Reeding is a technique wherein reeds are carved or milled into a surface. ref name TFD http www.thefreedictionary.com Reeding The Free Dictionary Reeding ref ref name Dictionary http dictionary.reference.com browse Reeding Dictionary.com Reeding ref Numismatics In numismatics , reeded edges are often referred to as ridged or grooved . Some coins, such as Quarter United States coin United States quarters and Dime United States coin dimes , have reeded edges. One reason for having reeded edges was to prevent counterfeiting. ref name AboutCoins http coins.about.com od coinsglossary g reedededgedef.htm About.com Reeded Edge Defined What is a Reeded Edge? ref ref name BSOAF http www.bigsiteofamazingfacts.com why do some coins have ridges around the edges Why do some ocins have ridges around the edges? ref Another benefit of certain coins having reeded edges is that it helps enable different coin denominations to be easily identified and distinguished from each other by sense of touch alone. Historically, reeding was used to prevent damage to coins. Currency coins were minted from precious metals like gold and silver. Hence it was common for people to shave some of the metal from the coins. Since shaving went unnoticed unless the coin was closely inspected and compared to an undamaged coin, such practices often went unchecked. Reeding prevented shaving of the edges as a smooth edge on such a coin would be a clear indicator of tampering. Furniture In furniture, reeding is sometimes used around bedposts, and the legs of tables and chairs. Its use in this fashion was inspired by Greek and Roman architectural styles, ref name AboutFurn http antiques.about.com od furniture a ReededLeg022110.htm reeded leg ref and is the opposite of Fluting architecture fluting . Architecture In architecture, reeding is a form of Molding decorative molding usually found on columns, and is sometimes ... topic 211529 fluting and reeding Encyclopedia Britannica Fluting and Reeding ref See also knurling ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File 1831 coining press M.A.N. 1873 22 19 01.jpg thumb French made coining press from 1831 National Archaeological Museum of Spain M.A.N. , Madrid Numismatics In numismatics , the term milled coinage also known as machine struck coinage is used to describe coins which are produced by some form of machine, rather than by manually hammering coin blanks between two dies hammered coinage or casting coins from dies. History File Milling of coins.jpg thumb left 180px A mill for the production of milled coins with both coin dies illustrated. File Coin edge enscription mill.jpg 180px thumb left A mill for inscribing or milling the edges of coin flans or planchets. The earliest machine known for producing coins is the screw press , invented by Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century, powered by a water mill . With the arrival of machine driven and struck coins also came new technology and techniques for stamping the coin s edge with a reeded or milled edge or impressed with designs. The presence of reeding shows that the coin s edge has not been shaved or clipped. The new edging processes for coins impeded them from being Coin clipping clipped into smaller pieces as did happen when coins were hammer struck. Hence, milled edges were originally designed and intended to show that none of the metal had been shaved off the coin. Earlier, coins were shaved or clipped to almost half of their minted weight by unscrupulous persons and it is from this phenomenon that we derive the phrase clip artist to mean a thief. This form of debasement in Tudor England led to the formulation of Gresham s Law , so named after Sir Thomas Gresham . The earliest milled coins produced in England date from the early 1560s, but milled coinage did not entirely replace hammered coinage until 1662. The British numismatic term for the reeded ridged edge is graining and the reeds are called crenellation s. Fact date August 2009 See also Aubin Olivier Category Numismatics Category ... more details
