Image Polychromatic erythrocyte.png thumb Reticulocyte Image Erythrocyte.png thumb Erythrocyte Reticulocytes are immature red blood cell s, typically composing about 1 of the red cells in the human body. Reticulocytes develop and mature in the red bone marrow and then circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red blood cells. Like mature red blood cells, reticulocytes do not have a cell nucleus . They are called reticulocytes because of a reticular mesh like network of ribosome ribosomal RNA that becomes visible under a microscope with certain stains such as new methylene blue . Process To accurately measure reticulocyte counts, automated flow cytometry counters that use lasers mark cell samples with fluorescent dye that marks RNA and DNA such as thiazole orange or polymethine . ref cite book author Davis BH, Bigelow NC year 1994 chapter Reticulocyte analysis and reticulocute maturity index title Flow cytometry. Methods in Cell Biology volume 42 editor Darzynkiewicz Z, Crissman HA eds. pages 263&ndash 74 location San Diego publisher Academic Press isbn 0 12203 052 4 ref This distinguishes reticulocytes as the middle ground of dye response to laser light, between red blood cells which have neither RNA nor DNA and lymphocyte s which have a large amount ... for a reticulocyte count is EDTA anti coagulated whole blood lavender top bottle if using ... terms, is 0.5 to 1.5 . However, if a person has anemia anaemia , his her reticulocyte percentage .... Thus, calculating the reticulocyte production index is an important step in understanding whether the reticulocyte ... a reticulocyte percentage of only 1 , the bone marrow is likely not producing new blood cells ... activity, because it represents recent production. This means that the reticulocyte count, and the reticulocyte ... coagulation tests reticulocyte count.htm For more information on Reticulocyte Count eMedicineDictionary Reticulocyte Blood Blood physiology Category Blood cells Category Human cells Link GA pl ar ... more details
Image Polychromatic erythrocyte.png thumb 120px Reticulocyte Image Erythrocyte.png thumb 120px Erythrocyte The Reticulocyte production index RPI, also called a corrected reticulocyte count is a calculated value used in the diagnosis of anemia . This calculation is necessary because the raw reticulocyte count is misleading in anemic patients. The problem arises because the reticulocyte count is not really a count but rather a percentage it reports the number of reticulocytes as a percentage of the number of red blood cells. In anemia, the patient s red blood cells are depleted, creating an erroneously elevated reticulocyte count. Physiology Reticulocyte s are newly produced red blood cells. They are slightly larger than totally mature red blood cells, and have some residual ribosomal RNA . The presence of RNA allows a visible blue stain to bind or, in the case of fluorescent dye, result in a different brightness. This allows them to be detected and counted as a distinct population. ref name Adamson Adamson JW, Longo DL. Anemia and polycythemia. in Braunwald E, et al. Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine . 15th Edition . McGraw Hill New York , 2001. ref The idea of the RPI is to assess whether the bone marrow is producing an appropriate response to an anemic state. Reticulocyte production should increase in response to any loss of red blood cells. It should increase within 2 3 days of a major acute hemorrhage , for instance, and reach its peak in 6 10 days. ref Hoffbrand AV, et al. Essential Haematology. Fourth Edition Blackwell Science Oxford , 2001. ref If reticulocyte production is not raised in response to anemia, then the anemia may be due to an acute cause with insufficient ... term for an abnormal decrease of reticulocytes in the body Calculation Reticulocyte Production ... 15 and below 2.5 So, in a person whose reticulocyte count is 5 , hemoglobin 7.5 g dL, hematocrit ... observed over Normal Hemoglobin 0.5 math Interpretation The reticulocyte index RI should be between ... more details
RPI is an abbreviation for a number of terms, including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , a university in Troy, New York Ratings Percentage Index , the NCAA ranking system most well known for its use in basketball Richmond Professional Institute , former college before being merged with MCV into Virginia Commonwealth University Recognition Professionals International Republican Party of India Republican Party of Iowa Retail Prices Index United Kingdom , a statistical measurement of inflation Reticulocyte production index or Reticulocyte index Revenue Protection Inspector , the United Kingdom public transit patrol Italian progressive rock Rock progressivo Italiano or Italian progressive rock Roleplay Intensive MUD, or RPIMUD, a category of MUD Roleplaying MUDs MUD defined by enforcement of roleplay and computer modeled game world Rose Polytechnic Institute, an older name for Rose Hulman Institute of Technology , a college in Terre Haute, Indiana disambig de RPI fa RPI fr RPI ... more details
