Speechcompression may mean different things Speech encoding refers to compression for transmission or storage, possibly to an unintelligible state, with decompression used prior to playback. Time compressed speech refers to voice compression for immediate playback, without any decompression so that the final speech sounds faster to the listener . disambig ... more details
wiktionarypar compression compressor Compression may refer to In physical science Compression physical , the result of the subjection of a material to compressive stress Compression member , a class of structural elements, of which a column is the most common specific example Compressibility , a measure of volume change resulting from pressure Gas compression , raising the pressure and reducing the volume of gases Compression ratio , a property of an internal combustion engine Compression geology , a system of forces that tend to decrease the volume of rocks In information science Data compression , the process of encoding digital information using fewer bits Audio compression data , the compression of digital audio streams and files Bandwidth compression , a reduction in either the time to transmit or in the amount of bandwidth required to transmit Compression artifact , noticeable defects in audio or video that has been compressed Image compression , the application of data compression on digital images Video compression , the compression of digital video streams and files Dynamic range compression , a compression process that reduces the dynamic range of an audio signal One way compression function , a cryptographic primitive In engineering Gain compression , in electronic amplifiers, a reduction in differential or slope gain resulting from device non linearity In medicine Brain compression , a potentially fatal condition where pressure is exerted on the brain by internal bleeding Bandage Compression bandage Compression bandage , a bandage that uses compression to reduce the flow of blood In mathematics Compression functional analysis , the compression of a linear operator T on a Hilbert space to a subspace K is the operator Other Compression phonetics , running syllables together in informal speech See also Compaction disambiguation compress Compression shorts Compressor ... Komprimering de Kompression fr Compression ko it Compressione nl Compressie pl Kompresja pt Compress o ... more details
otheruses Refimprove date April 2009 linguistics 250px Speech is the vocalized form of human communication ... of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and consonant speech sound units. These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their set of speech sound units, differ creating the existence ... of them. The vocal abilities that enable humans to produce speech also provide humans with the ability ... language . Speech in some culture s has become the basis of a written language , often one that differs ... . Speech in addition to its use in communication, it is suggested by some psychologist s such as Vygotsky ... of consciousness psychology interior monologue . Speech is researched in terms of the speech production and speech perception of the sounds used in spoken language . Other research topics concern speech repetition , the ability to map heard spoken words into the vocalizations needed to recreated that plays a key role in the vocabulary expansion in children and speech error s. Several academic disciplines study these including acoustics , psychology , speech pathology , linguistics , cognitive ... speech. It is controversial how far human speech is unique in that other animals also Animal ... origins of speech are unknown and subject to much debate and speculation . Speech production main Speech production In linguistics articulatory phonetics , manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact. Often the concept ... manners, and therefore several homorganic consonants. Normal human speech is produced with pulmonary ... words without the use of the lungs and glottis in alaryngeal speech of which there are three types esophageal speech , pharyngeal speech and buccal speech better known as Donald Duck talk . Speech perception main Speech perception Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans are able to interpret and understand the sounds used in language. The study of speech perception is closely ... more details
Voice compression may mean different things Speech encoding refers to compression for transmission or storage, possibly to an unintelligible state, with decompression used prior to playback. Time compressed speech refers to voice compression for immediate playback, without any decompression so that the final speech sounds faster to the listener . Audio level compression refers to a sound recording effect which increases the perceived volume of a sound. Disambig ... more details
