About ocean floor the 2001 song by Audio Adrenaline Lift Audio Adrenaline album The seabed also known as the seafloor , sea floor , or ocean floor is the bottom of the ocean . At the bottom of the continental slope is the continental rise, which is caused by sediment cascading down the continental slope . The seabed has been explored by submersibles such as DSV Alvin Alvin and, to some extent, scuba divers with special apparatuses. The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is seafloor spreading and the continental slope . The List of acronyms and initialisms M MB acronym mbsf meaning metres below the seafloor is a convention used for depths below the seafloor. ref cite journal last Flood first Roger D. coauthors Piper, D.J.W., Klaus, A., and Peterson, L.C. Eds. year 1997 title PREFACE DEPTH BELOW SEAFLOOR CONVENTIONS journal Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results quote we follow Ocean Drilling Program ODP meters below seafloor mbsf convention volume 155 page 3 ref ref cite book url http ebooks.cambridge.org chapter.jsf?bid CBO9780511541490&cid CBO9780511541490A018 title Sulphate reducing Bacteria Environmental and Engineered Systems Edited by Larry L. Barton University of New Mexico last Parkes first R. John coauthors Henrik Sass year 2007 work Sulphate reducing Bacteria Environmental and Engineered Systems publisher Cambridge University Press pages 329 358 accessdate 11 June 2010 doi 10.1017 CBO9780511541490.012 quote metres below the seafloor mbsf ref See also refbegin 2 Black smoker Bottom trawling Methane clathrate Manganese nodule Petrological Database of the Ocean Floor PetBD Research vessel Seafloor massive sulfide deposits Sediment Profile Imagery SPI Abyssal plain Human outpost refend References Reflist External links Wiktionary http oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Ocean Explorer www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Public outreach ... oceaniczne pt Relevo oce nico ro Fundul m rii ru simple Seabed sv Havsbotten zh ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 The Fundus is the seabed in a tidal river below low water mark. This can be owned by the foreshore owner area between high and low water mark and may require permission and rent if used for laying a mooring or putting down crab or lobster pots. DEFAULTSORT Fundus Seabed Category Coastal geography geo term stub coastal geography ... more details
Seabed classification based on acoustic properties can be divided into two main categories seabed surface and seabed sub surface. Seabed surface classification is concerned primarily with distinguishing habitat characteristics e.g. hard, soft, mud , sand , clay , Cobble geology cobble to the sampled area. The seabed class can be combined with other Acoustics acoustically or other method derived information about the area, such as fish distribution and abundance or vegetation characteristics, to establish habitat groups based on the associations. Sub surface seabed classification is commonly referred to as Sub bottom profiling and is generally used for Geology geological assessment of the sub surface characteristics, down to hundreds of meters, as necessary in the exploration for oil deposit s. References Seabed Surface http icesjms.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 65 6 1004 Acoustic seabed classification current practice and future directions http www.hydro international.com files productsurvey v pdfdocument 26.pdf Sediment Classification Software 2009 http stinet.dtic.mil cgi bin GetTRDoc?AD ADA398417&Location U2&doc GetTRDoc.pdf Acoustic Seabed Classification Systems 2001 http www.biosonicsinc.com doc library docs bottom classification.pdf Bottom Classification http www.ices.dk iceswork asc 2004 abstracts abstracts T.pdf Acoustic Seabed Classification Applications in Fisheries Science and Ecosystem Studies Resources Seabed Surface http www.sonavision.co.uk pages seabed classification menu.html RoxAnn Seabed Classification System http www.ices.dk iceswork wgdetail.asp?wg SGASC ICES Study Group on Acoustic Seabed Classification http www.biosonicsinc.com resources case studies applications.cfm Case Studies and References for Lakes, Rivers & Marine http www.biosonicsinc.com echosounder products dtx series bottom classification.html BioSonics VBT Seabed Classification ... echoplus.aspx?nav products ECHOplus seabed discrimination Category Oceanography ... more details
Infobox NZ Legislation short title Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 long title The Act gives effect to the object stated in section 3 by a vesting the full legal and beneficial ownership of the public foreshore and seabed in the Crown and b providing for the recognition and protection of ongoing customary rights to undertake or engage in activities, uses, or practices in areas of the public foreshore and seabed and c enabling applications to be made to the High Court to investigate the full extent of the rights that may have been held at common law, and, if those rights are not able to be fully expressed as a result of this Act, enabling a successful applicant group i to participate in the administration of a foreshore and seabed reserve or ii to enter into formal discussions on redress and d