File WOA05 sea surf SAL AYool.png thumb right Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean . Data ... Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water . It is a general term used ... sulfate s, and bicarbonate s. Salinity in Australian English and North American English may also refer to the salt content of soil see soil salination . Definitions File Water salinity diagram.png ... 4 Water salinity style background 87CEFA Fresh water Brackish water Saline water Brine style background 00BFFF 0.05 0.05 3 3 5 5 style background 00BFFF 0.5 0.5 30 30 50 50 Salinity in the ocean refers to the water s saltiness . In oceanography, it has been traditional to express salinity not as percent .... Other disciplines use chemical analyses of solutions, and thus salinity is frequently reported in mg L or ppm parts per million . Prior to 1978, salinity or halinity was expressed as usually based ... salinity scale of 1978 and its antecedents year 1982 last1 Lewis first1 E. L. journal Marine Geodesy volume 5 pages 350 ref In 1978, oceanographers redefined salinity in the Practical Salinity ... 1981a . The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980 ... Salinity Scale 1978. Tech. Pap. Mar. Sci. , 37 144 pp. ref As PSS is a ratio, it has no units. It is not the case that a salinity of 35 exactly equals 35 grams of salt per litre of solution ... may appear to obscure their practical use but it must be remembered that salinity is the sum weight ... a precise salinity as a concentration and convert this to an amount of substance sodium chloride, for instance ... upon evaporation one method of determining salinity . For example, volume is influenced by water ... s of constant salinity are called isohale s. Systems of classification of water bodies based upon salinity Before changing this cumbersome title, please ensure you modify the pages Hypersaline, Burgsvik ... are those of the ocean, another term for which is euhaline seas . The salinity of euhaline seas is 30 ... more details
Dryland salinity is salinity that occurs in a landscape that is not irrigated, as distinct from irrigation salinity and Urban area urban salinity . This discussion provides a simple explanation of dryland salinity , the role that soil plays and raises some considerations from a catchment management perspective. Overview Salinity refers to the movement and concentration of salt in the landscape and its associated detriment to land and water resources dryland salinity refers to salinity in unirrigated landscapes. Salinity processes extend from local to regional scales and are driven by imbalances in the water budget that result, primarily, from agriculturally driven landscape change. Understanding dryland salinity requires a look at the water cycle . Water enters the soil from precipitation this is called ... including roads, as well as soil erosion and denudation of land. Dryland salinity is a sign ... as 25 of a catchment can cause salinity to occur. In addition to adding extra recharge, salinity may ... to the increased area of shallow, saline groundwater. Management of Dryland Salinity The role of soils in dryland salinity Dryland salinity management often focuses on vegetation , yet it is the collective .... Soil health cannot be ignored as a valuable and extensive activity for the management of dryland salinity ... to dryland salinity Recharge and discharge. Soils in groundwater recharge areas Soils absorb and store ... salinity, the goal is to minimise recharge. This can be done by planting wide spaced trees alley ... of fresh groundwater, and a trade off between consumptive use and salinity should be acknowledged. Soils in groundwater discharge areas The manifestation of dryland salinity is largely a problem ..., and the plant life that it supports. Managing soils for dryland salinity in catchments In discharge areas, salinity can be managed by establishing salt tolerant plants and or by engineering systems ... problem. See also Salinity in Australia Salinity control Soil salination References ... more details
post. Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil. ref http europeandcis.undp.org WaterWiki index.php Soil salinity from Soil salinity in WaterWiki, the on line Knowledge and Collaboration ... Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia. ref Causes of soil salinity Salt affected soils are caused by excess ... salinity increases, salt effects can result in soils retrogression and degradation degradation of soils ... can increase the salinity of soils by the addition of salts in irrigation water. Proper irrigation ... of the water table led to the salination of the arable land . Dry land salinity dryland salinitySalinity ... of trees for agriculture is a major reason for dryland salinity in some areas, since deep rooting of trees has been replaced by shallow rooting of annual crops. Salinity due to irrigation Image Salinity ... to the surface by capillary action Main Environmental impacts of irrigation Salinity from irrigation ... in the soil and eventually begin to accumulate. Since soil salinity makes it more difficult for plants ... water for irrigating agricultural crops. Salinity in urban areas often results from the combination ... areas . Consequences of salinity The consequences of salinity are detrimental