Original Image small lossless data compression lossless Portable Network Graphics PNG , 60.1 kilobyte ... compression small 84 less information than uncompressed PNG, 9.37 KB small image3 LossyDemonstration 92less.jpg caption3 Medium compression small 92 less information than uncompressed PNG, 4.82 KB small image4 LossyDemonstration 98less.jpg caption4 High compression small 98 less information than uncompressed PNG, 1.14 KB small In information technology , lossy compression is a data compression data ... degraded to be noticed by the user. Lossy compression is most commonly used to compress multimedia ... such as streaming media and VOIP internet telephony . By contrast, lossless compression is required ... and lossless compression It is possible to compress many types of digital data in a way which reduces ... does not need a lot of fine detail during a very loud passage. Developing lossy compression techniques ... data size. Transform coding main Transform coding More generally, lossy compression can ... audio perception. While data reduction compression, be it lossy or lossless is a main goal of transform ... sensitivity to each component. Information loss Lossy compression formats suffer from generation .... This is in contrast with lossless data compression , where data will not be lost via the use of such a procedure. information theory Information theoretical foundations for lossy data compression are provided ... basic lossy compression schemes In lossy transform codec s , samples of picture or sound are taken ... over Lossless data compression lossless methods is that in some cases a lossy method can produce ... or see past very minor errors or inconsistencies ideally lossy compression is Transparency data compression transparent imperceptible , which can be verified via an ABX test . Transparency see Transparency data compression When a user acquires a lossily compressed file, for example, to reduce ... being indistinguishable to the human ear or eye for most practical purposes. Many compression methods ... more details
Audio compression may refer to Audio compression data , a type of compression in which the amount of data in a recorded waveform is reduced for transmission, used in CD and MP3 encoding, Internet radio, and the like Dynamic range compression , also called audio level compression, in which the dynamic range, the difference between loud and quiet, of an audio waveform is reduced, used in guitar effects racks, recording studios, etc. disambig zh ... more details
Cord compression may refer to Spinal cord compression Umbilical cord compression disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Compression therapy may refer to Attachment therapy , a loosely identified category of mental health interventions Cold compression therapy , to reduce pain and swelling from a sports or activity injury disambig ... more details
Texture compression is a specialized form of image compression designed for storing texture map s in 3D computer graphics rendering systems. Unlike conventional image compression algorithms, texture compression algorithms are optimized for random access . How it works In their seminal paper on http graphics.stanford.edu projects flashg papers texture compression texture compression ref Citation author Andrew Beers coauthors Maneesh Agrawala, Navin Chaddha title Rendering from Compressed Textures journal Computer Graphics, Proc. SIGGRAPH year 1996 pages 373 378 ref , Beers, Agrawala and Chaddha list four features that tend to differentiate texture compression from other image compression techniques. These features are Decoding Speed It is highly desirable to be able to render directly from the compressed texture data and so, in order not to impact rendering performance, decompression must be fast. Random Access Since predicting the order that a renderer accesses texels would be difficult , any texture compression scheme must allow fast random access to decompressed texture data. This tends to rule out image compression schemes such as JPEG or Run length encoding . Compression Rate and Visual Quality In a rendering system, lossy compression can be more tolerable than for other use cases. Encoding Speed Texture compression is more tolerant of asymmetric encoding decoding rates as the encoding ... compression algorithms involve some form of fixed rate lossy compression lossy vector quantization ..., texture compression may also be used to encode other kinds of rendering map, including bump map s and normal mapping surface normal map s. Texture compression may also be used together with other ... texture compression systems are S3 Texture Compression , PVRTC and Ericsson Texture Compression ... of texture compression. See also Related topics Block Truncation coding Vector quantization References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Texture Compression Category Texture compression compu graphics stub ... more details
Other uses Volume disambiguation Unreferenced date December 2009 A volume is a term in data compression for a file that has been compressed and split into different parts. There are many advantages in having a compression utility with the ability for compression into volumes. First, it allows an individual to download the file in segments at his or her own pace. As well if there is a corruption only one volume is affected instead of the whole which can be corrected using parity file s. Second, it allows compression to a volume size compatible with removable media. For example, compressing a backup into 700MB chunks for easy storage on CDs. See also Compression utilities with volume support RAR ARJ 7 Zip PeaZip DEFAULTSORT Volume Compression Category Data compression ru uk ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2010 Silence Compression provides an excellent way to squeeze Data redundancy redundancy out of the sound files. Silence compression scheme is essential for efficient voice communication system. It allows significant reduction of transmission bandwidth during silence period. A Silence compression scheme include a voice activity detection VAD , a silence insertion descriptor SID and a comfort noise generator CNG module. Parameters used for silence compression threshold value the way to encode silence threshold for recognizing start of silence an indication of when silence is over parameter to get threshold, means there is no silence until unless there is three silence in the rows. audio tech stub Category Data compression ... more details
