Scientificdataarchiving refers to the long term storage of scientificdata and methods. The various scientific journals have differing policies regarding how much of their data and methods scientists ... datasets which cannot easily be replicated independently. Dataarchiving is more important in some fields than others. In a few fields, all of the data necessary to replicate the work is already available in the journal article. In drug development, a great deal of data is generated and must be archived so researchers can verify that the reports the drug companies publish accurately reflect the data. The requirement of dataarchiving is a recent development in the history of science . It was made possible by advances in information technology allowing large amounts of data to be stored and accessed ... policy on dataarchiving in 1993, about three years after the beginning of the WWW . ref Policy on Referencing Data in and ArchivingData for AGU Publications http www.agu.org pubs data policy.html ref . This policy mandates that datasets cited in AGU papers must be archived by a recognised data center it permits the creation of data papers and it establishes AGU s role in maintaining data archives. But it makes no requirements on paper authors to archive their data. Prior to dataarchiving, researchers who wanted to evaluate or replicate a paper would have to request data and methods information from the author. The science community expects authors to Data sharing Science share supplemental ... the information. The need for dataarchiving and due diligence is greatly increased when the research ... that aggregate published data for the use of the scientific community. Therefore, before publication ... In the United States, the National Science Foundation NSF is tightening requirements on dataarchiving ... caused by lack of dataarchiving In heart research Dr. Ram Singh, a cardiologist practicing in India ... archival of data. In general, the tradition of science has been for publications to contain sufficient ... more details
unsourced date November 2010 A ScientificData Management System SDMS is a specialized information system for electronic record management for most types of analytical data and documentation which ensures long term data preservation, accessibility, and retrieval. See also Data management Laboratory informatics Further reading Valle, Mario 2009, December 11 What is ScientificData Management? Retrieved November 4, 2010, from http personal.cscs.ch mvalle sdm index.html Elliott, Michael H. 2010 Considerations for Management of Laboratory Data. Retrieved November 4, 2010, from http www.scientificcomputing.com considerations for management.aspx?terms lims Category Data management ... more details
ScientificData Systems , or SDS , was an United States American computer company founded in September 1961 by Max Palevsky , a veteran of Packard Bell and Bendix , along with eleven other computer scientists. SDS was an early adopter of integrated circuit s in computer design and the first to employ silicon transistors . The company concentrated on larger scientific workload focused machines and sold many machines to NASA during the Space Race . Most machines were both fast and relatively low priced. The company was sold to Xerox in 1969, but mismanagement and dwindling sales caused Xerox to close the division in 1975 at a loss of hundreds of millions of dollars. During the Xerox years the company was officially Xerox Data Systems , or XDS . History Throughout the majority of the 1960s the US computer market was dominated by Snow White IBM and the Seven Dwarves, NCR Corporation NCR , Burroughs Corporation Burroughs , Control Data Corporation , General Electric , Honeywell , RCA and UNIVAC . SDS entered this well developed market and soon carved out their own niche, a surprising development. Much of this success was due to the use of silicon based transistors in their earliest designs, the 24 bit SDS 910 and SDS 920 which included a hardware integer multiplier. These are arguably the first commercial systems based on silicon, which offered much better performance for no real additional ... allowed computer operation codes to be interpreted by software code. See ScientificData Systems, http ... ScientificData Systems The Sigma Family Introducing Sigma from ScientificData Systems ... in 1961 Category Companies disestablished in 1984 fr ScientificData Systems ... bit words, programs in a single pass without the need for magnetic tape secondary storage. For scientific ... had little to do with scientific computing and more with word processing and business services. The company ... SDS went out of business in 1984. Known users Although initially intended as a Scientific Computer ... more details
Self archiving involves depositing a free copy of a digital document on the World Wide Web in order to provide Open access publishing open access to it. The term usually refers to the self archiving of peer ... and citation impact . Self archiving is one of two general methods for providing open access. It is sometimes ... 30. http users.ecs.soton.ac.uk harnad Temp impact.html ref Self archiving was first explicitly proposed ... self archiving by authors of preprint and or postprint versions of their papers. ref name RoMEO Green Publishers Stats SHERPA RoMEO. 