A reticular cell biology cell produces reticular fiber s and surrounds the fibers with its cytoplasm , which isolates the fiber from other components of the tissues or cell biology cell s. Reticular cells are found in many tissues including the spleen , lymph nodes , and lymph nodules. Reticular fibers are also produced by fibroblasts . Type III collagen which makes up reticular fibers is also synthesized by reticular cells. The reticular cells also direct the B and T lymphocytes to specific regions within the lymphatic tissue. See also Reticulocyte External links eMedicineDictionary Reticular cell Human cell types Connective tissue Category Cell biology Cell biology stub it Cellula reticolare ja pt C lula reticular ... more details
SignSymptom infobox Name PAGENAME Image Polychromatic erythrocyte.png Caption Reticulocyte Width 133px DiseasesDB 11406 ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 790.99 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D045262 Reticulocytosis is a condition where there is an increase in reticulocytes, immature red blood cell . It is commonly seen in Anemia . They are seen on blood films when the bone marrow is highly active in an attempt to replace red blood cell loss such as in haemolytic anaemia, haemorrhage. External links GPnotebook 1878654928 http www.lumen.luc.edu lumen meded mech cases case7 list.htm Link to slides at luc.edu http meds.queensu.ca medicine deptmed hemonc anemia reticulo.htm Reticulocytes and polychromasia at queensu.ca symptom stub Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings Category Histology Category Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood es Reticulocitosis pt Reticulocitose tr Retik lositoz ... more details
Cell free protein synthesis also called in vitro protein synthesis , is the production of protein without the use of living cells. History The first elucidation of a codon was done by Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich J. Matthaei in 1961 at the National Institutes of Health. They used a cell free system to translate a poly uracil RNA sequence or UUUUU... in biochemical terms and discovered that the polypeptide they had synthesized consisted of only the amino acid phenylalanine. They thereby deduced from this poly phenylalanine that the codon UUU specified the amino acid phenylalanine ref neur ref . Extending this work, Nirenberg and his coworkers were able to determine the nucleotide makeup of each codon Cell free systems in common use. E. coli Wheat germ Rabbit Reticulocyte References Reflist http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov picrender.fcgi?artid 223178&blobtype pdf http www.sciencemag.org cgi content abstract 242 4882 1162 DEFAULTSORT Cell Free Protein Synthesis Category Cell biology de Zellfreie Genexpression ja ... more details
align right border 1 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 3 style float right clear right margin 0 0 0 0.5em background FFFFFF border collapse collapse border color C0C090 chembox header Brilliant cresyl blue Common name Brilliant cresyl blue Often used for Reticulocyte count. Systematic name Chemical formula ZnC sub 34 sub H sub 40 sub Cl sub 4 sub N sub 6 sub O sub 2 sub CAS number 81029 05 2 Brilliant cresyl blue is a Compound chemistry compound with formula ZnC sub 34 sub H sub 40 sub Cl sub 4 sub N sub 6 sub O sub 2 sub . It is a dye . Reference cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?db pccompound&term Brilliant 20cresyl 20blue title Pubchem author date work publisher accessdate 12 January 2011 organic compound stub Category Chlorides Category Zinc compounds Category Nitrogen heterocycles Category Oxygen heterocycles ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Deleted image removed image xestandalone small.jpg right frame An XE 2100 with no stainer attached. The Sysmex XE 2100 is a haematology automated analyser , used to quickly perform full blood count s and reticulocyte counts. It is made by the Sysmex Corporation . It can be run on its own, or connected to a blood film making and staining unit. Racks of blood go in on a tray on the right, and come out the