Context date November 2010 Accessibility dispute date January 2011 Signaling compression , or SigComp , is a compression method designed especially for compression of text based communication data as Session Initiation Protocol SIP or RTSP . SigComp had originally been defined in RFC 3320 and was later updated with RFC 4896. A Negative Acknowledgement Mechanism for Signaling Compression is defined in RFC 4077. The SigComp work is performed in the ROHC working group in the transport area of the IETF . General architecture center Image SigComp Architecture.png center Related standards documents RFC 3320 Signaling Compression SigComp RFC 3321 Signaling Compression SigComp Extended Operations RFC 3485 The Session Initiation Protocol SIP and Session Description Protocol SDP Static Dictionary for Signaling Compression SigComp RFC 3486 Compressing the Session Initiation Protocol SIP RFC 4077 A Negative Acknowledgement Mechanism for Signaling Compression RFC 4464 Signaling Compression SigComp Users Guide RFC 4465 Signaling Compression SigComp Torture Tests RFC 4896 Signaling Compression SigComp Corrections and Clarifications RFC 5049 Applying Signaling Compression SigComp to the Session Initiation Protocol SIP RFC 5112 The Presence Specific Static Dictionary for Signaling Compression Sigcomp 3GPP TR23.979 Annex C Required SigComp performance Category Data compression Category Multimedia Category Telecommunications Category VoIP protocols Category Presentation layer protocols fr SigComp ... more details
File Compression test.jpg right thumb 250px Compression test on a universal testing machine Physical compression is the result of the subjection of a material to compressive stress , which results in reduction of volume as compared to an uncompressed but otherwise identical state. The opposite of compression in a solid is tension physics tension . In any medium transmitting waves, the opposite of compression is rarefaction . In simple terms, compression is a pushing force. Explanation Compression has many implications in materials science , physics and structural engineering , for compression yields noticeable amounts of Stress physics stress and tension mechanics tension . By inducing compression, mechanical properties such as compressive strength or modulus of elasticity , can be measured. Scientist s and engineer s may utilize compression machines to measure the resistance of materials and structures to compression. Compression machines range from very small table top systems to ones with over 53 MN capacity. ref Citation last NIST title Large Scale Structure Testing Facility url http www.nist.gov bfrl facilities instruments large scale struct testing fac.cfm accessdate 04 05 2010 postscript . ref In engines Internal combustion engines In internal combustion engine s it is a necessary condition of economy to compress the explosive mixture before it is ignited in the Otto cycle , for instance, the second stroke of the piston effects the compression of the charge which has been drawn into the cylinder by the first forward stroke. Steam engines The term is applied to the arrangement by which the exhaust valve of a steam engine is made to close, shutting a portion of the exhaust ... of the reciprocating parts are lessened. This compression, moreover, obviates the shock which ... compression test Buckling Compression member Longitudinal wave P wave Rarefaction Strength of materials ... compression ... more details
nofootnotes date April 2010 The objective of image compression is to reduce irrelevance and redundancy ... technique Lossy and lossless compression Image compression may be lossy compression lossy or lossless compression lossless . Lossless compression is preferred for archival purposes and often for medical imaging, technical drawings, clip art , or comics. This is because lossy compression methods, especially when used at low bit rate s, introduce compression artifact s. Lossy methods are especially ... loss of fidelity is acceptable to achieve a substantial reduction in bit rate. The lossy compression that produces imperceptible differences may be called visually lossless compression visually lossless . Methods for lossless image compression are Run length encoding used as default method in PCX and as one ... code s Methods for lossy compression Reducing the color space encoding color space to the most ... image processing quantization and entropy coding . Fractal compression . Other properties The best image quality at a given bit rate or compression rate is the main goal of image compression, however, there are other important properties of image compression schemes Scalability generally refers ... compression . Other names for scalability are progressive coding or embedded bitstreams . Despite ... information. Processing power . Compression algorithms require different amounts of processing power to encode and decode. Some high compression algorithms require high processing power. The quality of a compression method often is measured by the Peak signal to noise ratio . It measures the amount of noise introduced through a lossy compression of the image, however, the subjective judgment of the viewer ... Compression at Google Video, from MIT OpenCourseWare http videocodecs.blogspot.com 2007 05 image ... Yliopisto&sivu Image compression A study about image compression Image compression basics and comparing different compression methods like JPEG2000, JPEG and JPEG XR HD Photo http dvd hq.info data ... more details
