Wiktionary The word schema comes from the Greek word skh ma , which means shape, or more generally, plan . The plural is skh mata . In English, both schemas and schemata are used as plural forms. Schema may refer to Conceptual model Model abstract Diagram Schematic , a diagram that represents the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols In computer science XML schema , a way to define the structure, content and, to some extent, the semantics of XML documents Database schemaSchema genetic algorithms , a set of programs or bit strings that have some genotypic similarity usually specified by a template Axiom schema , a rule describing a set of statements in formal logic In science Schema Kant , in philosophy the referencing of a category to a sense impression through time Schema psychology , a mental set or representation Image schema , a recurring pattern of spatial sensory experience SCHEMA bioinformatics , an algorithm used in protein engineering to identify fragments of proteins that can be recombined without disturbing the integrity of the proteins three dimensional structure In Electrical Engineering Electrical schematic , a wiring diagram of an electrical circuit Schema may also refer to Great Schema , a degree of Orthodox monasticism Stereotype , a set of associated behaviors See also Scheme disambiguation disambig Category Greek loanwords cs Sch ma da Skema de Schema el fr Sch ma ko it Schema he nl Schema ja ru sv Schema olika betydelser uk ... more details
The T schema or truth schema not to be confused with Convention T is used to give an inductive definition of truth which lies at the heart of any realisation of Alfred Tarski s semantic theory of truth . The T schema is often expressed in natural language , but it can be formalized in many sorted predicate logic or modal logic such a formalisation is called a T theory . T theories form the basis of much fundamental work in philosophical logic , where they are applied in several important controversies in analytic philosophy . As expressed in semi natural language where S is the name of the sentence abbrivated to S S is true if and only if S Example snow is white is true if and only if snow is white. The inductive definition By using the schema one can give an inductive definition for the truth of compound sentences. Atomic sentences are assigned truth value s disquotationally. For example, the sentence Snow is white is true becomes materially equivalent with the sentence snow is white , i.e. snow is white is true if and only if snow is white. The truth of more complex sentences is defined in terms of the components of the sentence A sentence of the form A and B is true if and only if A is true and B is true A sentence of the form A or B is true if and only if A is true or B is true A sentence of the form if A then B is true if and only if A is false or B is true see material implication . A sentence of the form not A is true if and only if A is false A sentence of the form for all x, A x is true if and only if, for every possible value of x , A x is true. A sentence of the form for some x, A x is true if and only if, for some possible value of x , A x is true. See also Principle of bivalence Law of excluded middle External links http plato.stanford.edu entries tarski truth Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Tarski s Truth Definitions http plato.stanford.edu entries self reference Matt sema Self reference 2.1 Consequences of the Semantic Paradoxes in Stanford ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Context date October 2009 In computer science , schema evolution refers to the problem of evolving a database schema to adapt it to a change in the modeled reality. The problem is not limited to the modification of the schema. It, in fact, affects the data stored under the given schema and the queries and thus the applications posed on that schema. Until recently the design of a database was expected to create a one size fits all schema capable of accepting every future change in the requirements, thus, schema evolution was not considered. This assumption, almost unrealistic ... in traditional settings . ref Cite web url http yellowstone.cs.ucla.edu schema evolution index.php Schema Evolution Benchmark title Schema Evolution Benchmark Schema Evolution publisher yellowstone.cs.ucla.edu accessdate 2010 07 29 ref Due to this historical heritage the process of schema evolution ... is the impact of the schema evolution on queries and applications. As shown in ref name curino iceis2008 ... , journal ICEIS , title Schema Evolution in Wikipedia toward a Web Information System Benchmark , url http carlo.curino.us documents2 curino schema evolution.pdf year To appear 2008 , ref which provides ... operating on the schema, that must be manually reworked consequently. The problem has been recognized ... ref The support for Schema Evolution, is a difficult problem involving complex mapping among schema ... underlying the schema evolution remains almost inaccessible to the large public. Related works A rich bibliography on Schema Evolution is collected at http se pubs.dbs.uni leipzig.de pubs results taxonomy 3A100 UCLA university carried out an analysis of the MediaWiki Schema Evolution http yellowstone.cs.ucla.edu schema evolution index.php Schema Evolution Benchmark Schema Evolution Benchmark PRISM, a tool to support graceful relational schema evolution http yellowstone.cs.ucla.edu schema evolution index.php Schema Evolution Tool Prism schema evolution tool PRIMA, a tool supporting transaction ... more details