providing for general rights of public access and recreation in, on, over, and across the public foreshore and seabed and general rights of navigation within the foreshore and seabed. introduced by date passed royal assent 24 November 2004 commencement amendments related legislation status Current The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 is Act of the Parliament of New Zealand . It arose out of, and further fueled, the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy . It is proposed to be replaced by the Marine and Coastal Area Takutai Moana Bill . ref name FRAUD cite news title Foreshore replacement bill a fraud url http www.nzherald.co.nz nz news article.cfm?c id 1&objectid 10692490 accessdate 6 December 2010 newspaper The New Zealand Herald date 6 December 2010 ref See also New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy References Reflist External links http www.legislation.govt.nz act public 2004 0093 latest whole.html?search ts act foreshore and seabed noresel DLM319839 Text of the Act DEFAULTSORT Foreshore And Seabed Act 2004 Category M ori politics Category New Zealand Statutes Category 2004 in New Zealand Category 2004 in law Category Aboriginal title in New Zealand NewZealand gov stub ... more details
no footnotes date February 2011 File Seabed Arms Control.png thumb 500px legend 008000 Treaty in force legend 00FF00 Treaty signed, but not yet ratified The Seabed Arms Control Treaty or Seabed Treaty is a multilateral agreement between the United States , Soviet Union , United Kingdom , and 84 other countries banning the emplacement of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction on the ocean floor beyond a 12 mile 22.2 km coastal zone. It allows signatories to observe all seabed activities of any other signatory beyond the 12 mile zone in order to ensure compliance. The full name of the treaty is the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof . Like the Antarctic Treaty , the Outer Space Treaty , and the Nuclear Weapon Free Zone treaties, the Seabed Arms Control Treaty sought to prevent the introduction of international conflict and nuclear weapons into an area hitherto free of them. Reaching agreement on the seabed, however, involved problems not met in framing the other two agreements. In the 1960s, advances in the technology of oceanography and greatly ... fears that nations might use the seabed as a new environment for military installations, including those ... , on December 18, 1967, established an ad hoc committee to study ways of reserving the seabed for peaceful purposes, with the objective of ensuring that the exploration and use of the seabed and the ocean ... of all mankind. The Committee was given permanent status the following year. At the same time, seabed ... of weapons of mass destruction on the seabed and ocean floor and pointed out that an agreement ... a chance to start. The Seabed Arms Control Treaty was opened for signature in Washington, London .... See also International Seabed Authority External links wikisource http www.nti.org e research official docs inventory pdfs . 5Captseabd.pdf Text of the treaty http www.fas.org nuke control seabedSeabed ... more details
Image weblogo.gif right The International Seabed Authority ISA lang fr Autorit internationale des fonds ... in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, an area underlying most ... 24 October 1996 title Observer status for the International Seabed Authority in the General Assembly ... in seabed mineral exploration and the land based producers of minerals found on the seabed. The Authority ... them to explore, and eventually exploit, specified areas on the deep seabed for mineral resources ... Nii Allotey Odunton of Ghana Secretary General of Seabed Authority Adopts 12,516,500 Budget for 2009 ... for specific seabed areas in which they were authorized to explore for polymetallic nodules. In 2006 ... Ocean. ref http www.isa.org.jm en scientific exploration Exploration Areas International Seabed ... 14Sess Cncl ISBA 14C 11.pdf Statement of the President of the Council of the International Seabed Authority ... mcode Mining Code International Seabed Authority. Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic ... Seabed Authority to the Eighteenth Meeting of States Parties to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law ... organizes annual workshops on various aspects of seabed exploration, with emphasis on measures to protect ... Pacific nodule province, with emphasis on predicting and managing the impacts of deep seabed mining ... flow in the abyssal Pacific nodule province predicting and managing the impacts of deep seabed mining ... Seabed Authority s workshop on polymetallic nodule mining technology current status and challenges ahead. Document ISBA 14 C 7, prepared by the Secretariat. ref Contrary to early hopes that seabed mining ... be derived from seabed mining, and he noted that technologies being developed for offshore extraction ... 2.pdf Report of the Secretary General of the International Seabed Authority under article 166, paragraph .... ref In its preamble, UNCLOS defines the international seabed area the part under ISA jurisdiction as the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction ... more details