Image FossilFernLeavesPennsylvanianOhio.jpg thumb Fossil seed fern leaves from the Late Carboniferous of northeastern Ohio . A compression fossil is a fossil preserved in sedimentary rock that has undergone compression physical physical compression . While it is uncommon to find animal s preserved as good compression fossils, it is very common to find plant s preserved this way. The reason for this is that physical compression of the rock often leads to distortion of the fossil. The best fossils of leaf leaves are found preserved in layers of sediment that have been compressed in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the deposited sediment. Since leaves are basically flat, the resulting distortion is minimal. Plant stem s and other three dimensional plant structures do not preserve as well under compression. Typically, only the basic outline and surface features are preserved in compression fossils. Internal anatomy is not preserved. Compression fossils are formed most commonly in ecosystem environment s where fine sediment is deposited, such as in river delta s, lagoon s, along river s, and in pond s. The best rocks in which to find these fossils preserved are clay and shale , although volcanic ash may sometimes preserve plant fossils as well. References Taylor, Thomas N. & Taylor, Edith L. 1993 . The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants . Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall. ISBN 0 13 651589 4. Category Fossils Category Paleontology Category Prehistoric plants paleo stub pt F ssil de compress o ... more details
Chest compression may refer to The prevention of the expansion of the chest , see Asphyxia Compressive asphyxia Compressive asphyxia A technique used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation disambig ... more details
In telecommunication , the term signal compression has the following meanings In analog usually audio systems, reduction of the dynamic range of a Signalling telecommunication signal by controlling it as a function of the inverse relationship of its instantaneous value relative to a specified reference level. Signal compression is usually expressed in decibel dB . Instantaneous values of the input signal that are low, relative to the reference level, are increased, and those that are high are decreased. Signal compression is usually accomplished by separate devices called compressors. It is used for many purposes, such as a improving signal to noise ratios prior to digitizing an analog signal for transmission telecommunications transmission over a digital carrier system , b preventing overload of succeeding elements of a system, or c matching the dynamic ranges of two devices. Signalling telecommunication Signal compression in dB may be a linear or nonlinear function of the signal level across the frequency band radio band of interest and may be essentially instantaneous or have fixed or variable delay times. Signal compression always introduces distortion , which is usually not objectionable, if the compression is limited to a few dB. The original dynamic range of a compressed signal may be restored by a Electronic circuit circuit called an Companding expander . FS1037C MS188 See also Companding Dynamic range compression Further reading http www.atis.org tg2k signal compression.html Definition signal compression http users.ece.gatech.edu vkm nii node36.html Signal Compression http www.ece.ucsb.edu scl Signal Compression Lab UCSB http www.stanford.edu group compression Signal Compression and Classification Group Stanford Category Electronics terms Category Signal processing Category Telecommunications terms he ... more details
mergeto Compression stockings discuss Talk Compression stockings Merger proposal date May 2010 Graduated compression applies a precise amount of pressure greatest at the ankle and gradually decreases that pressure toward the top of the stocking. Proper graduated compression helps to improve circulation and assist in preventing swelling and tired, achy legs and feet. Improper graduated compression can cause reverse compression which can force blood down the leg. Today, graduated compression stocking are available in several styles and colors and can look and feel like everyday hose or socks. Compression Levels Graduated compression is measured in millimeters of mercurcy, abbreviated mmHg. http www.livestrong.com article 41620 compression socks used Most graduated compression hose are available in several different levels of compression. The higher the number, the more compression or pressure is applied to the leg. Common Graduated Compression Levels 10 15 mmHg 15 20 mmHg 20 30 mmHg 30 40 mmHg 40 50 mmHg Uses Medical Graduated compression stocking are often used to help treat medical conditions that cause swelling and or tired, achy legs and feet. http www.veindirectory.org faq compression stockings faq.asp Often a higher level compression is used. Please speak with a medical professional before trying a graduated compression