Citations missing article date March 2007 Essay like date December 2007 Physical Schema is a term used in relation to data management. In the American National Standards Institute ANSI four schema architecture, the internal schema was the view of data that involved data management technology. This was as opposed to the external schema that reflected the view of each person in the organization, or the conceptual schema that was the integration of a set of external schemas. Subsequently the internal schema was recognized to have two parts The logical schema was the way data were represented to conform to the constraints of a particular approach to database management. At that time the choices were hierarchical and network. Describing the logical schema, however, still did not describe how physically data would be stored on disk drives. That is the domain of the physical schema . Now logical schemas describe data in terms of relational tables and columns , object oriented classes , and XML tags . A single set of tables, for example can be implemented in dozens of different ways, up to and including the architecture where some rows are on a computer in Cleveland and others are on a computer in Warsaw . This is the physical schema. DEFAULTSORT Physical Schema Category Data management database stub ja ... more details
dablink This article is about XML schemas in general. For information on the W3C recommended schema language for XML, see XML Schema W3C . An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically ... is native to the XML specification, is a schema language that is of relatively limited capability, but that also has other uses in XML aside from the expression of schemas. Two more expressive XML schema languages in widespread use are XML Schema W3C XML Schema with a capital S and RELAX NG . The mechanism for associating an XML document with a schema varies according to the schema language. The association ... There is some confusion as to when to use the capitalized spelling Schema and when to use the lowercase spelling. The lowercase form is a generic term and may refer to any type of schema, including DTD, XML Schema aka XSD , RELAX NG, or others, and should always be written using lowercase except when appearing at the start of a sentence. The form Schema capitalized in common use in the XML community always refers to XML Schema W3C W3C XML Schema . Validation The process of checking to see if an XML document conforms to a schema is called XML validation validation , which is separate ... schema. DTD validating Parsing parser s are most common, but some support W3C XML Schema or RELAX NG as well. Documents are only considered valid , if they satisfy the requirements of the schema with which ... of an instance document against a schema can be regarded as a conceptually separate operation from XML parsing. In practice, however, many schema validators are integrated with an XML parser. XML schema languages Document Content Description facility for XML, an Resource Description Framework RDF ... DDML Document Schema Definition Languages DSDL Document Structure Description DSD Document Type Definition DTD Namespace Routing Language NRL RELAX NG and its predecessors RELAX and TREX Schema for Object Oriented XML SOX Schematron SGML XDR Schema XML Data Reduced XDR XML Schema W3C XML Schema ... more details
Context date October 2009 In database lore, a schema object is a logical Database storage structures data storage structure . ref cite book first1 Lance last1 Ashdown author1 link first2 Tom last2 Kyte ... February publisher Oracle Corporation location isbn quote A database schema is a logical container for data structures, called schema objects. Examples of schema objects are tables and indexes. ref ... s. The term schema can have other meanings when talking about non Oracle databases. This article discusses the Oracle use of the term. For other uses of schema in a database context, such as a graphical representation of tables and other objects in a database, see database schema . In an Oracle database, associated with each database user is a schema. Citation needed date April 2010 A schema comprises a collection of schema objects. Examples of schema objects include Table database tables View ..., non schema objects may include ref cite book first1 Lance last1 Ashdown author1 link first2 Tom ... in a schema. These objects include database users, roles, contexts, and directory objects. ref users roles contexts directory objects Schema objects do not have a one to one correspondence to physical files on disk that store their information. However, Oracle database s store schema objects logically ... can contain objects from different schemas, and the objects for a single schema can be contained ... www.csee.umbc.edu help oracle8 server.815 a67781 c08schem.htm Schema Objects in Oracle 8i Regarding Microsoft Active Directory schema objects Microsoft MSDN http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ms675085 VS.85 .aspx Active Directory Schema Microsoft TechNet http technet.microsoft.com en us library cc739086 WS.10 .aspx Understanding Schema Microsoft TechNet Magazine http technet.microsoft.com en us magazine 2008.05.schema.aspx?pr blog Extending the Active Directory Schema References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Schema Object Category Data modeling soft eng stub ... more details