Refimprove date November 2008 update date March 2011 The New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy ... s foreshore and seabed , with many M ori people M ori groups claiming that M ori have a rightful ... by the Crown. The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 Foreshore and Seabed Act was enacted on the 24th ... decision The foreshore and seabed controversy was sparked when, on the 19th of June 2003, New Zealand ... title over areas of New Zealand s foreshore and seabed in the M ori Land Court. The Court of Appeal ... and seabed. At the same time, however, the government was strongly attacked by the opposition ... for M ori to be consulted over matters relating to the foreshore and seabed. The National Party ... sovereignty . Ongoing debate Image Forshore and Seabed Hikoi.JPG thumb right 320px The hikoi on Cambridge ... was showing strong favouritism to M ori, both in the foreshore and seabed debate and in many other ... of the seabed and foreshore would be vested solely in the Crown , ending the concept of public domain ... 2004, the Labour Progressive government passed the Foreshore and Seabed Act, which declared that the land ... and seabed bill passed its first reading first vote in Parliament on the 7th of May 2004, backed by Labour ... Deputy Prime Minister , Michael Cullen , told Parliament that the bill safeguards the seabed and foreshore ...?Opendocument report on March 12, 2005 stating that the foreshore and seabed legislation ... over the foreshore and seabed, and by not providing a means of redress. Tariana Turia and the M ori ... policy. Situation following the controversy The foreshore and seabed issue, as part of the larger ... made through the act was ratified by Ngati Porou and the Crown in October 2008 see First foreshore and seabed ... the Foreshore and Seabed issue was central to his visit, discussions also related to Treaty of Waitangi ... in a number of areas, including the Foreshore and Seabed Act, which it recommended should ... introduced a Private Member s Bill designed to repeal the Foreshore and Seabed Act. ref name repeal ... more details
Summary Information Description dark in force light signed only Source I User Alinor Alinor User talk Alinor talk created this work entirely by myself. Date 15 22, 24 July 2010 UTC Author User Alinor Alinor User talk Alinor talk other versions Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL migration redundant ... more details
Offshore Survey is a specific discipline of Hydrographic survey primarily concerned with the description of the condition of the seabed and the condition of the subsea oilfield infrastructure that interacts with it. geology stub Category Hydrography ... more details
Image Hikoi FS.JPG 400px thumb right The Foreshore and seabed controversy Foreshore and seabed Hikoi approaching the New Zealand Parliament. The red black and white flags represent Tino Rangatiratanga . Hikoi is a term of the Maori language of New Zealand generally meaning a protest march or parade, usually implying a long journey taking days or weeks. The most famous hikoi was the 1975 M ori land march the length of the North Island from Cape Reinga to the New Zealand Parliament in Wellington , organised by the late Dame Whina Cooper , although the term hikoi did not enter New Zealand English until after that date. A large hikoi was organised during the 2004 Foreshore and seabed controversy in opposition to the nationalisation of New Zealand s foreshore and seabed along the coastline. For maximum visibility, the marchers travelled on foot through cities and towns and in motor vehicles in rural areas. A hikoi with between 5,000 and 7,000 participants took place in Auckland on 25 May 2009, following the National government s indication that it would not heed a Royal Commission recommendation that the proposed Auckland Council council for the Auckland supercity include dedicated Maori seats. http ihiaotearoa.wordpress.com See also M ori protest movement Maori stub Category M ori politics Category Protests in New Zealand ... more details
dablink This article is about sailing . For other uses of the term, see Turtle disambiguation . In dinghy sailing , a boat is said to be turtling when the boat is fully inverted with the mast pointing down to the seabed. An air pocket can form underneath the turtled boat. References Refimprove date August 2006 Sailing manoeuvres Category Nautical terms ... more details
The Guaymas Basin is a submarine depression geology depression located on the seabed in the central area of the Gulf of California . It is the largest such basin in the Gulf. The basin results from the activity of one of the several spreading centers in the Gulf. The basin is linked to the Carmen Fault to the south, and the Guaymas Fault to the north. References Category Geology of Mexico ... more details
