- Reflectivity
hemisphere to give the hemispherical spectral reflectivity math rho lambda frac G mathrm refl ... to give the total hemispherical reflectivity , math rho frac G mathrm refl G mathrm incid math Reflectance Reflectivity and reflectance generally refer to the fraction of incident electromagnetic power ... or reflectivity is thus the square of the magnitude of the reflection coefficient. ref ... the reflectance or reflectivity is always a positive real number . According to the CIE the International ... on Illumination ref reflectivity is distinguished from reflectance by the fact that reflectivity .... Reflectivity is the limit value of reflectance as the surface becomes thick it is the intrinsic reflectance ... reflected from a specific sample, while reflectivity is a property of the material itself, which ... Going back to the fact that reflectivity is a directional property, most surfaces can be divided ..., such as glass or polished metal, reflectivity will be nearly zero at all angles except at the appropriate ... white paint, reflectivity is uniform radiation is reflected in all angles equally or near equally ... of diffuse and specular reflective properties. Water reflectivity Image Water reflectivity.jpg thumb right 400px Reflectivity of smooth water at 20 C refractive index 1.333 Reflection occurs when .... Reflectivity assuming a flat surface as given by the Fresnel equations can be adjusted to account ... disperses light by wavelength , is called diffraction efficiency . Applications Reflectivity is an important ... References Refimprove date December 2008 Reflist External links Wiktionary reflectivity http www.graphics.cornell.edu ... more details
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- Composite reflectivity
CREF.html Oklahoma Climatological Survey Training Materials Composite Reflectivity http weather.noaa.gov ... more details
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- Reflectivity range
Reflectivity range is the term used in X ray reflectometry and several other radar related or emission related sciences to describe the range at which reflected emissions become indecipherable due to the reflection angle and or range. Category Optics Category X rays Category Radar Tech stub ... more details
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- X-ray reflectivity
X ray reflectivity sometimes known as X ray specular reflectivity , X ray reflectometry , or XRR , is a surface sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry , physics , and materials science to characterize surfaces, thin films and multilayers. ref Holy, V. et al. Phys. Rev. B. 47 , 15896 1993 . ref ref Jens Als Nielsen, Elements of Modern X Ray Physics , Wiley, New York, 2001 . ref ref J.Daillant, A.Gibaud, X Ray and Neutron Reflectivity Principles and Applications . Springer, 1999 . ref ref M.Tolan, X Ray Scattering from Soft Matter Thin Films , Springer, 1999 ref It is related to the complementary techniques of neutron reflectometry and ellipsometry . The basic idea behind the technique is to reflect a beam of x ray s from a flat surface and to then measure the intensity of x rays reflected in the specular direction reflected angle equal to incident angle . If the interface is not perfectly sharp and smooth then the reflected intensity will deviate from that predicted by the law of Fresnel reflectivity . The deviations can then be analyzed to obtain the density profile of the interface normal to the surface. The technique appears to have first been applied to x rays by Professor Lyman G. Parratt of Cornell University in an article published in the physical review in 1954. ref L. G. Parratt, Phys. Rev. 95 , 359 1954 . ref Parratt s initial work explored the surface of copper coated glass, but since that time the technique has been extended to a wide range of both solid and liquid interfaces. The basic mathematical relationship which describes specular reflectivity is fairly ... profile given by math rho e z math , then the x ray reflectivity can be approximated by ref J. Als ... R Q math is the reflectivity, math Q 4 pi sin theta lambda math , math lambda math is the x ray wavelength ... density profile in the z direction with the measured x ray reflectivity and then vary the parameters ... reflection For films with multiple layers, X ray reflectivity may show oscillations with wavelength ... more details
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- Cloud reflectivity modification
Cloud reflectivity enhancement is also known as marine cloud brightening or cloud whitening on low cloud. An opposite scheme exists to reduce the reflectivity of higher, colder cirrus clouds . ref name ReferenceA cite doi 10.1088 1748 9326 4 4 045102 ref It is a geoengineering technique that works by solar radiation management . By modifying the reflectivity of clouds, the albedo of the Earth is altered. The intention is that this technique, in combination with greenhouse gas emissions reduction and possibly other geoengineering techniques will be sufficient to control global warming . Compared to other climate modification strategies, this technique is relatively simple and benign, being based as it is on natural processes of ocean spray . It can therefore be deployed quickly for further research, and can then be rolled