2010 . Chart illustration for 788 publishers by archiving policy . Statistics on publishers copyright policies & self archiving. Retrieved from http www.sherpa.ac.uk ... Libraries http www.eprints.org self faq Self Archiving FAQ Answers to most of the questions you might have about self archiving. There is also a Glossary of Terms in case you find yourself wading in jargon. http www.sherpa.ac.uk romeo.php Publisher copyright policies & self archiving http www.eprints.org signup fulllist.php Registry of Open Access Repository Material Archiving Policy ROARMAP http ... in the World http self archiving.me Information about Self Archiving http www.sherpa.ac.uk romeo Publisher copyright policies & self archiving database Berners Lee, T., De Roure, D., Harnad, S. and Shadbolt, N. 2005 Journal publishing and author self archiving Peaceful Co Existence and Fruitful ... and How it Increases Research Citation Impact. IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin 28 4 pp. 39 47. http ... of Scientific Inquiry. Psychological Science 1, no. 6 342 344. http cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk ... Scientific Quality Control in Scholarly Electronic Journals. In Scholarly Publishing The Electronic ... Through Author Institution Self Archiving Maximizing Research Impact by Maximizing Online Access ... to Peer Reviewed Research through Author Institution Self Archiving Maximizing Research Impact by Maximizing ... University Research Impact through Self Archiving. JCOM Journal of Science Communication 2, no. 4 ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Personal archiving is a branch of Family History , genealogy , and archival science . Family historians are engaged in capturing their own living history to leave as a legacy for future generations. ref Nick Barratt s guide to your ancestors lives p272 ISBN 184884056 x ref This branch of family history is allied to the growth in activities such as photograph and record scanning which seek to preserve materials beyond their original life. Form and Motivation Individuals involved in personal archiving consider all media to be relevant sources as long as this relates to the life, memories and experiences of a person, but a majority of the material is written, photographic, audio or video in nature. Those experiences can relate to their lives, those of living relatives or ancestors. Those engaged in this practice also see their life experiences as a potential source of historical and cultural record, as well as being able to re live those moments personally. Many see the digital age as bringing an opportunity to leave a richer legacy for future generations. Conducting Personal archiving Choose an online or offline repository to store memories, experiences and living history, where it will be secured for future generations Gather existing material, files, documents, scans, photographs, into one a place and decide what you think is worth preserving and naming. Choose a categorization or organization method. Use preservation safe measures to secure your materials so that they last for posterity. Invite other family members to join and add to the archive making a family repository. From materials that you have uploaded you can make interesting representations like timelines, timecapsules photo galleries for yourself and ancestors. Begin capturing ongoing material, writing your memories, events and experiences, allowing you to leave a written legacy. References ref Cox, Richard. http d scholarship.pitt.edu 2692 1 CoxOfficialSubmissionRevision.pdf ref Reflist ... more details
opt to implement an email archiving solution include protection of mission critical data, record retention ... September 2008 Mergefrom Electronic message journaling date June 2008 Email archiving is a stand alone ... produced by Radicati Group in October 2009 estimated the world wide market for e mail archiving marketing ... .site news Stock 20News 2566994 The Radicati Group, Inc. Releases E Mail Archiving Market, 2009 2013 Study ref Overview Email Archiving is the process of capturing, preserving, and making easily searchable all email traffic to and from a given individual, organization, or service. Email archiving ... and attachments, some email archiving applications can also archive additional aspects of a mailbox .... Objectives of Email Archiving There are many motivations for enterprises or end users to invest in an Email Archiving solution, including Regulatory compliance Litigation and Legal Discovery E mail ... www.securitiesindustry.com supplements 19 15 21818 1.html E Mail Archiving Growth Fueled by Federal Rule Changes ref . A proper email archiving system allows companies to meet regulatory, and or business ... downloads e GDPdU.pdf Principles of data access and of digital documents GDPdU ref United Kingdom ... PD0010, BSI DISC PD0012 Data Protection Act 1998 Freedom of Information Act 2000 United States FDA ... communications used in business. Litigation and Legal Discovery For legal discovery , email archiving ... policies. When retention periods expire, email is automatically deleted by the archiving application. Without email archiving, email likely exists on some combination of backup tapes and on end ... point older data must be removed from the production email system so that they can maintain a level of performance for their primary use, exchange of email messages. Email archiving solutions improve ... for E Mail Active Archiving Gartner http www.usdatavault.com library email archiving best practices.pdf Best Practices Email Archiving by Forrester Research http www.internetnews.com storage article.php ... more details