orphan date February 2010 The Access to Biological Collections Data ABCD schema is a highly structured data exchange and data access access data model model for taxon occurrence data specimens, observations, etc. of living organisms , i.e. primary biodiversity data. External links http www.tdwg.org activities abcd http www.codata.org http www.wfcc.nig.ac.jp NEWSLETTER newsletter36 a6.pdf the ABCD database schema Category Bioinformatics bioinformatics stub DEFAULTSORT Abcd Schema ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A Logical Schema is a data model of a specific problem domain expressed in terms of a particular data management technology. Without being specific to a particular database management product, it is in terms of either relational tables and columns, object oriented classes, or XML tags. This is as opposed to a conceptual data model , which describes the semantics of an organization without reference to technology, or a physical data model , which describe the particular physical mechanisms used to capture data in a storage medium. The next step in creating a database , after the logical schema is produced, is to create the physical schema . DEFAULTSORT Logical Schema Category Data management database stub de Schema Informatik ja ru ... more details
The star schema also called star Join SQL join schema , data cube , or multi dimensional schema is the simplest style of data warehouse Logical schemaschema . The star schema consists of one or more fact table s referencing any number of Dimension data warehouse dimension tables . The star schema is considered an important special case of the snowflake schema , and is more effective for handling simpler ... sold. There may be multiple fact tables in a star schema. Dimension tables , which are usually smaller ... dimension or all of them, not on combinations of a few dimensions. Benefits The star schema is a way ... a star schema is its simplicity for users queries are never complex because the only joins and conditions ... to other tables that are possible in a better normalized snowflake schema . Example Image Star schema example.png 300px thumb right Star schema used by example query. Consider a database of sales, perhaps from a store chain, classified by date, store and product. The image of the schema to the right is a star schema version of the sample schema provided in the snowflake schema article. code Fact.Sales ..., relating to one of the columns viewed as rows in the example schema of the code Fact.Sales code table ... reflist See also Snowflake schema External links http ciobriefings.com Publications WhitePapers DesigningtheStarSchemaDatabase tabid 101 Default.aspx Designing the Star Schema Database by Craig Utley http opensourceanalytics.com 2006 04 28 sales data mart dimensional model for retail Star Schema for Retail Sales http c2.com ppr stars.html Stars A Pattern Language for Query Optimized Schema http www.dwoptimize.com 2007 06 aiming for stars.html Star schema optimizations http datawarehouse4u.info Data warehouse schema architecture fact constellation schema.html Fact constellation schema http ... warehouse DEFAULTSORT Star Schema Category Data warehousing Category Data modeling de Sternschema es Esquema en estrella fr toile mod le de donn es ko it Schema a stella ja pt Esquema ... more details
Image Mediawiki dbschema.svg thumb A depiction of MediaWiki database schema. A database schema pronounced ... of database schema is a set of formulas sentences that specify integrity constraints imposed on the database ... conceptual schema are transformed into an explicit mapping, the database schema. This describes how real world entities are modeled in the database. A database schema specifies, based on the database ... of interest to the possible end user s. ref name source3 The notion of a database schema plays ... to a database, which can be seen at any instant of time as a mathematical object . Thus a schema ... source1 In a relational database , the schema defines the Table database tables , Field computer science ... database synonym s, database link s, Directory file systems directories , Java , XML schema s, and other elements. Schemata are generally stored in a data dictionary . Although a schema is defined ... structure. In other words, schema is the structure of the database that defines the objects in the database. In an Oracle Database system, the term schema has a slightly different connotation. For the interpretation used in an Oracle Database, see schema object . Levels of database schema Conceptual schema , a map of concepts and their relationships. Logical schema , a map of entities and their attributes and relations Physical schema , a particular implementation of a logical schemaSchema object , Oracle database object Ideal requirements for schema integration Completeness All information in the source data should be included in the database schema. ref name source2 Overlap preservation Each of the overlapping elements specified in the input mapping is also in a database schema relation ... s overlapping elements are passed through to the database schema. ref name source2 Normalization ... not be grouped together in the same relation in the database schema. In particular, source specific schema elements should not be grouped with overlapping schema elements, if the grouping co locates ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Dicdef In evolutionary computing such as genetic algorithms and genetic programming , propagation refers to the inheritance of characteristics of one generation by the next. For example, a Schema genetic algorithms schema is propagated if individuals in the current generation match it and so do those in the next generation. Those in the next generation may be but don t have to be children of parents who matched it. References Cite web title Foundation of Genetic Programming url http www.cs.ucl.ac.uk staff W.Langdon FOGP 2002 Cite web title Schema Propagation in Evolution Programs url http www.ubka.uni karlsruhe.de vvv 2005 wiwi 4 4.pdf 2006 Category Evolutionary computation Category Computing terminology Comp sci stub Soft eng stub ... more details