Image Building in Keraton Kasepuhan.jpg thumb right Pendopo in Kraton Kasepuhan, Cirebon Image Symbol Keraton Kasepuhan.jpg thumb right Garden of Kraton Kasepuhan The Kraton Kasepuhan is the oldest kraton sultan s palace in the Indonesia n city of Cirebon . It is the residence of the Sultan of Kasepuhan . History It was built in 1527 and its architecture and interior are a blend of Sundanese people Sundanese , Javanese people Javanese , Islam in Indonesia Islamic , Chinese Indonesian Chinese and Dutch East Indies Dutch styles. Inside is the palace is a cool pavilion with white washed walls dotted with blue and white Delft tiles, a marble floor and ceiling hung with French chandeliers. The legacy of Majapahit is preserved in its small pendopo on soft carved brick bases. The carvings on the pendopo columns are 1940s copy of the ancient originals. An innovation is the use of brackets branching out from the columns. ref Schoppert, P., Damais, S., Java Style , 1997, Didier Millet, Paris, pp. 48, ISBN 962 593 232 1 ref The main building features unusually tall pyramidal column bases. The ornament on the double braces of this building s pendopo tumpang sari ceiling are picked out by gilt. Another unusual feature in the eclectic complex is plaster and masonry columns feature a decoration that resembles reeding . Like other old sites around Cirebon, ceramics in walls are common here, although their use in the Kraton is more restrained. ref Schoppert, P., Damais, S., Java Style , 1997, Didier Millet, Paris, p. 54, ISBN 962 593 232 1 ref While still lived in by the sultan, parts of the palace are open to the public. The palace has a museum with a collection of wayang , kris , cannon, furniture, and Portuguese armour, ancient royal clothes, and the Kereta Singabarong, a 17th century gilded coach. See also List of monarchs of Java Sultanate of Cirebon References reflist Further readings Cite book last Turner first Peter title Java publisher Lonely Planet date November 1995 ... more details
Infobox Coin Country Hong Kong Denomination 50 cent piece Value 0.50 Unit Hong Kong dollar HKD Mass 4.92 Diameter 22.5 Thickness 1.72 Edge reeded Composition Nickel and brass Years of Minting 1866 &ndash 1905, 1951 present sup some years not minted, see text sup Catalog Number Obverse Hong Kong bauhinia 50cent obverse.JPG Obverse Design Bauhinia Obverse Designer Joseph Yam Obverse Design Date 1992 Reverse Hong Kong bauhinia 50cent reverse.JPG Reverse Design 50 with value in English and Chinese Reverse Designer Joseph Yam Reverse Design Date 1992 The fifty cent coin was first introduced as a 0.900 silver half dollar in 1866. These coins were 13.41 grammes, with a diameter of 32 mm, thickness of 2 mm and were reeded. The design was similar to the British Trade dollar , except the image of Britannia was replaces with Queen Victoria . The dates of issue were 1866 67 with only 59,000 issued for both dates combined. In 1890 a second issue of this coin was made, this time as a fifty cent piece. The mintage years was from 1890 94 and 1902, 1904 05. The coin was reeded by reduced in size to 30.5 mm in diameter, but with an increase in weight to 13.48 grammes, but the thickness stayed the same at 2 mm. Metal composition was 80 silver. No more of this denomination was minted until 1951 when a copper nickel coin was issued. It was 23.5 mm in diameter, weighed 5.81 gm and 2mm in thickness. Until 1971 the reeding was with a security edge and from then onwards was just reeded. In 1977 a Nickel Brass coin was issued which reduced the size of the coin, in 1993 the Bauhinia series was issued. In 1997 a commemorative coin was issued for the Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong hand over of Hong Kong to China . It featured an ox . Mintage years are as followes 1951, 1958, 1960 61, 1963 68, 1970 75, 1977 80, 1990, 1993 95 and 1997 98. gallery File HKG012.JPG File HKG013.JPG gallery References refbegin Ma Tak Wo 2004, Illustrated Catalogue of Hong Kon ... more details