left side. The racks hold ten 4.5 mL vacutainer s, and have a notch so they can only go in one way. As the tubes go through the machine, two are picked up and inverted five times to mix, the first one is sampled. They are put down again, the rack moves along one space and two more are picked up and mixed five times, this assures that each tube is inverted ten times before being sampled. The caps are left on the vacutainer tubes as they go through the machine. A piercer takes a sample through the rubber centre while the tube is upside down. EDTA lavender tubes are usually used, although citrate blue top vacutainers will also work although the result must be corrected because of dilution . Paediatric and oversized tubes can be put through manually via a sampler on the left hand side of the machine. Data from the XE 2100 can be viewed with a computer program. Price This machine can be purchased for around US 107,000 Principles of measurement Blood is sampled and diluted, and moves through a tube thin enough that cells pass by one at a time. Characteristics about the cell are measured using laser s fluorescence flow cytometry or electrical impedance . Because not everything about the cells can be measured at the same time, blood is separated into a number of different channels. In the XE 2100 there are five different channels WBC BASO, DIFF, IMI, RET and NRBC. See also Medical technologist DEFAULTSORT Sysmex Xe 2100 Category Laboratory equipment Category Measuring instruments ... more details
Image nuclear changes.jpg thumb right 300px Morphological characteristics of pyknosis and other forms of nuclear destruction Image Apoptosis.png thumb 300px Apoptosis Pyknosis , or karyopyknosis , is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the Cell nucleus nucleus of a cell biology cell undergoing necrosis ref cite journal author Kumar V, Abbas A, Nelson F, Mitchell R. title Robbins Basic Pathology work Robbins Basic Pathology edition 8th pages 6, 9 10 table 1 1 year 2007 ref or apoptosis . ref name zamzami cite journal author Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Vandenabeele P, et al. title Classification of cell death recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009 journal Cell Death Differ. volume 16 issue 1 pages 3 11 year 2009 month January pmid 18846107 pmc 2744427 doi 10.1038 cdd.2008.150 ref It is followed by karyorrhexis , or fragmentation of the nucleus. Pyknosis from Greek pyknono meaning to thicken up, to close or to condense is also observed in the maturation of erythrocytes a red blood cell and the neutrophil a type of white blood cell . The maturing metarubricyte a stage in RBC maturation will condense its nucleus before expelling it to become a reticulocyte . The maturing neutrophil will condense its nucleus into several connected lobes that stay in the cell until the end of its cell life. See also Apoptosis Karyolysis References reflist Pathology Category Cellular processes Category Programmed cell death Cell biology stub de Karyopyknose fr Pycnose ru sv Pyknos ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Chembox verifiedrevid 400325154 Name New methylene blue ImageFile new methylene blue.svg ImageFile1 NMB 3D balls.png ImageSize1 200px Section1 Chembox Identifiers InChI 1 C18H22N3S.ClH c1 5 19 13 9 17 15 7 11 13 3 21 16 8 12 4 14 20 6 2 10 18 16 22 17 h7 10,19 20H,5 6H2,1 4H3 1H q 1 p 1 InChIKey NZYCYASKVWSANA REWHXWOFAR StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C18H22N3S.ClH c1 5 19 13 9 17 15 7 11 13 3 21 16 8 12 4 14 20 6 2 10 18 16 22 17 h7 10,19 20H,5 6H2,1 4H3 1H q 1 p 1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey NZYCYASKVWSANA UHFFFAOYSA M CASNo 6586 05 6 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 16736255 SMILES Cl .Cc1cc2nc3cc C c cc3 s c2cc1NCC NCC Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 18 sub H sub 22 sub N sub 3 sub S SCl ZnCl sub 2 sub MolarMass 484.22 g mol Density MeltingPt 239 C BoilingPt Decomposes New methylene blue also NMB is an organic compound organic staining biology staining agent used in diagnostic cytopathology and histopathology , typically for staining Reticulocyte immature red blood cells . It is closely related to methylene blue , an older stain already in wide use. New methylene blue is toxic. Skin contact or inhalation should be avoided. See also Gentian violet Methyl violet Fluorescein Prussian blue Egyptian Blue Methylene blue Han Purple Potassium ferrocyanide Potassium ferricyanide DEFAULTSORT New Methylene Blue Category Thiazine dyes Category Vital stains Category Histology Biochem stub Organic compound stub pt Novo azul de metileno ... more details