orphan date October 2008 Ice scour is a geological term for long, narrow ditches in a seabed , created by the collision of fast ice and pack ice and the grounding of iceberg s. Synonyms include ice gouging , ice ploughing , ice score and keel scour . This phenomenon is common along the northern coast of Alaska and in the Bering Sea along its costal waters. It may also refer to ice sheet s in the intertidal , which upon movement of the ice, creates physical abrasion and possible dislodgment of marine organisms. Regions of the seabed reshaped by ice scour have been linked to the formation of black pools, seabed depressions filled with Hypoxia environmental anoxic high salinity water which are death traps for small marine organisms. ref http www.int res.com articles meps 162 m162p001.pdf Black pools of death hypoxic, brine filled ice gouge depressions PDF R.G.Kvitek, K.E.Conlan & P.J.Iampietro, Marine Ecology Progress Series 1998 ref References references Category Glaciology Category Oceanography geol stub ocean stub ... more details
Pockmarks are crater s in the seabed caused by fluids gas and liquids erupting and streaming through the sediments. Pockmarks were discovered off the coasts of Nova Scotia , Canada in the late 1960s by Lew King and Brian McLean of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography . As pockmarks are uncommon on the land surface, and they were not expected in the ocean. They were discovered off Nova Scotia, using a new side scan sonar developed in the late 1960s by Kelvin Hughes. The craters off Nova Scotia are up to 150 m in diameter and 10 m deep. Pockmarks have been found worldwide. ref Judd, Alan and Martin Hovland, Seabed Fluid Flow The Impact on Geology, Biology and the Marine Environment, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978 0521819503 ref ref Hovland, Martin, Seabed Pockmarks and Seepages Geological Ecological and Environmental Implication, Springer, 1988, ISBN 978 0860109488 ref Discovery was aided by the use of high resolution multibeam acoustic systems for bathymetric mapping. In these cases, pockmarks have been interpreted as the morphological expression of gas or oil leakage from active hydrocarbon system or a deep overpressured petroleum reservoir . See also Limnic eruption Demersal fish References Reflist Category Sedimentology Category Oceanography Category Lakes geology stub de Pockmark ... more details
Nii Allotey Odunton , a mining engineer from Ghana, is Secretary General of the International Seabed Authority , serving a four year term from January 1, 2009. Odunton has had more than 20 years of experience in the International Civil Service, with progressively increased responsibilities in marine resource policy formulation, particularly marine mineral resources. Since the establishment of the Authority in 1996 he has concurrently held several positions there at the policy making level, as Deputy to the Secretary General, head of the ISA Office of Resources and Environmental Monitoring, Interim Director General of the Enterprise the Authority s seabed mining arm, not yet operational and Secretary of the Authority s Assembly. He has conceptualized and convened technical workshops of the Authority, on topics such as deep seabed polymetallic nodule exploration, the development of environmental guidelines, and proposed technologies for deep seabed mining of nodules. He earned a Master of Science degree in Mineral Economics and Mine Finance from the Henry Krumb School of Mines 1974 , Columbia University. He then had a brief stint with private industry, spending a year 1974 75 as a Mine Planning Officer with the Bethlehem Steel Corporation at its Rose Mine, Morgantown, Pennsylvania . Odunton first became associated with the United Nations in 1974, when he and two university colleagues ... and use of seabed resources. Odunton subsequently 1984 88 held several other positions in the Department ... 85.II.A.3. New York UN, 1985. Analysis of processing technology for manganese nodules . Seabed Minerals ... Nations, 1986. Selection of Sites for Seabed Manganese Nodule Processing Plants . Seabed Minerals ... Seabed Authority and for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, he served as Deputy ... Office for the Law of the Sea in Kingston, Jamaica , where the Preparatory Commission met and the Seabed ... Seabed Authority, Press Release SB 14 17, 5 June 2008. http www.isa.org.jm files documents EN ... more details
Wiktionary Fundus Latin for bottom is an anatomical term referring to the portion of an organ opposite from its opening. Examples include Fundus stomach Fundus of gallbladder Fundus uterus Fundus eye Fundus camera for photographing the interior of the eye. Fundus of the urinary bladder Fundus seabed Fundus brain Fundus diencephalon disambig de Fundus sk Fundus sh Fundus ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 On a nautical chart , the drying height is the vertical distance of the seabed that is exposed by the tide , above the level of the sea at the lowest astronomical tide . On admiralty chart s a drying height is distinguished from a depth by being underlined. DEFAULTSORT Drying Height Category Cartography Geo term stub ... more details