Web Archiving Initiatives class wikitable style background CC99FF rowspan 2 Name style background CC99FF ... http pandora.nla.gov.au http pandora.nla.gov.au ref Australia 1996 PANDORA Digital Archiving ...?page english ref Iceland 2004 Heritrix , Wayback Machine Japan Web Archiving Project ref name Web Archiving Project http warp.da.ndl.go.jp http warp.da.ndl.go.jp ref Japan 2004 Heritrix , Solr. Previously Wget, Accela BizSearch 10 2 Launched in April 2004 as a pilot project, WARP Web Archiving ... Japan1 doc2.pdf ref National Library of Korea OASIS Online Archiving & Searching Internet Sources ref name National Library of Korea OASIS Online Archiving & Searching Internet Resource http www.oasis.go.kr ... 2001 Own system based on Oracle DBMS and specialized search engine IRS that performs data management .... br Selective web archiving 3 full time staff. br Technical services 1 staff member responds to technical ... Digital Heritage Archive various staff members respond to web archiving issues as they arise. National ..., are partner libraries all over Switzerland. NTU Web Archiving System, NTUWAS ref name NTU Web Archiving ..., Search, and Access Tools. Commercial web archiving services and appliances, for government and corporations ... UK 2004 ATN Service 4 2 Technical side of our web archiving operation is contracted out to the Internet ... developed by the Internet Archive 12 http www.reedtechwebarchiving.com Reed Technology Web Archiving Services ref name Reed Technology Web Archiving Services http www.reedtechwebarchiving.com http www.reedtechwebarchiving.com ref USA 2010 TrueArchive&trade Technology Reed Technology Web Archiving Services ... ref USA 2005 Archive it service 3 Latin American Web Archiving Project ref name Latin American Web Archiving Project http lanic.utexas.edu project archives http lanic.utexas.edu project archives ref USA 2005 Archive it service Web Archiving Project for the Pacific Islands ref name Web Archiving Project .... Web Archiving Service from California Digital Library WAS service ref name Web Archiving Service from ... more details
Image Pacs1.jpg thumb 200px right An image as stored on a picture archiving and communication system PACS Image Pacs2.jpg thumb 200px right The same image following contrast adjustment, sharpening and measurement tags added by the system In medical imaging , electronic picture archiving and communication systems PACS have been developed in an attempt to provide economical storage, rapid retrieval of images ... . ref Choplin, R., 1992 . Picture archiving and communication systems an overview. Radiographics ... data, such as scanned documents, may be incorporated using consumer industry standard formats like ... to deliver timely and efficient access to images, interpretations, and related data. PACS breaks ... on the controller. Data stored on disk may also be backed up to tape or optical media or copied, in real ... data. That is, it should support all digital modalities, in all departments, throughout the enterprise ... Information System RIS . There are several data flowing into PACS as inputs for next procedures ... for examination. These data are sent from HIS to RIS via integration interface, in most of hospital ..., preventing data entry errors during acquisition. Once the acquisition is complete, the PACS can compare the embedded image data with a list of scheduled studies from RIS, and can flag a warning if the image data does not match a scheduled study. Data saved in the PACS can be tagged ... Duerinckx AJ, Pisa EJ. Filmless Picture Archiving and Communication System PACS in Diagnostic Radiology ... picture archiving and communication systems a survey of clinical users of radiology services journal ......63L USC IPILab Research Article on Backup DEFAULTSORT Picture Archiving And Communication System ... Archiving and Communication System es Picture Archiving and Communication System fa fr Picture archiving and communication system ko it Picture archiving and communication system nl Picture Archiving and Communication System no Picture archiving and communication ... more details
The UK Web Archiving Consortium UKWAC is a consortium of six leading UK institutions working collaboratively on a pilot operation web archivingarchiving selected UK websites. UKWAC consists of the British Library , the Joint Information Systems Committee JISC , the National Archives UK , the National Library of Wales , the National Library of Scotland , and the Wellcome Library . Consortium members started to archive selected websites in 2005 using PANDAS software, developed by the National Library of Australia once appropriate permissions have been obtained from website owners relevant to their interests. For example, the Wellcome Library focusses on collecting medical sites, whilst the National Library of Wales collects sites that reflect life in contemporary Wales. The British Library has a broad policy to collect sites of cultural, historical and political importance to the UK. Once sites have been archived, catalogued and checked for completeness, they are made freely accessible through the UK Web Archive website. Users are able to search the archive by keyword or URL, or browse using broad subject headings. Within the Archive there are Special Collections of archived sites grouped as representative of a particular event, or topic. The Consortium itself was wound up in 2010, and the role of UKWAC as a focus for web archiving in the UK has been absorbed by the Digital Preservation Coalition as its Web Archiving and Preservation Task Force. The work of selective archiving continues, and the results are publicly available in the UK Web Archive, and in the public archives of the Consortium s former members. As of December 2010 the UK Web Archive contains about 8,000 titles and about 32,000 instances of these titles 6 monthly snapshots of each web site for which permission ... Library http www.dpconline.org about working groups and task forces 524 web archiving and preservation task force Digital Preservation Coalition Web Archiving and Preservation Task Force ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Quadriga is a commercial audio archiving workstation for the automated mass