Reduplication , in linguistics , is a morphology linguistics morphological process by which the root linguistics root or Stem linguistics stem of a word , or part of it, is repeated. Reduplication is used ..., Iconicity iconic in meaning. Reduplication is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, though its level of productivity linguistics linguistic productivity varies. Reduplication is the standard ... Form Reduplication is often described Phonology phonologically in one of two different ways either ... prosodic units syllable s or mora linguistics mora s . In addition to phonological description, reduplication often needs to be described Morphology linguistics morphologically as a reduplication of linguistic ... , Root linguistics roots . As a result, reduplication is interesting theoretically as it involves the interface ... just R . In reduplication, the reduplicant is most often repeated only once. However, in some languages, reduplication can occur more than once, resulting in a tripled form, and not a duple as in most reduplication. Triplication is the term for this phenomenon of copying three times. Pingelapese has both reduplication and triplication. class wikitable Basic Verb Reduplication Triplication ... or vowels is considered to be a form of reduplication. The term dupleme has been used after morpheme to refer to different types of reduplication that have the same meaning. Full and partial reduplication Full reduplication involves a reduplication of the entire word. For example, Kham language Kham derives reciprocal forms from Reflexive pronoun reflexive forms by total reduplication style ... cite small Partial reduplication involves a reduplication of only part of the word. For example ... kin small cite Moravsik 1978 cite small Many languages often use both full and partial reduplication, as in the Motu language Motu example below class wikitable Base Verb Full reduplication Partial reduplication ... mahuta mahuta ma mahuta Reduplicant position Reduplication may be initial i.e. Prefix linguistics ... more details
Shm reduplication is a form of reduplication in which the original word or its first syllable the base is repeated with the copy the reduplicant beginning with shm sometimes schm , pron en m . The construction is generally used to indicate irony, derision or skepticism with respect to comments about the discussed object He s just a baby Baby shmaby. He s already 5 years old Phonological properties Words beginning with a single consonant typically replace that consonant with shm table shmable . Words beginning with a consonant cluster are more variable some speakers replace only the first consonant if possible breakfast shmreakfast , others replace the entire cluster breakfast shmeakfast . Vowel initial words append the shm directly to the beginning of the reduplicant apple shmapple . Some speakers target the stressed syllable rather than the first syllable incredible inshmedible a subset of these do not copy base material preceding the stressed syllable incredible shmedible cf. Spitzer 1952 . Shm reduplication is generally avoided or altered with words that already begin with shm for instance, schmuck does not yield the expected schmuck schmuck, but rather total avoidance or mutation of the shm giving forms like schmuck shluck, schmuck fluck, and so on . Many speakers use sm instead of shm with words that contain a sh Ashmont Smashmont, not shmashmont . Further phonological details revealed by Bert Vaux and Andrew Nevins online survey of shm reduplication can be found here http php dev.imt.uwm.edu prjs markj projects fll surveys shm . Origins and sociolinguistic distribution ... See also Inherently funny word Joe Shmoe Reduplication Redundancy language Redundancy Pig Latin ... 1961 302 3. Nevins, Andrew and Bert Vaux. Metalinguistic, Shmetalinguistic The phonology of shm reduplication ... Shm Reduplication Category Infixes Category English language Category Yiddish culture Category Phonology Category Reduplication de Shm Reduplikation ... more details