out on an effective scale relatively cheaply after that. The effect is expected to be fully reversible, as the cloud condensation nuclei particles precipitate naturally. However, like any planetary scale project dealing with the complex climate system, there is a non trivial risk of unintended consequences . Basic principles Low level stratocumulus clouds cover approximately one third of the oceans surface. These clouds possess Albedo levels of 0.3 0.7. ref Schwartz and Slingo, 1996 S.E. Schwartz and A. Slingo In P. Crutzen, Editor, Clouds, Chemistry and Climate Proceedings of NATO Advanced Research Workshop 1996 . ref The levels of albedo present in the low level marine stratocumulus clouds create a significant global cooling effect. ref Latham, 2002 J. Latham, Amelioration of global warming by controlled enhancement of the albedo and longevity of low level ... the tiny water droplets into the low level clouds to enhance their reflectivity. The power for the rotors ... reflectivity . ref cite journal author Wingenter, O.W., Elliot, S.M., Blake, DR. title New Directions ... Reducing cirrus reflectivity Cirrus clouds are capable of modification to reduce their reflectivity ... more details
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- File:Etalon-finesse-vs-reflectivity.png
Finesse as a function of mirror reflectivity in an etalon . GFDL with disclaimers migration relicense ... more details
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- File:Etalon-finesse-vs-reflectivity-2.png
Finesse vs reflectivity in an etalon for R 0.5. vector version available File Etalon finesse vs reflectivity 2 2011 15 03.svg GFDL with disclaimers migration relicense ... more details
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- File:EUV defect edge extension.JPG
Summary The loss in reflectivity due to the slope corresponding to a defect edge. Outside the sloped region, the surface is assumed flat, giving the full reflectivity of the multilayer angle of incidence is 6 degrees . Within the sloped region, the tilt results in incident light at the wrong angle of incidence, which reduces the multilayer reflectivity as the light deviates further from normal incidence. The reference data for multilayer reflectivity vs. angle of incidence was obtained at http henke.lbl.gov optical constants multi2.html the CXRO web site . The multilayer consists of 40 6.9 nm periods containing Si 60 on Mo 40 on an SiO2 substrate. Licensing self cc by sa 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 GFDL ... more details
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- Gleam
Gleam may refer to reflectivity Gleam album The Gleam Gay and Lesbian Employees at Microsoft GLEAM Samsung SCH u700 , also called the Samsung Gleam disambig ... more details
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- File:DennisRadar-05Jul10-1929Z.gif
Hurricane Ivan WSR 88D 0.5 reflectivity scan at landfall from the Northwest Florida radar. See also Image DennisRadar 05Jul10 1927Z.gif the image from the Mobile radar . PD USGov NOAA ... more details
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- File:BroadBandDielectricMirror.jpg
Summary Two broadband dielectric mirrors being used in an optics experiment. The characteristic color of the mirrors is caused by their wavelength dependent reflectivity. Licensing PD self date February 2007 ... more details
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- File:EUV defect edge extension.png
Summary The loss in reflectivity due to the slope corresponding to a defect edge. Outside the sloped region, the surface is assumed flat, giving the full reflectivity of the multilayer angle of incidence is 6 degrees . Within the sloped region, the tilt results in incident light at the wrong angle of incidence, which reduces the multilayer reflectivity as the light deviates further from normal incidence. The reference data for multilayer reflectivity vs. angle of incidence was obtained at http henke.lbl.gov optical constants multi2.html the CXRO web site . The multilayer consists of 40 6.9 nm periods containing Si 60 on Mo 40 on an SiO2 substrate. Licensing Converted from Image EUV defect edge extension.JPG to PNG, original author User Guiding light . self cc by sa 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 GFDL ... more details
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- File:Black silicon photo.jpg
Summary Information Description Reduced reflectivity on a laser texturized silicon surface Source self made Date 2010 05 12 Author LP3 Permission CC BY SA Licensing PD self date May 2010 ... more details
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- File:Italy tropical cyclone 2006.jpg
Summary Mediterranean tropical cyclone september 2006, Reflectivity map elevation 2.75 in dBz from the radar located in Maglie SMA S.p.A. . september 2006. Licensing PD USGov NASA Category Mediterranean tropical cyclone. ... more details
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- File:Xswyield.png
Summary X ray reflectivity math R math green and photo yield math Y p math red for different coherent positions math P H H . r math Licensing self2 GFDL with disclaimers cc by sa 2.5,2.0,1.0 migration relicense ... more details
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- File:Supercell Caledonia.png