transfer of legacy sound carriers to digital storage systems. The unique aspect of the system lies in the real time inspection of the audio during the transfer process, statistical reports of which are generated and stored with other meta data within the resulting audio file. History Traditional Broadcasting broadcast and sound archives have proven over the years to be extremely labor intensive to maintain and manage. This is due in part to the personnel intensive nature of the extremely important quality control process associated with maintaining the highest possible technical standards. As broadcasting migrated from analog to digital technology, broadcasters were forced to digitize analog assets something that has been on going since the early 1990 s. This transition from single sound carriers to everlasting digital data in the form of sound files represents the evolution from the past to the future a significant step towards higher quality and more accessible sound archives. Unlike most analog media, digital sound files can be stored in large scale file servers, which are accessible via the broadcasters network, and or via the internet. The most critical stage in the process is the original transfer from the analog to the digital domain, and failure to execute this properly significantly compromises the integrity of the archive. This fact forced broadcasters and archives to seek out technology that would be capable of managing the analog to digital transfer process, while maintaining the highest possible level of quality control. To this end, a sophisticated hardware and software based solution called Quadriga was developed in 1998 by Bremen , Germany based Cube Tec .... The quality reports, in addition to other meta data information such as source sound carriers and historical data are maintained as part of the digital sound file. Quadriga is compatible ... more details
Fieldwork Metadata Scientificdataarchiving Statistics Datastructure div col end References FOLDOC ... day. Citation needed date February 2011 In scientific writing data is often treated as a plural ... to data generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording. Field ...dablink For data in a computer science context, see Data computing . For other senses of the word, see Data disambiguation . See also datum , a disambiguation page. pp move indef Editors please keep the count mass discussion and etymology in the body, not the intro. The term data refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable mathematics variable or set of variables. Data plural of datum are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graph data structure graph s, image s, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data , i.e. unprocessed data, refers ... that collect information to convert physical quantities into symbols. Etymology The word data pron ... . It is derived from ancient Persian word data . In discussions of problems in geometry , mathematics , engineering , and so on, the terms givens and data are used interchangeably. Also, data is a representation of a fact, figure, and idea. Such usage is the origin of data as a concept in computer science data are numbers, words, images, etc., accepted as they stand. Usage in English Weasel date ... data are measured. Any measurement or result is a datum , but data point is more common, ref cite ... . Both datums see usage in datum geodesy datum article and the originally Latin plural data are used as the plural of datum in English, but data is commonly treated as a mass noun and used with a verb ... the data from the experiment . This usage is inconsistent with the rules of Latin grammar and traditional English These are all the data from the experiment . Even when a very small quantity ... more details
otheruses Data disambiguation Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa or DATA was a multinational Non governmental organization non government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 s Bono along with Robert Sargent Shriver III Bobby Shriver and activist s from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign. DATA was created for the purpose of obtaining social equality equality and justice for Africa through debt relief , adjusting trade rules which burden Africa, eliminating the AIDS in Africa African AIDS epidemic, strengthening democracy , more accountability by the wealthiest nations and African leaders and Transparency humanities transparency towards the people. In 2007, DATA and Bono were jointly awarded the National Constitution Center s 2007 Liberty Medal for their groundbreaking efforts to address the AIDS crisis and extreme poverty in Africa. Start up funds came from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , financier George Soros , and technology entrepreneur Edward W. Scott . ref cite news url http www.time.com time printout 0,8816,1142270,00.html title The Constant Charmer author Josh Tyrangiel date 2005 12 19 work Time Magazine ref In 2007, DATA and the ONE Campaign decided to join forces, and in January 2008, they formally merged under the name ONE. ref cite news url http www.reuters.com article idUSN2953856520071029 title Bono s U.S. based anti poverty groups to merge author Lesley Wroughton date 2007 10 29 work Reuters ref DATA received support from the Christian rock Alternative rock bands Switchfoot and Third Day . References references External links http www.one.org ONE official site Category International nongovernmental organizations Category HIV AIDS in Africa Category Organizations founded by Bono int org stub de Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa it DATA vi DATA ... more details