Contrastive focus reduplication also lexical cloning , the double construction is a little studied type of syntactic reduplication found in some languages that indicates the prototype prototypical meaning of the repeated word or phrase, a form of retronym y. The term word word was coined by U.S. writer Paul Dickson in 1982 to describe this. ref name OxfordCompanion cite book title The Oxford Companion to the English Language edition last first coauthors year 1992 publisher Oxford University Press id ISBN 0 19 214183 X pages p. 1127 ref The first part of the reduplicant bears contrastive intonational stress. Examples unreferenced section date November 2010 cable television cable television vs. Network television television television . e book e book vs. book book book . Freelance work vs. Employment work work . References references Dray, Nancy. 1987 . Doubles and modifiers in English. Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Chicago . Ghomeshi, Jila Jackendoff, Ray Rosen, Nicole & Russell, Kevin. 2004 . Contrastive focus reduplication in English the salad salad paper . Natural Language & Linguistic Theory , 22 , 307 357. See also http home.cc.umanitoba.ca krussll redup corpus.html Corpus of English contrastive focus reduplications started from this article Horn, Laurence. 1993 . Economy and redundancy in a dualistic model of natural language. In S. Shore & M. Vilkuna Eds. , SKY 1993 Yearbook of the Linguistic Association of Finland pp. 31 72 . Wierzbicka, Anna. 1991 . Cross cultural pragmatics The semantics of human interaction . Berlin Mouton de Gruyter. External links http itre.cis.upenn.edu myl languagelog archives 004591.html Contrastive focus reduplication in Zits Language Log Category Reduplication Category Sociolinguistics ... more details
The reduplication in the Russian language serves for various kinds of the intensification of the meaning. Reduplication is also observable in borrowed words, such as lang ru IPA pi po ping pong and lang ru IPA z zak zig zag , but since the words were borrowed as is from other languages, they are not examples of reduplication as it works in the Russian grammar grammar of Russian. Syllabic root stem reduplication There are virtually no productive syllabic or root linguistics root word stem stem reduplication in the modern Russian language. ref name kryuchkova lang ru . . , , in Proc. Intl. Congress Russian Language Historical Fates and Modern Times lang ru ... babbling of infant s. Word reduplication Word reduplications are mostly the feature of the colloquial ... . Word reduplication may occur in the following forms a hyphenated word , both of standard vocabulary or standard ad hoc word formation exact reduplication lang ru IPA t t t t very few ... white snow , lit. white white snow &mdash ad hoc formation, for adjectives inflected reduplication ... IPA b l m b lo very white , lit. whitely white Reduplication of adjectives using the enhancement ... a higher degree of cooperation ref Israeli, A. 1997 . Syntactic reduplication in Russian A cooperative ... or agreement yes, yes, of course Shm reduplication and m reduplication, to express irony, borrowed ... and looking lang ru , IPA ol ol he went and went Onomatopoeic reduplication lang ru ... Comes bob bob bobbing along Affixal reduplication A peculiarity of Russian language is synonymic affix al reduplication, whereby a root may acquire two productive suffixes or prefixes, different, but of the same ... also Amredita Babbling References reflist DEFAULTSORT Reduplication In The Russian Language Category Russian language Category Reduplication ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 An exponent is a phonology phonological manifestation of a morphosyntax morphosyntactic property. In non technical language, it is the expression of one or more grammatical properties by sound. There are several kinds of exponents identity affixation reduplication internal modification Identity The identity exponent is both simple and common it has no phonological manifestation at all. English example br DEER small PLURAL small deer Affixation Affixation is the addition of a Prefix linguistics prefix , suffix linguistics suffix or infix to a word. English example br WANT small PAST small want ed Reduplication Reduplication is the repetition of part of a word. Sanskrit Example br DA give small PRESENT small small ACTIVE small small INDICATIVE small small FIRST PERSON small small SINGULAR small da daami the da at the beginning is from reduplication, a characteristic of class 3 verbs in Sanskrit Internal modification There are several types of internal modification. An internal modification may be segment linguistics segmental , meaning it changes a sound in the root. English example br STINK small PAST small st a nk i becomes a An internal modification might be a suprasegmental modification. An example would be a change in pitch music pitch . A slightly controversial exponent is subtraction, in which a sound or group of sounds is removed. Some people don t think this happens. DEFAULTSORT Exponent Linguistics Category Linguistic morphology ... more details