effects on plant ... affected by the amounts of salts. Salinity is an important land degradation problem. Soil salinity ... water. Soil salinity control involves watertable control and leaching model flushing in combination ... land and soil salinity control accessdate 2010 07 28 ref A comprehensive treatment of soil salinity is available from the FAO . ref Salt Affected Soils and their Management, FAO Soils Bulletin 39 http www.fao.org docrep x5871e x5871e00.htm ref br High levels of soil salinity can be tolerated ... soils, most crops are negatively affected by moderately saline soils, and only salinity resistant crops ..., Soil Salinity and Salt tolerance of Horticultural and Landscape Plants. http ces.uwyo.edu pubs Wy988.pdf ... impact of irrigation Saline seep Salinity in Australia Salting the earth Soil acidification ... more details
unsuitable for grazing due to increased salinity Soil salinity and dryland salinity ref http products.lwa.gov.au products pn21442 ref are two problems degrading the environment of Australia . Salinity ... are areas that are prone to salinity with little remedial action being undertaken to rectify the problem ... River valley irrigation has caused salinity problems. Land surrounding the town of Werrimull, Victoria Werrimull in the northwest of Victoria have been affected by salinity due to land clearing ... thumb right Salinity damage in the wheatbelt region of Western Australia near Babakin ... cite news url http www.abc.net.au science slab salinity default.htm publisher Australian Broadcasting Corporation year 1999 title Salinity our silent disaster first Justin last Murphy accessdate ..., is a critically endangered species due to its intolerance to salinity. Impact reduction Where the land is not yet affected by salinity, it is sometimes possible for farmers to reduce the speed at which ... gum tree, is being utilized within Australia to try to reverse damage within affected high salinity ... been attributed to be able to completely remove salinity within damaged areas and allowed new grasses ... are seeking ways to reduce the impact of salinity on Australian agriculture, including the Cooperative Research Centre for Plant Based Management of Dryland Salinity. ref name DAFWA cite web url http www.agric.wa.gov.au PC 92418.html title Salinity in Western Australia publisher Department of Agriculture ... and Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics have also implemented projects to alleviate salinity ... of Australia Salinity control References Reflist External links http www.abs.gov.au ausstats abs ... Management of Dryland Salinity http cyllene.uwa.edu.au dpannell dppubnrm.htm David Pannell s publications of economic, social and policy aspects of dryland salinity http www.deh.gov.au land pressures salinity Department of the Environment and Heritage http www.ndsp.gov.au National Dryland Salinity ... more details
include timeline cenozoic The Messinian Salinity Crisis , also referred to as the Messinian Event , and in its ..., J., Violanti, D., 1994. Age and duration of the Messinian salinity crisis. C.R. Acad. Sci ... of the Messinian salinity crisis Controversy resolved? journal Geology year 1996 volume ... Ocean salinity saltier than the North Atlantic because of its near isolation by the Strait of Gibraltar ... since the 19th century and it is then that the salinity crisis theory started to be developed ... Ruggeri coined the term Messinian Salinity Crisis . New and high quality seismic data on the M ... dated and interpreted for the first time as deep basin products of the Messinian Salinity Crisis ... Brown P.R. year 2006 title Calcareous nannofossils in extreme environments The Messinian Salinity ... above sea level by tectonic activity, the salinity crisis started at the same time over all the Mediterranean ... nature08555.html Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis , Nature ... level of salinity cannot be tolerated by many known organisms, most likely reducing the biodiversity ... salinity crisis. Nature. 400, 652 655. ref and the other that favours a diachronous deposition ... of the Salinity Crisis erosion surface on land in southeast Spain Reply journal Sedimentary ... Dinar s turell, J. year 2006 title Testing models for the Messinian salinity crisis The Messinian ..., M., Baztan, J., Aslanian, D., and Suc, J. P. year 2009 title The Messinian Erosional and Salinity ... salinity of the world ocean and raised its freezing point. ref name autogenerated1 Causes Several ... related to the causes of the Messinian Salinity Crisis Tectonic reconfiguration may have closed ..., J.M. year 2006 title Lithospheric scale geodynamic context of the Messinian salinity crisis journal ... Morgan title Deep roots of the Messinian salinity crisis journal Nature year 2003 volume 422 issue ... web 20061016172839 http www.soton.ac.uk imw messin.htm The Messinian Salinity Crisis by Ian ... more details