Context date October 2009 XML Data Reduced XDR was a schema language for specifying and validating XML documents. In January 1998, Microsoft , the University of Edinburgh and others submitted a proposal for an XML schema language called XML Data to the World Wide Web Consortium. XML Data Reduced was a subset of XML Data, with some corrections and amendments submitted in July 1998. ref http www.ltg.ed.ac.uk ht XMLData Reduced.htm XML Data reduced ref The XML Schema XML Schema W3C effort in the World Wide Web Consortium W3C received several other proposals, and while the final result has some similarities to the XDR proposal, it is significantly different. XDR was implemented in SQL Server 2000 and Biztalk Server 2001. Once the XML Schema Definition was finalised in 2001, Microsoft products and tools added support for it, and XDR was gradually phased out. MSXML Microsoft XML Core Services provided XDR schema support from versions 2.0 up to but not including version 6.0 ref http msdn2.microsoft.com en us library ms757825 VS.85 .aspx Version and Conformance Bot generated title ref . See also XML Schema Language Comparison Comparison of other XML Schema languages not XDR . List of XML Schemas list of XML schemas in use on the Internet sorted by purpose External links http msdn2.microsoft.com en us library ms256049.aspx XDR Schema Data Types Reference References Reflist Category XML compu storage stub ... more details
Image Snowflake schema.png 350px thumb right The snowflake schema is a variation of the star schema, featuring normalization of dimension tables. A snowflake schema is a Logical schema logical arrangement ... diagram resembles a snowflake in shape. The snowflake schema is represented by centralized fact table s which are connected to multiple Dimension data warehouse dimensions . The snowflake schema is similar to the star schema . However, in the snowflake schema, dimensions are Normalization database normalized into multiple related tables, whereas the star schema s dimensions are denormalized with each ... of a snowflake schema are elaborate, having multiple levels of relationships, and the child tables ... to employ a star schema or a snowflake schema should consider the relative strengths of the database ... the dimension tables, as compared with a star schema. Some database developers compromise by creating an underlying snowflake schema with View database views built on top of it that perform many of the necessary joins to simulate a star schema. This provides the storage benefits achieved through the normalization of dimensions with the ease of querying that the star schema provides. The tradeoff ... the dimensions will already exist and will typically be normalized. A snowflake schema will therefore be easier to implement. A snowflake schema can sometimes reflect the way in which users think about data. Users may prefer to generate queries using a star schema in some cases, although this may or may ... within a simple star schema. This is particularly common in data mining of customer databases, where ... was first designed. Examples Image Snowflake schema example.png 300px thumb right Snowflake schema used by example query. The example schema shown to the right is a snowflaked version of the star schema example provided in the star schema article. The following example query is the snowflake schema equivalent of the star schema example code which returns the total number of units sold by brand ... more details
The term self schema refers to the beliefs and ideas people have about themselves. These beliefs are used to guide and organize information processing, especially when the information is significant to the self. Self schemas are important to a person s overall self concept . General self schema The term schematic describes having a particular schema for a particular dimension. For instance, a person in a musical ensemble rock band at night, when she would have a rocker schema. However, during the day, if she works as a sales person, she would have a salesperson schema during that period of time. Schemas vary according to culture cultural background and other social environment environmental factors . Once people have developed a schema about themselves, there is a strong tendency for that schema ... they are prepared to accept as true about themselves. In other words, the self schema becomes self perpetuating. The self schema is then stored in long term memory , and both facilitates and biases the processing of personally relevant information. The term aschematic means not having a schema ... a certain attribute. For example, if a person plans on being a music ian, a self schema in aeronautics ... or active and geek or jock . If a person has a schema for geek or jock , for example, he might think ... geek. Another person with the health y or illness sickly schema might consider herself a very health ... mood than did those who are aschematic on appearance. Multiple self schema Most people have multiple ... maltreated children The role of self schema. Development and Psychopathology, 20 1 , 213 32. Retrieved ... 