Summary NEXRAD storm relative wind velocity and base reflectivity images of a supercell tornadic thunderstorm near Caledonia, Mississippi on January 10, 2008 courtesy of NWS Jackson, Mississippi . Source http www.srh.noaa.gov jan events 2008 Jan10 index.php Licensing PD USGov DOC NOAA ... more details
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- Aluminized cloth
Aluminized cloth is a material designed to reflect thermal radiation. Applications include fire proximity suits, emergency space blankets, and insulation for building and containers. See also Fire proximity suit Reflectivity Space blanket Thermal insulation Category Technical materials Category Safety clothing material stub ... more details
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- DBZ
DBZ stands for dBZ meteorology , decibels of Z, a meteorological measure of equivalent reflectivity Z of a radar signal Dragon Ball Z , the anime adaptation of the second portion of the Dragon Ball manga Divided by Zero , an American rock band Dean Zelinsky born 1957 , American guitar designer and founder of DBZ Guitars disambig de DBZ fr DBZ it DBZ nl DBZ sv DBZ ... more details
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- Reflectometer
Some Measuring instrument scientific instrument s commonly designated Reflectometer are Network analyzer electrical Vector Network Analyser VNA Spectrophotometer in optics , an instrument for measuring the reflectivity or reflectance of reflecting surfaces Optical time domain reflectometer Reflectometer electronics In electronics , a directional coupler containing matched calibrated detectors in both arms of the auxiliary line, or a pair of single detector couplers oriented so as to measure the electrical power flowing in both directions in the main line Time domain reflectometer disambig ru ... more details
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- File:Radar Tornado Breckenridge.png
Summary Reflectivity radar image of the supercell thunderstorm with a pronounced hook echo signature at the rear flank of the storm. The storm near Breckenridge, Texas at around 5 20 PM CDT on April 9, 2008 prompted a tornado emergency for the immediate area for the possibility of a large and potential violent tornado. However, the tornado was later confirmed as a EF1 or weak tornado although considerable to structures was reported. Courtesy of NWS Fort Worth, Texas. Source http www.srh.noaa.gov fwd April0910 april0910.htm Licensing PD USGov NOAA ... more details
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- File:Parkersburgreflectivity.png
Summary Information Description National Weather Service Doppler Radar Reflectivity Image at 4 59 PM CDT 2159 UTC showing an EF5 tornado over Parkersburg, Iowa. Source http www.crh.noaa.gov crnews display story.php?wfo dmx&storyid 14909&source 0 NWS Des Moines Date 2008 05 27 Author NWS Des Moines Permission other versions Licensing PD USGov NOAA ... more details
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- List of geoengineering topics
General Geoengineering List of proposed geoengineering projects Solar radiation management Solar radiation management Stratospheric sulfur aerosols geoengineering Space sunshade Cloud reflectivity enhancement Greenhouse gas remediation Greenhouse gas remediation Biochar Bio energy with carbon capture and storage Carbon sequestration Iron fertilisation Ocean nourishment Enhanced weathering Other projects Arctic geoengineering Category Geoengineering Category Climatology Category Climate change related lists ... more details
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- File:Yazoocity1714.png
Summary Information Description Doppler radar image base reflectivity and storm relative velocity, 0.5 degrees of EF4 tornado hitting Yazoo City on April 24, 2010 Source http www.srh.noaa.gov images jan Weather Events 2010 04242010 radar yazoocity1714.png NWS Jackson, MS Date 15 07, 27 April 2010 UTC Author NOAA National Weather Service, Jackson, MS Permission PD USGov DOC NOAA other versions Licensing PD USGov NOAA ... more details
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- File:Wkr85img.jpg
Summary King City, Ontario radar image from Environment Canada on May 31, 1985 during the The Barrie Tornado Outbreak of 1985 . Fair use rationale To show the radar reflectivity associated with the The Barrie Tornado Outbreak of 1985 storms. This does not infringe upon the copyright status or devalue it in any way. This image also originated from a federal source as Environment Canada is operated under the federal government of Canada. Licensing Non free historic image ... more details
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- Distributed Bragg reflector
. Increasing the number of pairs in a DBR increases the mirror reflectivity and increasing the refractive index contrast between the materials in the Bragg pairs increases both the reflectivity and the bandwidth ... s. TE and TM mode reflectivity Image DBR TE MODE.PNG thumb left Calculated reflectivity for TE mode ... correspond to R 0, and other colors 0 R 1. Image DBR TM MODE.PNG thumb right Calculated reflectivity ... light with the DBR structure, over several wavelengths and incidence angles. This reflectivity ... more details
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