SHM may stand for Simple harmonic motion , a concept in physics Shared memory , in computer science Nanki Shirahama Airport , IATA airport code Structural health monitoring Super highway mode a Hypermiling Common hypermiling terms hypermiling technique Somatic hypermutation , a mechanism that allows for immune system adaptation Super High Material SHM CD a Compact Disc manufacturing process for some pre recorded compact discs since 2006 in Japan only that is claimed to have improved sound. Swedish House Mafia , a group of Swedish house DJs See also shm reduplication , an example of reduplication in linguistics disambig cs SHM it SHM nl SHM sv SHM ... more details
Infobox Language name Semai states Peninsular Malaysia speakers 33,000 familycolor Austroasiatic fam2 Nuclear Mon Khmer fam3 Nico Monic fam4 Asli Monic fam5 Aslian languages Aslian fam6 Senoic languages Senoic iso2 mkh iso3 sea Semai is an Austroasiatic languages Austroasiatic language belonging to the Mon Khmer languages Mon Khmer subgroup , and it is spoken in Western Malaysia by the Semai people, with about 33,000 speakers. One notable aspect of Semai phonology is its highly irregular pattern of expressive reduplication , showing discontiguous copying from just the edges of the reduplicant s base, thus forming a minor syllable . References Diffloth, Gerard. 1976a. Minor Syllable Vocalism in Senoic Languages. In Philip N. Lenner, Laurence C. Thompson, and Stanley Starosta eds. , Austroasiatic Studies, Part I , 229 247. Honolulu The University of Hawaii Press. Diffloth, Gerard. 1976b. Expressives in Semai. In Philip N. Lenner, Laurence C. Thompson, and Stanley Starosta eds. , Austroasiatic Studies, Part I , 249 264. Honolulu The University of Hawaii Press. Hendricks, Sean. 2001. Bare Consonant Reduplication Without Prosodic Templates Expressive Reduplication in Semai. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 10 287 306. Category Languages of Malaysia Category Mon Khmer languages malaysia stub AustroAsiatic lang stub ms Bahasa Semai ... more details
Cloning is the process of making an identical copy of something. Cloning may also refer to Cloning programming , the copying of a programming object Disk cloning , the copying of the contents of a computer hard disk to a storage medium or file Phone cloning , the transfer of identity between one mobile telephone and another Reduplication , aka cloning , in linguistics refers to a process by which the root or stem of a word is repeated Molecular cloning , the process of identifying and isolating a specific gene See also Clone disambiguation Clones disambiguation disambig ko id Kloning disambiguasi it Clonazione disambigua ru ... more details
Summary Non free use rationale Article John Willoughby Description Dominic Cooper portraying John Willoughby in the 2008 BBC television serial, Sense and Sensibility Source Screenshot from the 2008 television serial, Sense and Sensibility procured from Google Images Portion Low resolution Reduced enormously from the original screenshot image Purpose This image should be used only to enhance the depiction of a fictional character Replaceability This image depicts a fictional subject under copyright by its original author. Reduplication will not be allowed other information Website 4.bp.blogspot.com ... sands willoughby2w.jpg the property of BBC Licensing Non free film screenshot ... more details
Wiktionary confix A confix is an affix which consists of at least a prefix and a suffix that is placed before and after a root word. The word confix is itself made up of the suffix fix meaning attach , in this case , and the prefix con meaning with , both of which are derived from Latin root linguistics root s. Only some languages have this linguistic feature, notably Indonesian language Indonesian and Malay language . In Indonesian language, the number of prefixes and suffixes may be more than one and the root word may be a simple root word, a compound word, or a reduplication words. Examples of confixes in Indonesian language Indonesian One prefix and one suffix on