2003 . Body Image, Appearance Self Schema, and Media Images. Family and Consumer Sciences Research .... Bartoli, Angela 2008, Jan. 14 . Self schema. Retrieved March 3, 2009, from Angela M. Bartolli, Psychology Web site http webspace.ship.edu ambart PSY 220 selfschemaol.htm 3 S, 2003 . What is a self schema?. Retrieved March 3, 2009, from The Spiritual Self Schema Development Program Web site http info.med.yale.edu ... more details
In mathematical logic , an axiom schema plural axiom schemata generalizes the notion of axiom . An axiom schema is a well formed formula formula in the language of an axiomatic system , in which one or more schematic variable s appear. These variables, which are metalinguistic constructs, stand for any First order logic Formation rules term or first order logic subformula of the system, which may or may not be required to satisfy certain conditions. Often, such conditions require that certain variables be free variable free , or that certain variables not appear in the subformula or term. Given that the number of possible subformulas or terms that can be inserted in place of a schematic variable is countably infinite , an axiom schema stands for a countably infinite set of axioms. This set can usually be defined recursive ly. A theory that can be axiomatized without schemata is said to be finitely axiomatized . Theories that can be finitely axiomatized are seen as a bit more metamathematically elegant, even if they are less practical for deductive work. Two very well known instances of axiom schemata are the Mathematical induction Induction schema that is part of Peano s axioms for the arithmetic of the natural number s Axiom schema of replacement that is part of the standard ZFC axiomatization of set theory . It has been proved first by Richard Montague that these schemata cannot be eliminated. Hence Peano arithmetic and ZFC cannot be finitely axiomatized. This is also the case for quite a few other axiomatic theories in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, etc. All theorems of ZFC are also theorems of von Neumann Bernays G del set theory , but the latter is, quite surprisingly ... over all possible properties or relations. References sep entry schemaSchema John Corcoran 2008 09 21 Corcoran, J. 2006. Schemata the Concept of Schema in the History of Logic. Bulletin of Symbolic ... axioms Category Formal systems it Schema di assiomi nl Axiomaschema ja zh ... more details
A schema pl. schemata or schemas , in psychology and cognitive science , describes any of several concepts ... and are used for interpreting and processing information. A schema for oneself is called a self schema . Schemata for other people are called person schemata . Schemata for roles or occupations ... . Schemata influence our attention, as we are more likely to notice things that fit into our schema. If something contradicts our schema, it may be encoded or interpreted as an exception or as unique ... people who do not fit our schema in a special or different category, rather than to consider the possibility that our schema may be faulty. As a result of schemata, we might act in such a way that actually ... one s understanding of the world. Schema theory was developed by the educational psychologist R. C. Anderson. The term schema was used by Jean Piaget in 1926, so it was not an entirely new concept .... History of schema theory Early developments of the idea in psychology emerged with the Gestalt psychology ... people have a stairway schema and can apply it to climb staircases they ve never seen before. However ... in terms of his her schema. For example, if a well dressed businessman draws a knife on a vagrant ... thought to have a level of activation, which can spread among related schemata. Which schema ... priming . Accessibility is how easily a schema comes to mind, and is determined by personal experience ... temporarily provides enough activation to a schema so that it is used for subsequent ambiguous information ... they interpret schema foreign new information but also how they recall the information over time. One ... of schemata was conducted by Brewer and Treyens 1981 who demonstrated that the schema driven expectation ... s schema is easily remembered and incorporated into their worldview . However, when new information is perceived that does not fit a schema, many things can happen. The most common reaction is to simply ... is seen, a person will probably just assimilate it into their dog schema. However, if the dog behaves ... more details