Orphan date November 2010 enzyme Name ubiquitin calmodulin ligase EC number 6.3.2.21 CAS number 119632 60 9 IUBMB EC number 6 3 2 21 GO code 0050372 image width caption In enzymology , an ubiquitin calmodulin ligase EC number 6.3.2.21 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction n ATP calmodulin n ubiquitin math rightleftharpoons math n AMP n diphosphate ubiquitin n calmodulin The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , calmodulin , and ubiquitin , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are adenosine monophosphate AMP , diphosphate , and ubiquitin n calmodulin . This enzyme belongs to the family of ligase s, specifically those forming carbon nitrogen bonds as acid D amino acid ligases peptide synthases . The systematic name of this enzyme class is calmodulin ubiquitin ligase AMP forming . Other names in common use include ubiquityl calmodulin synthase , ubiquitin calmodulin synthetase , ubiquityl calmodulin synthetase , and uCaM synthetase . References reflist 1 cite journal doi 10.1515 bchm3.1988.369.2.1325 author Jennissen HP, Laub M year 1988 title Ubiquitin calmodulin conjugating activity from cardiac muscle journal Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler volume 369 pages 1325&ndash 30 pmid 2853950 issue 12 cite journal doi 10.1515 bchm3.1988.369.2.1317 author Ziegenhagen R, Jennissen HP year 1988 title Multiple ubiquitination of vertebrate calmodulin by reticulocyte lysate and inhibition of calmodulin conjugation by phosphorylase kinase journal Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler volume 369 pages 1317&ndash 24 pmid 2853949 issue 12 Category EC 6.3.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ligase stub ... more details
, pregnant 11.0 6.8 Men 15yrs 13.0 8.1 Reticulocyte counts, and the kinetic approach to anemia, have ... wealthy nations, in part because some automatic counters now have the capacity to include reticulocyte counts. A reticulocyte count is a quantitative measure of the bone marrow s production of new red blood cells. The reticulocyte production index is a calculation of the ratio between the level of anemia and the extent to which the reticulocyte count has risen in response. If the degree of anemia is significant, even a normal reticulocyte count actually may reflect an inadequate response. If an automated count is not available, a reticulocyte count can be done manually following special staining ..., particularly the blood reticulocyte precursor of mature RBCs count. This then yields the classification ... C02 C01 Reticulocyte production index shows inadequate production response to anemia. C02 Reticulocyte ... cause. br Confirm by repeating reticulocyte count ongoing combination of low reticulocyte production ... MCV 80 100 B03 Microcytic anemia MCV 80 familytree , . familytree C01 C02 C01 High reticulocyte count C02 Low reticulocyte count familytree end br Other characteristics visible on the peripheral smear ... more details
File Blood cells 090304 F 5951M 108.jpg right thumb red and white human blood cells as seen under a microscope using a blue slide stain A blood cell , also called a hematocyte , is a Cell biology cell of any type normally found in blood . In mammal s, these fall into three general categories red blood cell s &mdash Erythrocytes white blood cell s &mdash Leukocytes platelet s &mdash Thrombocytes Together, these three kinds of blood cells sum up for a total 45 of blood tissue by volume and the remaining 55 is Blood plasma plasma . ref cite book last Maton first Anthea authorlink coauthors Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright title Human Biology and Health publisher Prentice Hall year 1993 location Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA pages url doi id isbn 0 13 981176 1 ref This volume percentage e.g., 45 of cells to total volume is called the hematocrit and can be determined by centrifuge or flow cytometry . Red blood cells Erythrocytes main Red blood cell Red blood cells are primarily for carrying oxygen and some carbon dioxide through the use of heamoglobin and have a lifetime of about 120 days. In the process of being formed they go through being a stem cell, a monopotent stem cell, a Proerythroblast, reticulocyte, and then becomes a red blood cell carrying glucose. White blood cells Leukocytes main White blood cell White blood cells are part of the innate immune system and have a lifetime of a few days to year. A few viruses such as HIV cannot be fought and defeated by leukocytes. Platelets Thrombocytes main Platelet Platelets are involved in blood coagulation and have a lifetime of about 9 days. They form from stem cells. ref http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 119622203 abstract ref References Reflist External links sisterlinks http gslc.genetics.utah.edu units basics blood blood.cfm What is Blood? from the Genetic Science Learning Center at the University of Utah. http www.microbiologybyte ... more details