Infobox Currency image 1 Eritrea 1Nakfa.jpg image title 1 1 nakfa banknote iso code ERN using countries ERI inflation rate 18 inflation source date https www.cia.gov library publications the world factbook fields 2092.html The World Factbook , 2008 est. pegged with United States dollar U.S. dollar 16.5 nakfa subunit ratio 1 1 100 subunit name 1 Cent currency cent symbol Nfk used coins 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 cents, 1 nakfa used banknotes 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 nakfa issuing authority Bank of Eritrea issuing authority website The nakfa ISO 4217 code ERN is the currency of Eritrea . It is divided into 100 Cent currency cent s. The currency was introduced in 1997 to replace the Ethiopian birr at par, and it was named after the town of Nakfa, Eritrea Nakfa . For an earlier currency of Eritrea, see Eritrean tallero tallero . Coins Coins are made entirely of Nickel clad Steel . Each coin has a different reeded edge, instead of consistent reeding for all denominations. The 1 nakfa coin carries the denomination 100 cents . Coin denominations 1 cent 5 cents 10 cents 25 cents 50 cents 100 cents 1 nakfa Banknotes Image 2006 Eritrea five nakfa tree.JPG thumb right 230px The back of the five Nakfa bank note with the actual tree shown above it. Banknotes come in denominations of 1 nakfa 5 nakfa 10 nakfa 20 nakfa 50 nakfa 100 nakfa There are two issues of banknotes. The first issue of all denominations is dated 24 May 1997 the second issue consists of only the 50 and 100 nakfa notes and is dated 24 May 2004 May 24 is Eritrea s Independence Day . ref cite web author Nachthund url http www.nachthund.biz CatalogUpdate Erithea EritheaIndex.html title Update Eritrea accessdate 2006 07 31 ref Exchange Rate ERN The nakfa has been pegged with the United States dollar at 1 dollar 15 nakfa since January 1, 2005. See also Economy of Eritrea References Reflist External links http www.afrol.com printable article 15318 Regulations concerning the nakfa from Afrol news n start n before currency Ethiopian ... more details
Coin clipping is the act of shaving off a small portion of a precious metal coin for Profit economics profit . Over time the precious metal clippings could be saved up and melted into bullion or used to make new coins. ref name cooper 2008 cite book publisher Harriman House year 2008 title The origin of financial crises first George last Cooper page 46 url http books.google.com books?id 4XWH SqAkHMC&pg PA46 v onepage&q&f false ref ref name redish 2000 cite book year 2000 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 0521570913 title Bimetallism an economic and historical analysis first Angela last Redish url http books.google.com books?id w6cePxd3 UC&pg PA54 v onepage&q&f false page 54 ref Up until the mid 20th century, coins were often made of silver or gold , which were quite soft and prone to wear. This meant coins naturally got lighter and thus less valuable as they aged, so coins that had lost a small amount of silver would go unnoticed. Coin clipping was usually considered by the law to be of a similar magnitude to counterfeit ing, and was occasionally punished by capital punishment death . ref See for example the English Treason Act 1415 . ref ref name cooper 2008 Coin clipping is why many coins have the rim of the coin marked with stripes milling or reeding , text engraving or some other pattern that would be destroyed if the coin were clipped, a process attributed to Isaac Newton , ref name cooper 2008 after being appointed Master of the Mint charge he held from 1699 to his death in 1727 . Although the metal used in most modern coins is not intrinsically valuable, modern milling can be a deterrent to counterfeiting, an aid to the blind to distinguish different denominations, or purely decorative. Modern coins are made of hard, cheap metals such as steel , copper or a copper nickel alloy, reducing wear and removing the incentive to clip them. div class center Image gallery title Comparison of unclipped and clipped Siliqua from the Hoxne Hoard lines 1 width 200 h ... more details
AFRICA , lion in front of mountain, date 1937 1944 edge reeding spaced out align center KM 28.2 1941 ... central image on reverse align center KM 28.4 1944 1946 same as KM 28.1 with edge reeding close ... more details
convex molding, when repeated forms reeding Beading or bead molding in the form of a row of half ... Godroon or Gadroon Ornamental band with the appearance of beading or reeding, especially frequent ... more details