Context date October 2009 The terms schema matching and Data mapping mapping are often used interchangeably. For this article, we differentiate the two as follows database schemaSchema matching is the process ... and often not explicated or documented semantics of the two schemas. Impediments to Schema Matching Missing image removed Image conflicts1.jpg thumb 300px right Figure 1 Schema and data conflict classification ... the same information schema conflicts OR different expressions, units, and precision result in conflicting representations of the same data data conflicts . ref name kim see Figure 1 Research in schema ... is represented synonym using different terms or homonym vice versa Schema Matching Image SurveySchemaMatching.jpg thumb 400px left Figure 2 Classification of schema matching approaches ref name rahm cite conference author Rahm, E. and Bernstein, P title A survey of approaches to automatic schema matching booktitle The VLDB Journal 10, 4 year 2001 ref Comprehensive surveys of automatic schema matching ..., M., and Navathe, S. B. title A comparative analysis of methodologies for database schema integration ... of schema integration or the activities involved. According to the authors, one can view the integration ... Now the schemas are ready to be superimposed, giving rise to some intermediate integrated schema ... desirable qualities. blockquote Approaches Approaches to schema integration can be broadly classified as ones that exploit either just schema information or schema and instance level information see Figure 2 and ref name rahm and ref name batini for a list of prototypes Schema level matchers only consider schema information, not instance data. The available information includes the usual properties of schema elements, such as name, description, data type, relationship types part of, is a, etc. , constraints, and schema structure. Working at the element atomic elements like attributes of objects ... matchers use names and text i.e., words or sentences to find semantically similar schema elements. Constraint ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In relational database s, the information schema is an ANSI standard set of read only views which provide information about all of the table database table s, view database view s, column database column s, and Stored procedure procedures in a database. It can be used as a source of the information which some databases make available through non standard commands, such as the code SHOW code command of MySQL , the code DESCRIBE code command of Oracle database Oracle , and the code d code command of PostgreSQL . code select count table name from information schema.tables count 99 1 row select column name, data type, column default, is nullable from information schema.columns where table name alpha column name data type column default is nullable foo integer YES bar character YES 2 rows select from information schema.information schema catalog name catalog name johnd 1 row code See also Oracle metadata External links http dev.mysql.com doc refman 5.1 en information schema.html Information schema in MySQL http www.postgresql.org docs current interactive information schema.html Information schema in Postgresql http www.sqlite.org cvstrac wiki?p InformationSchema Information schema in SQLite http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ms186778.aspx Information schema in Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Category Databases Category Computer standards database stub ... more details
pov check date February 2011 refimprove date February 2011 Schema Therapy was developed by Dr. Jeffrey E. Young for use in treatment of personality disorder s. Schema Therapy is intended for use when patients ... issues of individuals and couples. Schema therapy is a combination of many different therapy techniques ... psychology mindfulness , ref cite web url http www.therapist training.com.au Schema intro.htm title Introduction to Schema Focussed Therapy author Dr Chris Lee and Graham Taylor publisher therapist ... on one, group discussion, and Constructivism psychological school constructivism . Schema Therapy ... . As opposed to some of the more widely known and popular therapy methods, Schema therapy is most ... commonly borderline personality disorder . Citation needed date September 2010 Schema Therapy is based ... Disorder and other similar personality disorder s. The approach of Schema therapy emphasizes ... schemas Young uses the concept of Schema psychology Schemas as it is defined in Cognitive Psychology, and as such, schemas can be either healthy or maladaptive. In a sense, Schema Therapy ultimately ... safety needs, abandonment, or lack of normal human affection in general. Thus, as an adult, Schema ... may deem as every day scenarios or situations. How does schema therapy work? The basic philosophy of Schema ..., Schema Therapy aims to help a person to gain the self confidence needed in order to achieve their ultimate ... patients to feel more comfortable during discussion groups and lessons. Schema modes Schema Modes are defined .... Reflection upon a schema of their own dislike instinctively and often brings about the Flight or fight response. Schema Therapy s Philosophies of caring and comfort help to step in when someone is triggered , replacing a self destructive reaction with a healthy coping skill. Schema Therapy works ... coping methods. Identified modes Some of the identified Schema modes of which patients and clients ... , and so forth. While experiencing this schema mode, a patient may have urges to yell, scream, throw ... more details