Image Proerythroblast.png thumb Proerythroblast A proerythroblast or rubriblast , or pronormoblast is the earliest of four stages in Cellular differentiation development of the normoblast . In histology , it is very difficult to distinguish it from the other blast cells lymphoblast , myeloblast , monoblast , and megakaryoblast . The cytoplasm is blue in an H&E stain , indicating that it is basophilic . Proerythroblasts arise from the CFU e colony forming unit Red blood cell erythroid cells, and give rise to basophilic erythroblasts . In the mouse , proerythroblasts are large committed Progenitor cell progenitors that express high levels of transferrin receptor iron acquisition receptor , the erythropoietin receptor EpoR , some Stem cell factor c Kit receptor c Kit stem cell factor receptor , and are Ter119 Cell adhesion molecule cell surface molecule positive. Their proliferative capacity is more limited compared to the preceding stage, the CFU e. In vivo , starting with the proerythroblast stage, erythroid cells undergo several more cell divisions while at the same time upregulating survival genes such as Bcl xL , acquiring and storing large amounts of iron , ramping up the synthesis of hemoglobin and other erythroid genes in large part a GATA 1 dependent process that is augmented by the EpoR signaling and decreasing in cell size, eventually removing their Cell nucleus nuclei and being released into the bloodstream as a reticulocyte . Pronormoblast vs. proerythroblast Some sources consider the terms pronormoblast and proerythroblast to be synonyms . ref eMedicineDictionary Pronormoblast ref However, other sources ref http www.merckmedicus.com pp us hcp thcp dorlands content split.jsp?pg ppdocs us common dorlands drlnd seven 02 000086840.htm Proerythroblast , Dorland s Medical Dictionary ref consider proerythroblast to be a parent term, divided into the following two categories Image Blood cells differentiation chart.jpg thumb 420px HSC Hematopoietic stem cell , Pro ... more details
enzyme Name arachidonate 15 lipoxygenase EC number 1.13.11.33 CAS number 82249 77 2 IUBMB EC number 1 13 11 33 GO code 0050473 image width caption In enzymology , an arachidonate 15 lipoxygenase EC number 1.13.11.33 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction arachidonate O sub 2 sub math rightleftharpoons math 5Z,8Z,11Z,13E 15S 15 hydroperoxyicosa 5,8,11,13 tetraenoate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are arachidonate and oxygen O sub 2 sub , whereas its product chemistry product is 5Z,8Z,11Z,13E 15S 15 hydroperoxyicosa 5,8,11,13 tetraenoate . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on single donors with O sub 2 sub as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate oxygenases . The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O sub 2 sub . The systematic name of this enzyme class is arachidonate oxygen 15 oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include 15 lipoxygenase , linoleic acid omega6 lipoxygenase , and omega6 lipoxygenase . This enzyme participates in arachidonic acid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, only one tertiary structure structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the Protein Data Bank PDB accession code PDB link 1LOX . References reflist 1 cite journal author Bryant RW, Bailey JM, Schewe T, Rapoport SM date 1982 title Positional specificity of a reticulocyte lipoxygenase. Conversion of arachidonic acid to 15 S hydroperoxy eicosatetraenoic acid journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 257 pages 6050&ndash 5 pmid 6804460 issue 11 cite journal author Narumiya S, Salmon JA date 1982 title Arachidonic acid 15 lipoxygenase from rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes journal Methods Enzymol. volume 86 pages 45&ndash 8 pmid 6813644 doi 10.1016 0076 6879 82 86166 1 cite journal author Oliw EH, Sprecher H date 1989 title Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids by an n 6 lipoxygenase associated ... more details
late normoblast Nucleus is Expelled before becoming a reticulocytereticulocyte The cell is released ... to an enucleated disc with a volume of 95 fL. By the reticulocyte stage, the cell has extruded its ... more details