The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program was authorized in the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act and was repealed and replaced by the Environmental Quality Incentives Program EQIP in the 1996 farm bill P.L. 104 127 . Administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service , it was used to implement salinity control measures, primarily to manage irrigation water using financial and technical assistance to landowners. This program supported U.S. efforts to meet international treaty obligations for downstream water quality in Mexico. The Department of the Interior s Bureau of Reclamation administers its own Colorado River Salinity control Program. References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach Category United States Department of Agriculture Category United States Department of Agriculture agencies Category United States federal agriculture legislation ... more details
The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act , Public Law 93 320, and the laws authorizing three other conservation cost sharing programs were begun June 24, 1974. In the 1996 farm bill, Public Law 104 127, they were repealed and replaced by a new cost sharing program, the Environmental Quality Incentives Program EQIP . Program Public Law 93 320 The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act SCA , Public Law 93 320, was enacted 24 June 1974. The SCA was an Act to authorize the construction, operation, and maintenance of certain works in the Colorado River Basin to control the salinity of water delivered to users in the United States and Mexico. The law was administered by the Farm Service Agency until FY1996, when management was transferred to the Natural Resources Conservation Service . Participation Until it was replaced, the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program provided cost sharing assistance to producers to install on farm irrigation system improvements to prevent irrigation water heavily charged with salts and minerals from reentering the Colorado River. Participating farmers received up to 70 of total project costs and technical assistance. Participation was concentrated at sites where problems existed. This program was available to producers in the seven states of the Colorado ... Law 98 569, An Act to Amend the Salinity Control Act, enacted 30 October, 1984 Public Law 104 20, An Act to Amend the Salinity Control Act, enacted 28 July, 1995 Public Law 104 127. Federal Agricultural ... the Salinity Control Act, enacted 7 November, 2000 Public Law 110 234, Food, Conservation, and Energy ... areas, 2 developing and implementing salinity control plans, 3 providing technical and financial ... of two new salinity control units, Stage 1 of the Lower Gunnison Basin Unit and the McElmo Creek ..., construction, operation, maintenance, and replacement of authorized salinity control facilities, 4 requiring the replacing of incidental fish and wildlife values foregone as salinity control ... more details
Image GTSPP.png right The Global Temperature Salinity Profile Program GTSPP is a cooperative international project that seeks to develop and maintain a global ocean Temperature Salinity resource with up to date and high quality data. Purpose Making global measurements of ocean temperature and salinity T S quickly and easily accessible to users is the primary goal of the GTSPP. Both real time data transmitted over the Global Telecommunications System GTS , and delayed mode data received by the NODC are acquired and incorporated into a continuously managed database. International contributors Several countries contribute to the GTSPP. They are Australia Canada France Germany Japan Russia United States Canada s Marine Environmental Data Servic e MEDS leads the project, and has the operational responsibility to gather and process the real time data. MEDS accumulates real time data from several sources via the GTS. They check the data for several types of errors, and remove duplicate copies of the same observation before passing the data on to NODC. The quality control procedures used in GTSPP were developed by MEDS, who also coordinated the publication of those procedures through the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IOC . The U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center NODC performs four functions for the GTSPP Maintains the global database of temperature and salinity data and provides online access to the data. Adds realtime data supplied by MEDS to the database. Processes delayed mode copies of data by performing the same data quality tests as MEDS, then adds data to the database ... Managed Database CMD Maintains the up to date global temperature salinity data, replaces ... temperature salinity data set. GTSPP documents http www.nodc.noaa.gov GTSPP document qcmans mg22 guide22.htm ... http www.nodc.noaa.gov GTSPP index.html Global Temperature Salinity Profile Program GTSPP http www.nodc.noaa.gov ... Temperature Salinity Data RSS http www.enviro gen2000.com Emphasis of Temperature Salinity on environement ... more details