The NHS Picture Archiving and Communications System is a medical picture archiving and communications system run by NHS Connecting for Health for the English National Health Service . See also N3 NHS External links http www.connectingforhealth.nhs.uk systemsandservices pacs Category National Health Service Category Medical imaging Category Telehealth Category Health informatics NHS stub ... more details
Infobox OS name Scientific Linux logo Image Scientific linux logo.svg 100px Scientific Linux logo screenshot Image ScientificLinux60.png 250px caption Scientific Linux 6.0 s default GNOME desktop collapsible ... latest release version 6.0 latest release date release date 2011 03 03 marketing target Scientific ... www.scientificlinux.org updatemodel Yellow dog Updater, Modified Yum PackageKit Scientific Linux ... official release was on May 10, 2004. At the release of Scientific Linux 3.0.1, CERN joined in the collaboration and became co developers of Scientific Linux. Scientific Linux includes software suited for scientists and people working with scientificdata. This includes FITS libraries, Graphviz , and R programming language R . Version history Historical releases of Scientific Linux are the following. class wikitable caption Scientific Linux caption style background efefef Year month date style background efefef Number Official style background efefef Name 2004 05 10 Scientific Linux 3.0.1 Feynman 2004 06 21 Scientific Linux 3.0.2 Feynman 2004 10 01 Scientific Linux 3.0.3 Feynman 2005 02 11 Scientific Linux 3.0.4 Feynman 2005 04 20 Scientific Linux 4.0 Beryllium 2005 07 25 Scientific Linux 3.0.5 Feynman 2005 08 06 Scientific Linux 4.1 Beryllium 2005 11 22 Scientific Linux 4.2 Beryllium 2006 05 08 Scientific Linux 4.3 Beryllium 2006 05 26 Scientific Linux 3.0.7 Feynman 2006 10 09 Scientific Linux 4.4 Beryllium 2006 10 31 Scientific Linux 3.0.8 Feynman 2007 05 04 Scientific Linux 5.0 Boron 2007 06 25 Scientific Linux 4.5 Beryllium 2007 10 12 Scientific Linux 3.0.9 Legacy 2008 01 16 Scientific Linux 5.1 Boron 2008 03 12 Scientific Linux 4.6 Beryllium 2008 06 26 Scientific Linux 5.2 Boron 2008 09 03 Scientific Linux 4.7 Beryllium 2009 03 19 Scientific Linux 5.3 Boron 2009 07 28 Scientific Linux 4.8 Beryllium 2009 11 04 Scientific Linux 5.4 Boron 2010 05 19 Scientific Linux 5.5 Boron 2011 03 03 Scientific Linux 6.0 Carbon See also Portal Free software Red Hat Enterprise Linux , the commercial ... more details
interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, Scientificdataarchiving archive and Data sharing Science share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny ... gone before. Scientificdataarchiving can be done at a number of national archives in the U.S. or in the World Data Center . Models of scientific inquiry Main Models of scientific inquiry Classical ... statistics reliability of these data to be established. TOC limit limit 3 Introduction to scientific method See also History of scientific method Timeline of the history of scientific method ... here Scientific method refers to a body of Scientific technique technique s for investigating phenomenon ... harvnb Goldhaber Nieto 2010 page 940 ref To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based ... Book 3 , The System of the World . ref The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is a method ... of hypotheses. ref Oxford English Dictionary entry for scientific . ref Although procedures vary from one fields of science field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations ..., to predict future results. Scientific theory Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry ..., in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context. Scientific ... state to a new scientific method which was fashioned almost entirely by Galileo Galilei 1564 1642 ... in the history of scientific method development of scientific method , the emphasis has been on seeking ... in a straight line. Scientific methodology has been practiced in some form for at least one thousand ... Whewell Whewell s three steps of induction every step in scientific method . It is not enough to base scientific method on empiricism experience alone ref ...the statement of a law A depends on B always transcends experience. harvnb Born 1949 p 6 ref multiple steps are needed in scientific method ... more details
Mergefrom Digital scientific echosounder discuss Talk Digital scientific echosounder Merge proposal date April 2009 A scientific echosounder is a device which uses SONAR technology for the measurement of underwater physical and biological components this device is also known as scientific SONAR . Applications include bathymetry , seabed substrate classification , studies of Alga aquatic vegetation , fish , and plankton , and differentation of water mass es. Technology Scientific echosounder equipment is built to exacting standards and tested to be stable and reliable in the transmission and receiving of sound energy under the water. Recent advances have led to the development of the digital scientific echosounder , further enhancing the reliability and precision with which these systems operate. Modern scientific echosounders are reliable, portable, and relatively easy to use. Data collected with a scientific echosounder can be analyzed for the presence, abundance, distribution and acoustic characteristics of such variables as depth bathymetry , bottom substrate class e.g., sand, mud, rock , submersed aquatic vegetation SAV , and water column scattering fish and plankton . Resulting analysis can be used to generate GIS data layers for these variables. Applications Scientific echosounders are commonly used by International, Federal, State and Local government and management agencies, as well as private sector consultants working for these public agencies. Academic institutions have realized and are teaching the value of sampling non invasively with sound to enhance both the spatial coverage and objectivity of fisheries sampling. Fisheries management agencies such as the membership of ICES and the United States National Marine Fisheries Service NMFS commonly use scientific sonar for stock assessment purposes, such as herring biomass assessment for resource management purposes. More recently, the acoustic data collected has been valuable in underwater habitat assessment ... more details