The mean corpuscular volume , or mean cell volume MCV , is a measure of the average red blood cell volume that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count . In patients with anemia , it is the MCV measurement that allows classification as either a microcytic anemia MCV below normal range , normocytic anemia MCV within normal range or macrocytic anemia MCV above normal range . Calculation It can be calculated in litres by multiplying hematocrit by 10 and dividing by the complete blood count red blood cell count number of red blood cells per litre . The result is typically reported in femtolitres. If the MCV was determined by automated equipment, the result can be compared to RBC morphology on a peripheral blood smear . Any deviation would be indicative of either faulty equipment or technician error. For further specification, it can be used to calculate red blood cell distribution width RDW . Interpretation The normal reference range is typically 80 100 Femtolitre fL . ref http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus ency article 003648.htm MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia RBC indices ref High In presence of hemolytic anaemia , presence of reticulocyte s can increase MCV. In pernicious anemia macrocytic , MCV can range up to 150 femtolitre s. An elevated MCV is also associated with alcoholism ref cite journal doi 10.1111 j.0954 6820.1986.tb03348.x author T nnesen H, Hejberg L, Frobenius S, Andersen J title Erythrocyte mean cell volume correlation to drinking pattern in heavy alcoholics journal Acta Med Scand volume 219 issue 5 pages 515 8 year 1986 pmid 3739755 ref as are an elevated Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase GGT and a ratio of Aspartate transaminase AST Alanine transaminase ALT of 2 1 . Vitamin B12 and or folic acid deficiency has also been associated with macrocytic anemia high MCV numbers . Low The most common causes of microcytic anemia are iron deficiency due to inadequate diet nutrition diet ary intake, Gastrointestinal bleeding gastrointestinal blood loss , ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Spleen hyaloserositis b high mag.jpg Caption Micrograph of a spleen with hyaloserositis . H&E stain . DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 D 73 d 70 , ICD10 Q 89 0 q 80 ICD9 ICD9 289.4 ICD9 289.5 ICD9 759.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D013158 Splenic diseases include splenomegaly , where the spleen is enlarged for various reasons. On the other hand, a lack of normal spleen function is called asplenia . Splenomegaly Main Splenomegaly Enlargement of the spleen is known as splenomegaly . It may be caused by sickle cell anemia , sarcoidosis , malaria , bacterial endocarditis , leukemia , pernicious anemia , Gaucher s disease , leishmaniasis , Hodgkin s disease , Banti s syndrome Banti s disease , hereditary spherocytosis , cyst s, glandular fever Infectious mononucleosis mononucleosis or Mono caused by the Epstein Barr Virus , and tumour s. Primary tumors of the spleen include hemangioma s and hemangiosarcoma s. Marked splenomegaly may result in the spleen occupying a large portion of the left side of the abdomen. The spleen is the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body. It is normally palpable in preterm infants, in 30 of normal, full term neonates , and in 5 to 10 of infants and toddlers . A spleen easily palpable below the costal margin in any child over the age of 3 4 years should be considered abnormal until proven otherwise. Splenomegaly can result from antigenic stimulation e.g., infection , obstruction of blood flow e.g., portal vein obstruction , underlying functional abnormality e.g., hemolytic anemia , or infiltration e.g., leukemia or storage disease, such as Gaucher s disease . The most common cause of acute splenomegaly in children is viral infection, which is transient and usually moderate. Basic work up for acute splenomegaly includes a complete blood count with differential, platelet count, and reticulocyte and atypical lymphocyte counts to exclude hemolytic anemia and leukemia. Assessment o ... more details