Infobox Spacecraft Name The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Satellite SMOS Image Caption Organization European Space Agency Major Contractors Mission Type Orbiter Satellite Of Earth Orbital Insertion Date Launch November 2, 2009 Launch Vehicle Rokot SS 19 Rokot from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome , Russia Decay Mission Duration 3 years NSSDC ID Webpage http www.esa.int esaLP LPsmos.html SMOS satellite Mass convert 658 kg lb Power Solar array s up to 1065 W Orbital elements Sun synchronous orbit Semimajor Axis Eccentricity Inclination Orbital Period Apoapsis 758 km Periapsis 758 km Orbits The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Satellite SMOS is a part of European Space Agency ESA s Living Planet Programme intended to provide new insights into Earth s water cycle and climate . In addition, it will provide better weather forecasting and will also monitor snow and ice accumulation. ref name ESAMBA2VMOC LPsmos 0 http www.esa.int esaLP ESAMBA2VMOC LPsmos 0.html ESA s water mission SMOS European Space Agency ref ref name URSI F 2005 Art 6.1 SMOS Project Team, http ursi f 2005.jrc.it fullpapers URSI F 2005 Art 6.1.pdf The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity SMOS Mission European Space Agency ref ref name ESA Bulletin SMOS Special Issue of ESA Bulletin http www.esa.int SPECIALS ESA Publications SEMU9CWX3RF 0.html ESA Bulletin Special Issue 137, February 2009 ref History The project was proposed in November ... us indexsmos.html The Living Planet Program Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity MIRAS on RAMSES Mission ... is managed by the HYDROS project. Project Aquarius will attempt to monitor sea surface salinity with an accuracy of 0.1 Practical salinity unit psu 10 30 day average and a spatial resolution ... and Ocean Salinity SMOS Mission An overview . Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, 2008, ref ... in the microwave L band 1.4 GHz . MIRAS will measure changes in the wetness of the land and in the salinity ... and Ocean Salinity fi SMOS ... more details
Summary Temperature and salinity from Levitus Climatology, illustrating SAMW AAIW in South Central Pacific. Licensing PD self date April 2007 ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 orphan date November 2009 Polyhaline is a salinity category term applied to brackish estuaries and other water bodies with a salinity of between 18 and 30 ppt parts per thousand . It is the most dense saltwater type we have. See also Salinity Oligohaline Mesohaline Category Aquatic ecology Ecology stub ... more details
Salt balance may refer to Osmoregulation Soil salinity Soil salinity control Salt balance in the soil dab See also Soil salinity control Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Summary Contours of temperature and salinity in western Indian Ocean, showing separation between Subantarctic Mode Water and Antarctic Intermediate water Licensing PD self date April 2007 ... more details
Summary Profiles temperature and salinity from an Argo oceanography Argo float obtained in the central North Pacific Ocean 38.4 N, 155.3 W on 8 April 2005. Licensing PD self date April 2005 ... more details
A conductivity, temperature, depth instrument is an oceanographic instrument used for continuous measurement of salinity, temperature, and depth of ocean waters. Salinity is calculated from measurements of electrical conductivity , and depth from hydrostatic pressure measurements. The instrument assembly is lowered on a wire, and frequently also carries Nansen bottle s to take water samples at specific depths. Category Oceanography ocean stub ja CTD ... more details
One source date November 2010 Paleosalinity is the salinity of the global ocean or of an ocean basin at a point in geological history. Importance From Bjerrum plot s, it is found that a decrease in the salinity of an aqueous fluid will act to increase the value of the carbon dioxide carbonate system ... dioxide is higher in more salinity fluids, e.g. seawater , than in fresher waters. Of crucial importance for paleoclimatology is the observation that an increase in salinity will thus reduce the solubility ... salinity stratification can lead to a reduction in the meriodional overturning circulation MOC ... proxies for salinity, but to date the main way that salinity has been measured has been by directly measuring chlorinity in pore fluid s ref cite journal doi 10.1126 science.1076252 title The Salinity ... from nearby coral horizons. Chlorinity was measured rather than pure salinity because the major ... and cation clay interactions can change overall salinity, whereas chlorinity is not heavily affected. Paleosalinity during the Last Glacial Maximum Adkins study found that global salinity was greater ... waters exhibiting a greater degree of homgeneity in their temperatures. In contrast, variations in salinity were much greater than they are today. Modern day salinities are all within 0.5 Practical salinity unit psu of the global average salinity of 34.7 psu, whereas salinities during the last glacial ... of an increased degree of sea ice formation and export. This would account for the increased salinity ... role of salinity The presence of waters near the freezing point alters the balance of the relative effects of contrasts in salinity and temperature on sea water density. This is described in the equation ... as sensitive to differences in salinity rather than temperature. In this way, the thermohaline ... Thermohaline circulation References reflist External links http www.salinometry.com salinity history History of salinity. Category Chemical oceanography Category Aquatic ecology Category Oceanography ... more details