a non reduplicative word kebaikan Prefixes in Indonesian language ke ke baik Suffixes in Indonesian language an an goodness One prefix and one suffix on a compound word dijungkirbalikkan Prefixes in Indonesian language di di jungkir balik Suffixes in Indonesian language kan kan being overthrown , jungkir balik lit. upside down One prefix and one suffix on a reduplication word keragu raguan ke ragu ragu an doubtness . sup 1 sup A prefix and three suffixes on a root word diceritakannyalah di cerita kan Suffixes in Indonesian language nya nya Suffixes in Indonesian language lah lah to be told by him sup 1 sup small It is different keraguan keraguan doubts reduplication of ke ragu an doubt , see example one. small See also Circumfix Prefixes and suffixes in Indonesian External links Id icon http www.indodic.com affixindo.html A reference for Indonesian affixes, including confixes ling stub Category Linguistic morphology Category Lexical units Category Affixes ko id Konfiks ms Apitan nl Confix ... more details
in linguistics for such double words is reduplication reduplicants . See also List of tautonyms Binomial nomenclature Botanical nomenclature Reduplication List of tautological place names External ...?nfv &article 23 3.7 Art. 23.3.7 Category Taxonomy Category Reduplication Category Biological nomenclature ... more details
unreferenced date January 2011 Other uses Bon Bon disambiguation Image Bonbon.jpg right thumb Dessert bonbons The name bonbon or bon bon refers to any of several types of sweets, especially small candies enrobed in chocolate. The first reports of bonbons come from the 17th century, when they were made at the French royal court. Their name arose from infantile reduplication of the word bon , meaning good . In modern French, the term simply refers to any type of small candy. This sweet inspired Johann Strauss II to compose a waltz named, Wiener Bonbons . See also Pralines Category Confectionery confection stub ca Bomb cs Bonbon es Bomb n chocolate ja sr ... more details
A Hmao Big Flowery Miao , Flowery Miao are an ethnic group in China . They are from Yunnan and Sichuan . They also live in Guizhou . The number of persons within this group likely exceeds 400,000. Their language is the Hmong language Large Flowery Miao . Their language displays extensive tone sandhi . ref Mortensen, David. 2005. A Hmao Echo Reduplication as Evidence for Abstract Phonological Scales . LSA Annual Meeting ref References reflist Sources citation url http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code hmd editor last Lewis editor first M. Paul year 2009 title Ethnologue Languages of the World edition Sixteenth publisher SIL International location Dallas, TX See also Gha Mu Category Hmong Category Ethnic groups in China Category Yunnan Category Sichuan Asia ethno group stub de A Hmao ... more details
Infobox Language name Thao familycolor Austronesian fam2 Northern Formosan languages Northern Formosan iso2 map iso3 ssf states Taiwan region speakers 5 or 6 2000 Thao , also known as Sao , is the language of the Thao people , a tribe of Taiwanese aborigines in the region of Sun Moon Lake in central Taiwan . In 2000 there were approximately 5 or 6 speakers living in Dehua village, all but one of whom were over the age of sixty. It is a Formosan language of the Austronesian languages Austronesian family Brawbaw and Shtafari are dialects. Phonology p as in punuq head , apuy fire br b as in bidhu beard , tubu urine br m as in matha eye , rumfadh bird , urum cloud br f as in funush knife , afu food , qaruf knee br t as in taparudh rabbit , katawnan village , shpat four br d as in dad chief , shmadiya owl br n as in nipin tooth , tanathu nine , mudhin nose br as in lhanadh name , tilhadh sun , qawlh bamboo br l as in luysh short, not long , lalay cicada , bunal sand br r as in ribush tree , katuru six , kamar millet br as in thaythuy they , ruthun monkey , lhamith root br as in dhama tongue , padhay corn husk , fidhfidh banana br s as in sadhum water , rusaw fish , balis iron br as in shmin an to drink , tusha two , shaqish face br k as in ku aw eagle , kakulhum ant br as in kakani na pangka table , lhungqawshin to sneeze br q as in qnuwan deer, pig , maqusum black , flhuq to wash br as in a a baby br h as in hudun mountain , ihu you br j as in yaku I , today thuyni , bukay flower br w as in wakrath river , kawash year , mashimdhaw cold as in weather br The letter i is pronounced e before and after q and r. br The letter u is pronounced o before and after q and r. Morphology Thao has two or arguably three patterns of reduplication Ca reduplication, full reduplication, and rightward reduplication which is sometimes considered to be a form of full reduplication . Thao verbs have the following types of focus Blust 2003 239 . Actor um present , ma future Pati ... more details