Body schema is a concept used in several disciplines, including psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, sports medicine, and robotics. There is no consensus on the definition of body schema across these disciplines ... schema can be considered the collection of processes that registers the posture of one s body parts in space. The schema is updated during body movement. This is typically a non conscious process ... of body schema title High order motor disorders from neuroanatomy and neurobiology to clinical neurology ... first N. coauthors C. Spence title The body schema and multisensory representation s of peripersonal ... Multisensory integration and the body schema close to hand and within reach journal Current Biology year 2003 volume 13 issue 13 pages R531 R539 pmid 12842033 ref Body schema also plays an important ... Objects Into the Body Schema journal Psychological Science volume 21 issue 7 pages 1000 5 ... Tools for the body schema journal Trends in Cognitive Sciences year 2004 volume 8 issue 2 pages 79 ... 1911 volume 34 issue 2 3 pages 102 ref The concept was first termed postural schema to describe .... Head and Holmes discussed two schemas or schemata one body schema for the registration of posture or movement and another body schema for the localization of stimulated locations on the body surface. Body schema became the term used for the organized models of ourselves . ref name Head The term and definition ... body schema . Properties Neuroscientists Patrick Haggard and Daniel Wolpert have identified seven fundamental properties of the body schema. It is spatially coded, Modularity modular , Adaptability ... physics movement . ref name Haggard Spatial encoding The body schema represents both position and configuration ... Haggard Modular The body schema is not represented wholly in a single List of regions in the human ... confirm earlier results. For example, the schema for feet and hands are coded by different regions ... title An fMRI study of imitation action representation and body schema. journal Neuropsychologia ... more details
Schema Records is a prominent Italian record label, specializing in jazz, Brazil, and Latin influenced music. They are a sublabel of Ishtar Recrds and own the sublabels Big Sur Recordings and Milano 2000 . Artists Artless Balan o Beat Out Shrine Cabaret Noir Charles Hilton Brown Combogranata Conte & Petrella Doctor Abstract Drumagick Fez Combo Fragmentorchestra Gerardo Frisina Il Trio Di Romano Mussolini Intensive Jazz Sextet Les Hommes Lorenzo Tucci Mario Biondi musician Mario Biondi Neos Nicola Conte P. Fedreghini and M. Bianchi Paolo Achenza Trio Paolo Fedreghini Quartetto Lo Greco Quartetto Moderno Quintetto Lo Greco Quintetto X Rosalia de Souza Rosario Giuliani Quartetto S Tone Inc. Schema Sextet Soulstance Steve Evans Street Jazz Unit The Cabildo s Three The Dining Rooms The Invisible Session The Jazz Convention Toco Vuca Was a Bee Category Italian record labels Category Jazz record labels Category Schema Records artists ... more details
A conceptual schema or conceptual data model is a map of concept s and their Relational model relationship s. This describes the semantics of an organization and represents a series of Logical assertion assertion s about its nature. Specifically, it describes the things of significance to an organization entity classes , about which it is inclined to collect information, and characteristics of attributes and associations between pairs of those things of significance relationships . Overview Because a conceptual schema represents the semantics of an organization, and not a database design , it may exist on various levels of abstraction. The original ANSI four schema architecture began with the set of external schemas that each represent one person s view of the world around him or her. These are consolidated into a single conceptual schema that is the superset of all of those external views. A data model can be as concrete as each person s perspective, but this tends to make it inflexible. If that person s world changes, the model must change. Conceptual data models take a more abstract perspective, identifying the fundamental things, of which the things an individual deals with are just examples. The model does allow for what is called Inheritance computer science inheritance in object oriented terms. The set of Instantiation computer science instance s of an entity class may be subdivided into entity classes in their own right. Thus, each instance of a sub type entity class is also an instance of the entity class s super type . Each instance of the super type entity class, then is also an instance of one of the sub type entity classes. supertype Super type subtype sub type ... data model Mindmap Ontology computer science Ontology Physical data model Semantic Web Three schema ... K. Sarris, eds. 1995 Technical Report for IRDS Conceptual Schema, Part 1 Conceptual Schema for IRDS ... by the Agile software development agile community DEFAULTSORT Conceptual Schema Category ... more details