Refimprove date October 2009 A scientific law or scientific principle is a concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relation that expresses a fundamental principle of science, like Newton s law of universal gravitation . A scientific law must always apply under the same conditions, and implies a causal relationship between its elements. The law must be confirmed and broadly agreed upon through the process of inductive reasoning . As well, scientific fact factual and well confirmed statements like Mercury is liquid at standard temperature and pressure are considered to be too specific to qualify as scientific laws. A central problem in the philosophy of science , going back to David Hume , is that of distinguishing scientific laws from principles that arise merely accidentally because of the constant conjunction of one thing and another. ref Citation contribution Laws, natural or scientific editor last Honderich editor first Bike title Oxford Companion to Philosophy pages 474 476 publisher Oxford University Press place Oxford year 1995 isbn 0 19 866132 0 ref A law differs from a scientific theory in that it does not posit a mechanism or explanation of phenomena it is merely a distillation of the results of repeated observation. As such, a law is limited in applicability to circumstances resembling those already observed, and is often found to be false when extrapolated. Ohm ... to strain physics strain below the elastic limit , etc. The term scientific law is traditionally associated with the natural sciences , though the social sciences also contain scientific laws. ref Ehrenberg ... become obsolete if they are found in contradiction with new data, as with Bode s law or the biogenetic ... laws Hypothesis Law principle Theory Scientific theory References reflist philosophy of science Category Scientific method Category Philosophy of science Category Principles science stub bs Nau ni ... simple Scientific law ckb fi Tieteellinen laki tr Kanun bilim zh ... more details
Refimprove date October 2009 Cleanup date October 2009 Scientific realism is, at the most general level ... centers primarily on the status of unobservables unobservable entities apparently talked about by scientific theory theories . Generally, those who are scientific realists assert that one can make reliable ... features of scientific realism Scientific realism involves two basic positions. First, it is a set of claims about the features of an ideal scientific theory an ideal theory is the sort of theory ... to note that one might be a scientific realist regarding some sciences while not being a realist ..., and not toward economics, psychology and sociology. According to scientific realism, an ideal scientific theory has the following features The claims the theory makes are either true or false .... This is the semantic commitment of scientific realism. The entities described by the scientific ... of scientific realism. There are reasons to believe some significant portion of what the theory ... entails that an ideal scientific theory says definite things about genuinely existing entities. The third .... Scientific realism usually holds that science makes progress, i.e. scientific theories usually get successively better, or, rather, answer more and more questions. For this reason, many people, scientific ... of theories being successively more like the ideal theory that scientific realists describe. Characteristic claims The following claims are typical of those held by scientific realists. Due to the wide disagreements over the nature of science s success and the role of realism in its success, a scientific realist would agree with some but not all of the following positions. ref citation title Scientific ... The best scientific theories are at least partially true. The best theories do not employ central ... predictive success. Even if a theory employs expressions that do not have a reference, a scientific theory may be approximately true. Scientific theories are in a historical process of progress towards ... more details
and experimental approaches. Most models of scientific change rely on new data produced by scientific ...Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the scientific community community of scientist s in a Scientific discipline particular field of study. Consensus implies general agreement, though not necessarily unanimity . Scientific consensus is not by itself a scientific argument, and it is not part of the scientific method . Nevertheless, consensus may be based on both scientific arguments and the scientific method. ref http www.greenfacts.org glossary abc consensus.htm ... and Peter Bearman, http asr.sagepub.com content 75 6 817.full.pdf html The Temporal Struture of Scientific ... December 2010. ref On occasion, scientific institutes issue position statements intended to communicate a summary of the science from the inside to the outside of the scientific community. In cases where ... is can be quite straightforward. Scientific consensus may be invoked in popular or political debate ... the scientific community, such as evolution ref Cite web title Statement on the