Infobox Coin Country United States Denomination Half Dollar Value 0.5 Unit United States dollar U.S. dollars Mass 12.5 Mass troy oz 0.40 Diameter 30.61 Diameter inch 1.20 Thickness 2.15 Thickness inch 0.08 Edge Reeding Reeded Composition 90.0 Silver Ag br 10.0 Copper Cu Years of Minting 1892&ndash 1893 Catalog Number Standard Catalog of World Coins KM 117 Obverse Columbian exposition half dollar commemorative obverse.jpg Obverse Design Right facing portrait of Columbus flanked by the legends UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and COLUMBIAN HALF DOLLAR. Obverse Designer Charles E. Barber Obverse Design Date 1892&ndash 1893 Reverse Columbian exposition half dollar commemorative reverse.jpg Reverse Design Port view of the Santa Maria above two hemispheres flanked by the date 1492. WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION CHICAGO encircles the rim with the mintage date at bottom. Reverse Designer George T. Morgan Reverse Design Date 1892&ndash 1893 The Columbian Exposition Half dollar United States coin half dollar is a commemorative coin minted to raise funds for the World s Columbian Exposition held in 1893, and to commemorate the quadricentennial of the first voyage of Christopher Columbus to the Americas Design Obverse The original intent was for Ulrich S.J. Dunbar to design the coin. Dunbar created a plaster model based on a portrait of Columbus painted by Lorenzo Lotto in 1512, but this was abandoned when Charles E. Barber , Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint, dismissed Dunbar and secured the project for himself. ref name ngc http www.ngccoin.com CoinDetail.aspx?ContentID 153&page all. ngccoin.com. Retrieved 2010 11 25 ref Barber s obverse design was based on a bust by Olin Levi Warner ref Swiatek, p. 9 ref The obverse and reverse obverse depicts a right facing portrait of Columbus flanked by the legends UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and COLUMBIAN HALF DOLLAR. Reverse Barber clashed with Exposition officials over the reverse, favoring his own design of the Western Hemisphere covering the ... more details
The Vlach Quartet is the name of two consecutive classical string quartet musical ensemble s, based in Prague , which are linked by family tradition father and daughter in the Vlach family. The original Vlach Quartet was founded in 1949 and wound up in 1975. In 1982 the New Vlach Quartet Nov Vlachovo kvarteto was founded with guidance from the original founder, and came to be known as the Vlach Quartet of Prague Vlachovo kvarteto Praha . It is still active as a highly esteemed musical ensemble. ref The primary source for this article is the webpage of the Vlach Quartet of Prague, http www.vlachquartet.com en biography . ref Personnel The personnel of the original Vlach Quartet underwent several changes. In the period 1958 1972 they were ref Source HMV recording of Anton n Dvo k Dvo k Quartet no. 6 and Jan ek no. 2 ALP 1622 , 1958 Supraphon recordings of Dvo k op. 106 SUA 10172 , Josef Suk quartet no. 2 op. 31 SUA 10818 , 1967, and Beethoven op. 18 nos. 1 & 6 1 11 1106 , 1972. ref 1st violin Josef Vlach 2nd violin V clav Sn til viola Josef Ko ousek cello Viktor Mou ka The personnel of the Vlach Quartet of Prague are 1st violin Jana Vlachov 2nd violin Ondrej Kukal with New Vlach Quartet in recordings of Arriaga quartets 1 3 Karel Stadtherr viola Peter Verner 1985 2005 ref Profile of Petr Verner, http www.vernercollegium.cz ENG clenove.htm . ref Georg Haag since 2006 cello Mikael Ericsson Origins and Activities Josef Vlach was a violinist, conductor and teacher in Prague. He shared the principal violin desk of the Czech Chamber Orchestra as it existed under V clav Talich ref Prague Heart of Europe website, http www.heartofeurope.cz concerts orch.html ref , with Jiri Novak, leader of the Smetana Quartet . ref Zdenek Bruderhans, Article on Ji Tancibudek 1921 2004, Reeding Matter , June 2004, Vol 7 part 2, http www.adrs.org.au jiri tancibudek.html . ref In 1949 he founded the Vlach Quartet with members of the Orchestra. Over the next 25 years they made a significa ... more details
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