Infobox Language name Comox familycolor American states Canada region British Columbia speakers 400 fam1 Salishan languages Salishan fam2 Central iso2 sal iso3 coo Comox , also known as K omoks , is a Coast Salish languages Coast Salish language historically spoken in the northern Georgia Strait region, spanning the east coast of Vancouver Island and the northern Sunshine Coast British Columbia Sunshine Coast and adjoining inlets and islands. It has two main dialects, Island Comox, associated with the Comox First Nation Comox Indian Band , and Mainland Comox , associated with the Sliammon First Nation Sliammon , Klahoose First Nation Klahoose and Homalhco First Nation Homalhco peoples. Bibliography Expand section date June 2008 cite book last Sapir first Edward authorlink coauthors title Noun reduplication in Comox, a Salish language of Vancouver island publisher Government Printing Office year 1915 location Ottawa pages url http www.archive.org details nounreduplicatio00sapirich doi id DEFAULTSORT Comox Language Category Coast Salishan languages Category Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast Category First Nations languages in Canada Category Endangered Salishan languages na lang stub eo Komoksa lingvo fr Comox langue ... more details
Infobox Language name Nakanai nativename Lakalai states Papua New Guinea speakers 13,000 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic fam5 Willaumez languages Willaumez iso2 map iso3 nak The Nakanai language is spoken by the Nakanai tribe in West New Britain , a province of Papua New Guinea . It is an Austronesian languages Austronesian language , belonging to the Malayo Polynesian subgroup. The name Nakanai is natively pronounced Lakalai, as the alveolar nasal n has disappeared from the phoneme phonemic inventory of the language and has been replaced by l . Phonology Nakanai syllable s may be of the shape V or CV, with no Syllable coda codas or consonant cluster s to be found anywhere in the language. References Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. ed. , 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex. SIL International. Johnston, Raymond Leslie. 1980. Nakanai of New Britain The Grammar of an Oceanic Language . Pacific Linguistics Series B 70. Spaelti, Philip. 1997. Dimensions of Variation in Multi Pattern Reduplication . Doctoral Dissertation University of California, Santa Cruz. Category Meso Melanesian languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea ... more details
are treated as distinct segments. For example, the common initial reduplication process, which ..., reduplication , conjunction and compounding. Suffixation Suffixation is the most common and most productive ... order according to the word type. Reduplication There are two kinds of reduplication full reduplication and partial reduplication. Full reduplication is the less common type it is used to mark iterative aspect on verbs. Partial reduplication can occur as initial or final reduplication. Final reduplication ... referred to, being very proficient, has many companions in hunting Initial reduplication ... reversal in verbs. Initial reduplication prefixes a copy of the first vowel of the stem as well as any ... if any may also undergo changes, particularly in voicing and length. Some examples illustrate the reduplication ... reversal is indicated by initial reduplication. Transitivity change is indicated by the use of one ... classes of morphemes. A indicates initial reduplication, which can occur only once per word. C ... Crowhurst, Megan title Demorification in T batulabal Evidence from Initial Reduplication and Stress ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Infobox Language name Pingelapese states Federated States of Micronesia Micronesia region Pingelap speakers approx. 750 iso2 font face Arial none font iso3 pif familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Central Eastern Oceanic languages Central Eastern fam5 Micronesian languages Micronesian fam6 Micronesian Proper languages Micronesian Proper fam7 Ponapeic Trukic languages Ponapeic Trukic fam8 Ponapeic languages Ponapeic script Latin alphabet IPAChartEng include Pingelapese is a Micronesian languages Micronesian language of the Ponapeic Trukic languages Ponapeic Trukic subfamily . It is spoken on the Pingelap atoll . It is a language featuring both reduplication and triplication . DEFAULTSORT Pingelapese Language Category Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia Category Micronesian languages Category Pohnpei Au lang stub Micronesia stub fr Pingelap langue it Pingelapese fi Pingelapin kieli ... more details