Subtropical Front is a term used in Oceanography to describe a boundary Weather front front between water systems based on temperature and salinity . Northern Subtropical Front A subtropical front in the Pacific Ocean lying between 25th parallel north 25 and 30th parallel north 30 degrees north latitude. Southern Subtropical Front The boundary between warm, salty subtropical waters and Antarctic waters, found in all three ocean basins. A commonly used criterion is that it is found at the latitude at which the salinity at a depth of 100m drops below 34.9 practical salinity units. See also Ocean current External links http www.es.flinders.edu.au mattom GAB theSTF.html Southern Subtropical Front Category Physical oceanography Category Ocean currents ocean stub ja ... more details
Mergeto Salinity date October 2008 Unreferenced date October 2008 The chlorinity of water is defined as the mass of chlorine equivalent to the total mass of halogen contained in 1 kg seawater. It is determined by the Mohr titration Mohr Knudsen titration, which, however, neglects fluoride . The halogen concentration of sea water can be expressed in terms of chlorosity which is the number of grams of chloride and chloride equivalents to the bromide in one liter of sea water at 20 degree Celsius. Chlorinity is related to chlorosity as, Chlorinity sup o sup sub oo sub chlorosity density Chorinity is related to salinity as, Salinity sup o sup sub oo sub 0.03 1.805 x chlorinity Category Analytical chemistry chemistry stub it Clorinit ... more details
drainage model may refer to a surface drainage model or rainfall runoff model see surface runoff , runoff model reservoir , or a http www.waterlog.info software.htm software site providing free download of a conceptual rainfall runoff model RainOff based on a nonlinear reservoir a subsurface groundwater , drainage model related to a spacing equation for subsurface pipe drains and open ditches horizontal drainage or wells vertical drainage see watertable control , or a http www.waterlog.info software.htm software site providing free download of a drain spacing equation EnDrain using the groundwater energy balance , and a well drainage well spacing equation WellDrain . a hydrological subsurface drainage model see soil salinity control for an example of an agro hydro salinity subsurface drainage model SaltMod groundwater flow in the aquifer see groundwater model or an example of an agro hydro salinity groundwater model SahysMod disambig cleanup Category Hydrology ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Troy Creek catchment is a small area of land to the north east of the city of Dubbo pop 38,000 , central western New South Wales , Australia . The catchment is noted for its significant record levels of past salinity . An ephemeral stream originating from the remanent vegetation Beni forest to the East flowing approximately 10 kilometers to the via Troy Gully north west through grazing land, heavy residential, industrial and terminating into the Macquarie River system. History Various land uses such as significant clearing of the catchment has resulted in significant salinity, an issue where it soil and water table below becomes salt laden. Troy Creek has suffered significant scalding and vegetation loss as a direct result of salinity. Sections within the catchment have recorded soil salt levels twice that of sea water and over ten times tolerable to native grass and tree species. Local land care volunteers, businesses, and school students have planted thousands of trees in Troy Gully upstream of Yarrandale Rd. and Troy Creek to lower the water table. Salinity has significantly declined in recent years. Salt scalds are being grown over by salt tolerant grass species, and measurable levels in the ground water have lowered markedly. unreferenced date September 2007 Category Geography of New South Wales ... more details
Syneresis also written syn resis or synaeresis could refer to Synaeresis , contraction of two vowels into a diphthong Syneresis chemistry , extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel Syneresis cracks geology , cracks formed in mudstone by changes in the salinity of water disambig ... more details
Image Peixe010eue.jpg right thumb 200px Goldfish Carassius auratus are an example of a well known freshwater stenohaline fish. Stenohaline describes an organism, usually fish , that cannot handle a wide fluctuation in the salt content of water . ref http www.ca.uky.edu wkrec VertebrateFishEvolution.htm Wurts, W. Why can some fish live in freshwater, some in salt water, and some in both? World Aquaculture 29 1 p.65. ref Stenohaline is derived from the words steno meaning narrow, and haline meaning salt. Many fresh water fish, such as goldfish Carassius auratus , tend to be stenohaline and die in environments of high salinity such as the ocean . Many marine fish, such as Melanogrammus aeglefinus haddock , are also stenohaline and die in water with lower salinity. Alternatively, fish living in coastal estuaries and tide pools are often euryhaline tolerant to changes in salinity as are many species which have Biological life cycle life cycle requiring tolerance to both fresh water and seawater environments such as salmon and herring . See also Salinity Euryhaline Fish migration Osmoregulation References reflist Category Aquatic ecology ecology stub es Estenohalino pl Stenohalinowo ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
