www.discogs.com release 829945 Discogs listing for Sperm Warfare CD . ref Release notes Arthur indulges in a bliss fest of happy house, trippy trance, and a smidgeon of techno boosting SPERM WARFARE into overdrive. A seven track mini delight lightening the burden of life in the fast lane. Audio previews The EP can be previewed in its entirety or downloaded for free from The Zero State Internet Archive page. ref name ia http www.archive.org details alpzero Internet Archive The Zero State page . ref Track listing CD TEQM95014 tracklist collapsed no headline total length 33 42 all writing Arthur Loves Plastic Bev Stanton title1 I Love You length1 3 04 title2 Souvenir length2 4 19 title3 The Plastic Men length3 4 18 title4 Urges length4 4 15 title5 Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah length5 4 12 title6 Take Me Away length6 4 27 title7 Nine Minute Souvenir length7 9 07 Credits Arthur Loves Plastic is Bev. S All music written and recorded by Bev. S in the basement Sexy Sperm courtesy John Lynch Sleeve design Deadhead Media References reflist External links Audio previews downloads from Sperm Warfare http ... more details
Spreading activation is a method for searching associative network s, neural network s, or semantic network ... network with weights or activation and then iteratively propagating or spreading that activation ... as activation propagates through the network. When the weights are discrete this process is often referred to as marker passing. Activation may originate from alternate paths, identified by distinct markers, and terminate when two alternate paths reach the same node. Spreading activation models are used in cognitive psychology ref name collins Collins, Allan M. Loftus, Elizabeth F., A spreading activation .... http act r.psy.cmu.edu publications pubinfo.php?id 66 A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1983 ref to model the fan out effect . Spreading activation can also be applied in information retrieval , ref name preece S. Preece, A spreading activation .... ref ref name crestani Fabio Crestani. Application of Spreading Activation Techniques in Information ... 1...N each having an associated activation value A i which is a real number in the range 0.0 ... 1.0 ... Boosting item keyword search with spreading activation Aswath, D. Ahmed, S.T. Dapos cunha, J. Davulcu ... setting all activation values A i to zero. Set one or more origin nodes to an initial activation ... having an activation value A i greater than the node firing threshold F For each Link i ... factor. If a target node receives an adjustment to its activation value so that it would exceed 1.0, then set its new activation value to 1.0. Likewise maintain 0.0 as a lower bound on the target node s activation value should it receive an adjustment to below 0.0. Once a node has fired it may not fire .... Nodes receiving a new activation value that exceeds the firing threshold F are marked for firing on the next spreading activation cycle. If activation originates from more than one node, a variation of the algorithm permits marker passing to distinguish the paths by which activation is spread ... more details
flint provide the activation energy to initiate combustion in this Bunsen burner . The blue flame ... is now energetically favorable. In chemistry , activation energy is a term introduced in 1889 by the Swedish ... reaction to occur. Activation energy may also be defined as the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction. The activation energy of a reaction is usually denoted by E sub a sub , and given in units of joule per mole kilojoules per mole . Activation energy can be thought of as the height ... than the activation energy. At a more advanced level, the Arrhenius Activation energy term from ... of the reaction rate to temperature. There are two objections to associating this activation ... reaction rates. Negative activation energy In some cases rates of reaction em decrease em with increasing ... reactions exhibiting these negative activation energies are typically barrierless reactions ... equation The Arrhenius equation gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and the rate at which a reaction proceeds. From the Arrhenius equation, the activation ... suggests that the activation energy is dependent on temperature, in regimes in which the Arrhenius equation ... . Catalysis Main Catalysis Image Activation energy.svg right thumb 360px The relationship between activation energy math E a math and enthalpy of formation H with and without a catalyst, plotted ... to lower the activation energy is termed a catalyst a biology biological catalyst is termed an enzyme ..., while the catalyst lowers the activation energy, it does not change the energies of the original ... and only the activation energy is altered lowered . See also Arrhenius equation Chemical kinetics Quantum tunnelling External links http www.iupac.org goldbook A00102.pdf Activation energy from ... concepts chapter14 ch14 5.htm Chapter 14 Activation energy http chemed.chem.purdue.edu genchem topicreview bp ch22 activate.html The Activation Energy of Chemical Reactions Category Chemical kinetics ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