Teaching of Evolution ... can change over time There are many philosophical and historical theories as to how scientific consensus changes over time. Because the history of scientific change is extremely complicated, and because there is a tendency to project winners and losers onto the past in relation to our current scientific consensus, it is very difficult to come up with accurate and rigorous models for scientific change ... prove a scientific theory, but a single experiment could disprove one, all scientific progress should ... of finding empirical data that the current theory could not account for, indicating its falseness ... authorlink Karl Popper title The Logic of Scientific Discovery year 1934 edition 2002 pages publisher ... Kuhn , who argued instead that experimental data always provide some data which cannot fit completely into a theory, and that falsification alone did not result in scientific change or an undermining ... more details
about the concept of scientific evidence in pure science the legal term Scientific evidence law Original research date October 2010 Scientific evidence has no universally accepted definition but generally refers to evidence which serves to either support or counter a science scientific theory or hypothesis . Such evidence is generally expected to be empirical and properly documented in accordance with scientific ... to the support or negation of a hypothesis Fact date October 2007 . Scientific evidence is evidence ... observers may find different meaning in scientific evidence from the same event. ref Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolution 1962 . ref For example, Joseph Priestley Priestley , working ... of Scientific Revolution, 2nd Ed. 1970 . ref Note that a causal relationship between the facts ... of scientific evidence Philosophers, such as Karl R. Popper , have provided influential theories of the scientific method within which scientific evidence plays a central role. ref Karl R. Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1959 . ref In summary, Popper provides that a scientist creatively ... public pdf.nsf lookup sciman00.pdf file sciman00.pdf Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence , 2nd Ed. 2000 , p. 71. Accessed May 13, 2007. ref See falsificationism for more on this view of scientific evidence. Philosophic versus scientific views of scientific evidence The Philosophic community has invested extensive resources to address logical requirements for scientific evidence by examination of the relationship between evidence and hypotheses, in contrast to scientific approaches which ... II Symposia Papers. Sep., 2000 , pp. S194. ref William Bechtel Bechtel , as an example of a scientific approach, provides factors clarity of the data, replication by others, consistency with results ... if facts rise to the level of scientific evidence. ref William Bechtel, Scientific Evidence Creating ... of the probability of the data given the model should be minimized. ref Paul M. B. Vit nyi and Ming ... more details
Image Rayleigh Taylor instability.jpg thumb 280px A scientific visualization of an extremely large simulation ... 8, 2007 ref Scientific visualization ise vs ize also spelled scientific visualisation is an interdisciplinary ... Data Visualization biological , etc. , where the emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes ... of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization . ref History Image ... of the earliest examples of three dimensional scientific visualisation was Maxwell s thermodynamic ... 2002 , http books.google.com books?id JbNK9lRLHPEC&pg PA148 The Scientific Letters and Papers of James ... This prefigured modern scientific visualization techniques which use computer graphics . ref cite journal ... cholera outbreak . ref name MF08 Scientific visualization topics Image PET MIPS anim.gif thumb ... thumb right Scientific visualization of Fluid Flow Surface waves in water Image FIRST measurement ... issues create new opportunities for the scientific visualization community. ref name LR94 Lawrence J. Rosenblum ed. 1994 . Scientific Visualization Advances and challenges . Academic Press. ref ... in a strictly defined language or data structure. It would contain geometry, viewpoint, texture ... used to display a 2D projection of a 3D discretely Sampling signal processing sampled data set . A typical 3D data set is a group of 2D slice images acquired by a computed axial tomography ... data storage. Advances in hardware and software are generalizing volume visualization as well as real time performances . ref name LR94 Scientific visualization applications This section will give a series of examples how scientific visualization can be applied today. ref All examples both images ... In the natural sciences gallery Image Star formation.jpg Star formation ref The data used to make ... the molecular rendering shown in the featured visualization. The original data was taken from the Protein Data Bank and turned into a VTK file before rendering. In geography and ecology gallery Image ... more details