Image Antarctic shelf ice hg.png thumb Sketch of the Antarctic coast with glaciological and oceanographic processes, showing ice rises within ice shelf Fowler Ice Rise coord 77 30 S 78 0 W scale 2000000 display inline,title is a very large Antarctica Antarctic ice rise between Evans Ice Stream and Carlson Inlet , in the southwest part of Ronne Ice Shelf . The feature appears to be completely ice covered except for Haag Nunataks , which protrude above the surface in the northwest portion. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey USGS Landsat imagery taken 1973 74, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names US ACAN for Capt. Alfred N. Fowler , USN Ret. , Commander, U.S. Naval Support Force , Antarctica, 1972 74. An ice rise is a clearly defined elevation of the otherwise totally flat ice shelf , typically dome shaped and rising 100 to 200 meters above the surrounding ice shelf. An ice rise forms where the ice shelf touches the rocky seabed because of an elevation in the seabed that remains below sea level. In contrast, an elevation in the seabed that extends above sea level is defined as an island . The ice shelf flows over the seabed elevation, completely covering it with ice, thereby forming an ice rise. The resulting tension forms crevasse s around the ice rise. An island within and totally covered by the ice shelf, may appear the exactly the same as an ice rise. Elaborate measurements may be required to distinguish between these two geographic features. Although ice rises are typically located within the ice shelf area, they can partially face the open sea. Ice rises are found only on the ice shelves of Antarctica , mostly on Ronne Ice Shelf. usgs gazetteer WAntarctica geo stub Category ice shelves of Antarctica ... more details
ocean habitat topics image Stingray.jpg caption This bluespotted ribbontail ray lives in the demersal zone on or just above the seafloor Unreferenced date March 2009 The demersal zone is the part of the sea or ocean or deep lake comprising the water column that is near to and is significantly affected by the seabed and the benthos . The demersal zone is just above the benthic zone and forms a layer of the larger profundal zone. See also Demersal fish DEFAULTSORT Demersal Zone Category Oceanography ocean stub sv Demersala zonen ... more details
The deep scattering layer is the name given to a layer in the ocean consisting of a variety of marine animals. It was discovered through the use of sonar , as ships found a layer that scattered the sound and was thus sometimes mistaken for the seabed . For this reason it is sometimes called the false bottom . It can be seen to rise and fall each day in keeping with diel vertical migration . See also Diel vertical migration External links http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 155504 deep scattering layer http www.coexploration.org bbsr classroombats html body vertical migration.html ocean stub Category Oceanography ... more details
Image Trilobite2.jpg thumb right An example of a Trilobite from the Asaphida order. Bettonolithus is a Trilobite of the Order biology Order Asaphida . It is in the family Trinucleidae . ref http www.fossilmall.com Science Trilobites asaphida Bettonolithus chamberliaini Bettonolithus.htm ref Fossil specimens have been found in the Lower Ordovician rocks of Gilwern Hill, Powys Gilwern Hill in Powys , Wales . Anatomy Anatomical evidence suggests this Trilobite sifted organic matter on the seabed . References reflist Category Paleontology ... more details
The Pescadero Basin is a submarine depression located on the seabed at the southern end of the Gulf of California . The basin results from the activity of one of the several spreading centers in the Gulf. The basin is linked to the Pescadero Fault to the south, and the Atl Fault in the north. References http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2003AGUFM.T31E0885S Continent Ocean Transition Across the Alarcon Basin, Gulf of California from Seismic Reflection and Refraction Data , Sutherland et al 2003 Category Geology of Mexico ... more details
The Carmen Basin is a submarine depression geology depression located on the seabed at the southern end of the Gulf of California . The basin results from the activity of one of the several spreading centers in the Gulf. The basin is linked to the Farallon Fault to the south, and the Carmen Fault in the north. References http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2003AGUFM.T31E0885S Continent Ocean Transition Across the Alarcon Basin, Gulf of California from Seismic Reflection and Refraction Data , Sutherland et al 2003 Category Geology of Mexico ... more details
Seal Cove Fault is a right lateral moving seismic fault located on the seabed just offshore of northern California , with some portions coming ashore right along the cliffs near Moss Beach in western San Mateo County, California San Mateo County . It is a major branch of the San Andreas Fault . References reflist California Faults Category Seismic faults of California Category Natural history of San Mateo County, California ... more details
in the Law of the Sea and was elected to the Finance Committee of the International Seabed Authority ref cite book title International Seabed Authority handbook page 16 year 2005 publisher International Seabed Authority oclc 62112681 ref in Kingston, Jamaica . He has authored and co authored ... of the International Seabed Authority which is the organization through which 159 State Parties and the European Union administer the resources of the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of national ... more details
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