product for a medical condition. Energize Lower levels of graduated compression help to energize tired, achy legs by helping to improve circulation. Those who sit or stand for prolonged periods of time may benefit from energizing graduated compression. Pregnancy During pregnancy legs and feet can feel tired and heavy as well as swell. Graduated compression ... period of time which may cause tired, achy legs. A graduated compression product may help to reduce tiredness in the legs and feet by helping to improve circulation. A 15 20 mmHg compression is recommended for travel. Donning Donning graduated compression hose can be difficult. A donning aide ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 for the physical horizontal and vertical compression of displayed film and video anamorphic Video compression refers to reducing the quantity of data used to represent digital video images, and is a combination of spatial image compression and temporal motion compensation . Video compression is an example of the concept of source coding in Information theory . This article ... , or via satellite TV services. Video quality Most video compression is lossy compression lossy &mdash it operates on the premise that much of the data present before compression is not necessary for achieving ... quality that is generally considered high quality for standard definition video. Video compression is a tradeoff ..., visible and sometimes distracting compression artifact artifacts can appear. Video compression typically ... groups or blocks of pixels are compared from one frame to the next and the video codec video compression ... frame to the next. When more pixels change, the video compression scheme must send more data to keep ... with the same level of detail. The programming provider has control over the amount of video compression ... ray discs, and HD DVD s have video compression applied during their mastering process, though Blu ray and HD DVD have enough disc capacity that most compression applied in these formats is light, when ... image quality, although not in all cases. High bitrate video codecs with little or no compression exist ... of finished videos. Once excessive lossy video compression compromises image quality ... images http www.faqs.org faqs jpeg faq part1 JPEG image compression FAQ, part 1 2 . With temporal compression only the changes from one frame to the next are encoded as often a large number of the pixels will be the same on a series of frames. Lossless compression Some forms of data compression are lossless data compression lossless . This means that when the data is decompressed, the result is a bit for bit perfect match with the original. While lossless compression of video is possible, it is rarely ... more details
as a digital logic circuit, but it could also function as an analog amplifier it shows gain compression at the edges of the diagonal slope, where rounding of the line yields soft clipping. Gain compression ... region. It is a Large signal model large signal phenomenon of circuits. Relevance Gain compression is relevant ... clipping and compression Clipping, as a form of signal compression, differs from the operation of the typical studio audio level compression audio level compressor , in which gain compression is not instantaneous ... operation. Gain compression is not linear and, as such, its effect is one of distortion, due to the nonlinearity ... edges, but will still harmonic distortion have many extra harmonics . CompressionCompression of gain ..., as the input level is increased beyond the linear range of the amplifier, gain compression will occur. A transistor s operating point may move with temperature, so higher power output may lead to compression ... by a proportional increase in output. Thus there is compression of gain. Also, at this time ... compression In intentional compression sometimes called automatic gain control or audio level compression ... input level, the output sine wave will always be the same amplitude. Radio frequency compression Gain compression in RF amps is similar to soft clipping. However, in narrowband systems, the effect looks more like gain compression simply because the harmonics are filtered out after amplification. Many data sheet s for RF amplifiers list gain compression rather than distortion figures because it s easier ... compressed and the harmonic s picking up. Examples of RF compression A low noise linear ... of gain compression. High power loudspeakers A form of gain compression also takes place in loudspeaker ... . See also Third order intercept point Dynamic range compression External links http www.wikirecording.org Compression WikiRecording s Article on Compression Category Audio engineering Category Signal ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2008 Image Compression fitting isolating valve 15mm screwdriver turn.jpg thumb A compression fitting 15 mm isolating valve compression physical Compression fitting s are used ... materials appropriate for the connection. Compression fittings for attaching tubing piping commonly have ferrule s also known as olives in them. Compression fittings are also used extensively for hot and cold water faucets taps and toilet stop valve s compression fittings are well suited to this application ... to solder without creating a fire hazard. Compression fittings are the industry standard for chemical ... The compression fitting is composed of an outer compression nut