dablink This article talks about the general structure of the production and use of scientific literature ... and search engines . refimprove date August 2009 Scientific literature comprises scientific publication ... science s, and within a scientific field is often abbreviated as the literature . Academic publishing is the process of placing the results of one s research into the literature. science Scientific research on original work initially published in scientific journal s is called primary literature .... Types of scientific publications Scientific literature can include the following kinds of publications scientific articles published in scientific journal s patent s specialized for science and technology ... by a government agency such as the NTSB scientific publications on the World Wide Web books, technical ... of publication as a preprint or scientific report on the web has in the past been low, but in some ... day to day records of scientific information are kept in research notebooks or logbooks. These are usually ..., notarized, and archived. The purpose is to preserve the evidence for scientific priority, and in particular for priority for obtaining patents. They have also been used in scientific disputes. Since the availability of computers, the notebooks in some data intensive fields have been kept as database ... one. In preparing such an article vigorous rules for scientific writing have to be followed. Clear communication and impact factor see also Impact factor Copy editing Often, scientific advancement ... when trying to publish in these journals, regardless of the quality of the scientific study ... English to a level that high impact journals will accept. Authorship The nature of the content A scientific ... of the article. The names and affiliation of all authors are given. In the wake of some scientific misconduct .... ref Scientific fraud Responsibility of authors and of coauthors ref The first part is normally ... so that formal reference can be made to them in future scientific publication. The lack of an established ... more details
Image FX 77.JPG thumb Solar power ed scientific calculator Image Pythagoras.gif thumb practical use of a calculator Image Sine ratio.gif thumb practical use of a calculator A scientific calculator is a type ... and professional settings. In certain contexts such as higher education, scientific calculators have been superseded by graphing calculator s, which offer a superset of scientific calculator functionality along with the ability to graph input data and write and store programs for the device. There is also some overlap with the financial calculator market. Functions Modern scientific calculators generally ... differs between manufacturers and models however, the defining features of a scientific calculator include scientific notation floating point arithmetic logarithm ic functions, using both base 10 and base ... such as pi and E mathematical constant e In addition, high end scientific calculators will include ... scientific models have traditionally used a single line display similar to traditional pocket calculators ... displays similar to those found on graphing calculator s. Uses Scientific calculators are used widely ... using simple formatting tools. History The first scientific calculator that included all of the basic ... Wang LOCI 2 and the Mathatronics Mathatron had some features later identified with scientific ... and the world s first handheld scientific calculator. ref http www.ieee.org about news 2009 14april 1.html HP 35 Scientific Calculator Awarded IEEE Milestone ref Like some of HP s desktop calculators .... HP continues to develop and market high end scientific calculators, like the HP 35s HP 35s and HP .... Texas Instruments , after the introduction of several units with scientific notation, came out with a handheld scientific calculator on January 15, 1974 in the form of the SR 50. ref http datamath.org ... market, with their long running TI 30 series being one of the most widely used scientific ... Casio FX 1 Desktop Scientific Calculator Bot generated title ref being a very common brand, used ... more details
A scientific instrument can be any type of equipment, machine, apparatus or device as is specifically ... or enable the pursuit, acquisition, transduction and storage of repeatable, verifiable data, usually ... procedures as are firmly based upon the scientific method and long accepted tenants of experimental design. Scientific instruments are part of laboratory equipment, but are considered more sophisticated ..., conditions, parameter adjustments and data sampling, collection, resolution, analysis both during ... spectra libraries through the World Wide Web for results comparisons and advanced data analysis ... and images, consultation and peer review. Some scientific instruments can be quite large in size, like ... to the list of the realm of scientific instrument applications and research, with much of the activity ... and provide highly precise medication delivery mechanisms. Scientific instruments can be found ... of scientific instruments for lists of astronomical instruments List of telescope types List of astronomical ... List of scientific instruments manufacturers http www.acumenlabware.com Acumen Labware , India 454 ... of America Bruker Biosciences Corporation Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company , United Kingdom http ... Techtron , Melbourne, Australia Thermo Fisher Scientific , United States of America http www.tismotech.com ... instruments.net Scientific Instruments , United States of America List of scientific instruments designers See also List of astronomical instrument makers Category Scientific instrument makers Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers William Jones optician Jones, William Petrus Jacobus ... Sch ner Sch ner, Johannes Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach Von Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich History of scientific ... Whipple Museum of the History of Science Types of scientific instruments Optical instrument Electronic ... See also tron , a suffix to denote a complex scientific instrument, like in cyclotron , phytotron , synchrotron , ... Category Scientific instruments es Instrumento cient fico fr Instrument ... more details
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