Infobox W3C Standard title RDF Schema status Published year started 1998 editors Dan Brickley , Ramanathan V. Guha base standards Resource Description Framework RDF related standards Web Ontology Language OWL abbreviation RDFS domain Semantic Web website http www.w3.org TR rdf schema RDF Schema RDF Schema variously abbreviated as RDFS , RDF S , RDF S , or RDF S is an extensible knowledge representation language, providing basic elements for the description of ontology computer science ontologies , otherwise called Resource Description Framework RDF vocabularies, intended to structure RDF resource Web resources . The first version ref http www.w3.org TR 1998 WD rdf schema 19980409 RDFS first version ref was published by the World Wide Web Consortium W3C in April 1998, and the final ref http www.w3.org TR rdf schema Final W3C recommendation ref W3C recommendation was released in February 2004. Many RDFS components are included in the more expressive language Web Ontology Language OWL . Main RDFS constructs The RDFS vocabulary builds on the limited Resource Description Framework RDF Vocabulary vocabulary of RDF . Classes rdfs Resource is the class of everything. All things described by RDF are resources. rdfs Class declares a resource as a class philosophy class for other resources. A typical example of an rdfs Class is tt foaf Person tt in the Friend of a Friend FOAF software FOAF vocabulary. An instance of tt foaf Person tt is a resource that is linked to the class tt foaf Person tt using the tt rdf type tt Properties property , such as in the following formal expression of the natural ... TR rdf schema W3C RDFS Specification http www.w3.org TR REC rdf syntax W3C RDF Primer Semantic Web W3C Standards DEFAULTSORT Rdf Schema Category RDF Category Knowledge representation languages Category Semantic Web Category World Wide Web Consortium standards de RDF Schema es RDF Schema fr RDF Schema pl RDF Schema ... more details
Image ContainmentSchema.png 175px thumb Figure 1 Containment Image Schema An image schema is a recurring structure within our cognition cognitive processes which establishes patterns of understanding and reasoning. Image schemas are formed from our bodily interactions, from linguistic experience, and from historical context. The term is explained in Mark Johnson professor Mark Johnson s book The Body in the Mind , in case study 2 of George Lakoff s Women, Fire and Dangerous Things and by Rudolf Arnheim in Visual Thinking . In contemporary cognitive linguistics , an image schema is considered an embodied prelinguistic structure of experience that motivates conceptual metaphor mappings. Evidence ... Figure 2 Containment Image Schema as applied to the English word out cleanup laundry section date ... nature of the containment schema is reflected in the various spatial senses of the English word .... Experientially basic and primarily spatial image schemas such as the Containment schema and its derivatives .... Schema used directly and non metaphorically. 4a I don t want to leave any relevant data out of my argument. Schema metaphorically projected onto argumentation. 4b Tell me your story again, and don t leave out any details. Schema metaphorically projected onto story telling. 4c She finally came out of her depression. Schema metaphorically projected onto emotional life. Johnson argues that more ... by preconceptual embodied experiences of the Containment schema. Lakoff Image schemas in Brugman s The story .... Other influences include Wertheimer s gestalt structure theory and Schema Kant Kant s account of schemas .... In addition to the dissertation on over by Brugman, Lakoff s use of image schema theory also ... and discussed by others Rough smooth Bumpy smooth Rohrer Johnson and Rohrer See also Schema psychology Force Dynamics Cognitive linguistics Conceptual metaphor Embodied philosophy Schema Kant Mark Johnson ... DEFAULTSORT Image Schema Category Linguistics Category Cognition Category Visual thinking ... more details
Kantianism In Immanuel Kant Kantian philosophy, a schema plural schemata is the procedural rule by which ..., are alleged to have sense when they are derived from a non&ndash experienced mental schema, trace, outline, sketch, monogram, ref A schema is related to a perceived object as a single letter is related ... being. Kant calls a fleeting phantasm of this kind a schema . ref Schopenhauer , The World ... significance. T o possess the schema corresponding to the concept triangle is to be able to envisage ... 3, Kant, Immanuel ref T he schema of sensuous concepts such as of figures in space is a product ... the schema. But the images must always be connected with the concept only by means of the designated schema. Otherwise, the images can never be fully congruent to the general concept. ref Critique of Pure ... that connects them. This mediator is a transcendental schema. ref K rner, S., Kant , p. 71ff .... While the concept belongs to the understanding and its instance to perception, the schema ... schema are not related to empirical concepts or to mathematical concepts. These schemata connect ... perceptions. The purest perception, or schema, is time. Time has the purest relation to sensation that is possible ..., time was designated by Kant as the purest possible schema of a pure concept. Everything is experienced ... to be applied to appearances by means of the transcendental time determination, which, as the schema .... Kant asserted that a schema must be distinguished from an image. ref Ibid . A140 ref A schema ... for graphically illustrating a pure concept. A schema is a method for representing a non empirical concept ... for providing a concept with its image, I call the schema of such a concept. ref Ibid . ref F or Kant a schema is not an image, but a capacity to form images or perhaps to construct models. ref The Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Volume 3, Kant, Immanuel ref The schema of a pure concept ... of judgment under the category of cause. This is applied to phenomena in time by the schema of causation ... more details
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