and an inner compression ring the ring ... tape are inappropriate for use on compression fitting threads while such sealants protect against leaks in normal threaded connections, they serve little purpose in compression fittings and may actually serve to weaken them. The compression of the ferrule rather than the sealing of the threads is the means of sealing the joint in a compression fitting, and extraneous sealants frequently interfere ... the ferrule and the nut. It is important to the integrity of a compression fitting that excessive force ... improperly causing the joint to fail. Indeed, overtightening is the most common cause of leaks in compression ... important component in a compression fitting is the ferrule itself, which is extremely prone to damage ... common types of compression fitting, standard British, type A non manipulative and flare fittings ... Compression fittings are popular because they do not require soldering, so they are comparatively ... and with toxic gases. Compression fittings are especially useful in installations that may require ... source, in particular a soldering torch, is prohibited. Disadvantages Compression fittings are not as robust ... changes . Compression fittings are much more sensitive to these type of dynamic stresses. They are also ... literature pdfs Installation Tips Jointing compression.pdf Jointing Copper Tubes Compression ... more details
Image Lepakshi2.jpg thumb right 150px Columns A compression member is a general class of structural elements of which a column is the most common specific example. Description For a compression member, such as a column, the principal stress comes mainly from axial forces, that is forces that fall along one line, usually the centerline. ref name efunda cite web url http www.efunda.com formulae solid mechanics columns intro.cfm title Compression member publisher accessdate 2007 01 08 ref The loading capacity of a short column is determined by strength limit of the material. The strength of a column of intermediate size is limited by its degree of inelasticity. A long column is constrained by the elastic limit that is by amount of buckling . ref name efunda See also Arch Brown truss List of structural elements Truss Notes references External links http www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com dxreader opendxreader.asp?chapterid p2000a1fb9970525001 Columns and other compression members http www.sandsmachine.com ac comp.htm Bicycle compression members http pubsindex.trb.org document view default.asp?lbid 731981 Numerical load numbers for reinforced concrete compression members Category Columns and entablature element arch stub cs Podp rn l nek ... more details
In telecommunication , the term bandwidth compression has the following meanings The reduction of the Bandwidth computing bandwidth needed to transmit a given amount of data in a given time . The reduction of the time needed to transmit a given amount of data in a given bandwidth. Note Bandwidth compression implies a reduction in normal bandwidth of an information carrying signal information theory signal without reducing the information content of the signal. This can be accomplished with data compression techniques. Source from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL STD 188 See also Modem Increasing speeds telecomm term stub Category Telecommunications terms ... more details
In computing , solid compression refers to a method for data compression of multiple files, wherein all the compressed files are concatenated and treated as a single data block. Such an archive is called a solid archive. It is used natively in the 7z ref cite web url https www.edenwaith.com support guitar help man 7za.html title 7za man page accessdate 2010 01 24 quote ms on solid archive on ref and RAR ref cite web title RAR Frequently Asked Questions FAQ url http pot pourri.fltr.ucl.ac.be files ARCH RAR FAQ.TXT accessdate 2010 01 24 ref formats, as well as indirectly in Tar file format tar based formats such as code .tar. gzip gz code and code .tar. bzip2 bz2 . code By contrast, the ZIP file format ZIP format is not solid because it stores separate compressed files even though solid compression can be portably ZIP file format Advantages and disadvantages emulated . The term is ostensible because the data is compressed as a single solid block, rather than as individual files. Explanation Compressed file formats often feature both compression storing the data in a small space and file archiver archiving storing multiple files and metadata in a single file . One can combine these in two natural ways compress the individual files, and then archive into a single file archive into a single data block, and then compress. The order matters these operations do not Commutativity commute , and this latter is solid compression. In Unix, compression and archiving are traditionally separate operations, which allows one to understand this distinction compressing individual files and then archiving would be a code tar code of code gzip code ed files this is very uncommon, while archiving ... compression. Rationale Benefits Solid compression allows for much better compression rates when ..., some of the data sometimes even all data after the damaged part can be unusable depending on the compression ... Solid Compression Category Data compression de Progressive Kompression it Compressione solida ru ... more details
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