Chembox Reference ref http chemblink.com products 491 67 8.htm Baicalein , chemblink.com ref ref http www.lookchem.com cas 491 491 67 8.html Baicalein , lookchem.com ref ImageFile Baicalein.svg ImageSize IUPACName 5,6,7 Trihydroxy 2 phenyl chromen 4 one OtherNames 5,6,7 Trihydroxyflavone Section1 Chembox Identifiers InChI 1 C15H10O5 c16 9 6 11 8 4 2 1 3 5 8 20 12 7 10 17 14 18 15 19 13 9 12 h1 7,17 19H InChIKey FXNFHKRTJBSTCS UHFFFAOYAX CASNo 491 67 8 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 8260 PubChem 5281605 ChemSpiderID 4444924 SMILES O C 1c3c O c O c O cc3O C C 1 c2ccccc2 Section2 Chembox Properties C 15 H 10 O 5 ExactMass 270.052823 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Baicalein 5,6,7 trihydroxyflavone is a flavone , a type of flavonoid, originally isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis . It is also reported in Oroxylum indicum or Indian trumpetflower. It is the aglycone of baicalin . The flavonoid has been shown to inhibit certain types of lipoxygenase s ref cite journal author Deschamps JD, Kenyon VA, Holman TR title Baicalein is a potent in vitro inhibitor against both reticulocyte 15 human and platelet 12 human lipoxygenases journal Bioorg. Med. Chem. volume 14 issue 12 pages 4295 301 year 2006 month June pmid 16500106 doi 10.1016 j.bmc.2006.01.057 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0968 0896 06 00122 2 ref and act as an inflammation anti inflammatory agent. ref cite journal author Hsieh CJ, Hall K, Ha T, Li C, Krishnaswamy G, Chi DS title Baicalein inhibits IL 1 and TNF induced inflammatory cytokine production from human mast cells via regulation of the NF B pathway journal Clin Mol Allergy volume 5 issue pages 5 year 2007 pmid 18039391 pmc 2206049 doi 10.1186 1476 7961 5 5 url http www.clinicalmolecularallergy.com content 5 1 5 ref Baicalein is an enzyme inhibitor inhibitor of CYP2C9 , ref name Si 2009 cite journal author Si Dayong, Wang Y, Zhou Y H, Guo Y, W ... more details
orphan date May 2010 File Locus2.jpg thumb 240px right Bartonella henselae hypothetical protein 11960 BH11960 is encoded by the BH11960 gene . This hypothetical protein is conserved in all Bartonella species whose genome s have been sequenced to date and are highlighted in the picture below. File Wiki img1.jpg Properties class wikitable Nucleotide s 2085 Amino acid s 934 Position on genome 1328993 1331797 Molecular weight 104093.4 Motifs Aerotolerant Aerotolerance regulator N terminal E value 5.3e 17 Isoelectric point Isoelectric Point 9.23 AA composition 14.2 leucine Estimated half life 10 hours in E. coli , in vivo, 30 hours in mammalian reticulocyte s Instability index 41.68 unstable Hypothetical protein BH11960 Bartonella henselaei str. Houston 1 . http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov protein YP 033958.1?ordinalpos 1&itool EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Sequence.Sequence ResultsPanel.Sequence RVDocSum . Function The function of the BH11960 protein is not known. However, it is hypothesized that its function is involved in signal transduction that regulates aerotolerance in conjunction with the other genes within its cluster. Evidence for such function is as follows Presence of a PRKEL signal peptide domain at the N terminus of the protein on all ortholog s. Presence of MoxR AAA family protein in the four gene cluster which is predicted to serve as a Chaperone protein chaperone . Hypothesis The signal peptide PRKEL allows for the cleavage of the N terminal aerotolerance regulator, which is released into the cytoplasm and folded by the interacting chaperone. This cleaved and modified protein serves as a sensor for oxygen concentration changes and may go on to interact with other parts of the cell to induce a response mechanism. Protein Sequence The importance of this protein lies in the beginning of the sequence and is represented in the conceptual translation below. This region contains the aerotolerance motif, the transmembrane Hydrophobia hydrophobic segment highlighted in yellow, ... more details
. Reticulocyte counts can now be performed by many analysers, giving an alternative to time consuming manual counts. Many automated reticulocyte counts, like their manual counterparts, employ ... more details
of chronic disease is a problem of red cell production. Therefore, both conditions show a low reticulocyte production index , suggesting that reticulocyte production is impaired and not enough to compensate ... more details
by a high number of immature RBCs called reticulocyte s it suggests that the mature RBCs ... as the stimulation index or off score has been proposed based on an equation involving hemoglobin and reticulocyte ... was banned for two years in 2009 for alleged blood doping, based on irregular levels of reticulocyte .... However, it is not true. Instead of, mean reticulocyte count of the ten years from 2000 to 2009 ... the mean reticulocyte was 1.9 and during training phases 2.0 . ref Gassmann W Analysis of erythrocytic ... more details
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