verbs. They cannot be combined with a copula and can be negated. Reduplication In Khmer, nouns and adjectives can be reduplicated. Reduplication can either occur as perfect reduplicates or by altering the rhyme of words. Khmer also uses compound reduplication where two phonologically unrelated words ... more details
Mergeto Proto Euphratean date June 2008 Banana languages or Proto Tigris languages refer to a hypothetical Substratum substrate in the Sumerian language . Attested only by personal names used in Sumerian texts. These names have a characteristic feature, reduplication of syllables like in the word banana Inanna , Zababa, Chuwawa, Bunene etc. Such feature of the banana languages reminds the extinct Minoan language whose genetic relations are unclear. The hypothesis was proposed by Igor Dyakonov and Vladislav Ardzinba who identified these hypothetical languages with the Samarran culture ref , .2. . 1988. in Russian History of Ancient Orient, Vol. 2. Moscow 1988. Published by the Soviet Academy of Science , chapter III. ref . References reflist Literature , .2. . 1988. in Russian History of Ancient Orient, Vol. 2. Moscow 1988. Published by the Soviet Academy of Science http lah.ru konspekt back shumer1.htm . in Russian DEFAULTSORT Banana Languages Category Assyriology ru ... more details
G. year 1982 title Reduplication in Tamil journal Pakha Sanjam volume 15 pages 457 464 cite journal ... pages 51 81 Categories DEFAULTSORT Echo Word Category Reduplication ... more details
Word formation ReduplicationReduplication , ref Called t l y in Vietnamese. ref the process of creating ... in poetry and other compositions, as well as in everyday speech. Examples of reduplication increasing ... Examples of reduplication decreasing intensity nh nh nh soft soft less xinh xinh xinh pretty ... reduplication. ref Tonal harmony should not be confused with the more common phenomenon of tone ... preceding the base or final following the base . Initial reduplication b be big b b be very big base ... Final reduplication m p be fat m p m p be chubby base m p , final reduplicant affix m p kh c to weep kh c l c to whimper base kh c , final reduplicant affix l c Total reduplication involves copying ... n i n i to keep talking and talking Partial reduplication involves copying only certain segments ref The term segment refers to either a consonant or a vowel. ref of the word base. Partial reduplication ... . ref A few affixes are used along with reduplication. Many affixes come from the Sino Vietnamese ... more details
Duplicate publication , the publication same intellectual material by the same author twice Reduplication ... disambiguation Reduplication Symmetry disambig de Duplikation fr Duplication pt Duplica o ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Sharon Inkelas is a Professor and Chair of the Linguistics Department at the University of California, Berkeley . She specializes in phonology interfaces and particularly in the interaction between Morphology linguistics morphology and phonology. Inkelas completed her Bachelor of Arts in mathematics at Pomona College in 1984 and then received her doctorate in linguistics at Stanford University in 1989 with a dissertation, Prosodic Constituency in the Lexicon, advised by Paul Kiparsky . In 1990, she arrived at UC Berkeley as Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science research fellow, and became a professor at Berkeley in 1992. Her recent research pursuits include cophonology theory, affix ordering, child phonology, and analysis of Turkish language Turkish . She has supervised 7 Ph.D. dissertations from 1996 to 2006. Prof. Inkelas is also a violin ist she played for the symphony orchestra of Stanford University and As of 2009 lc on is a member of the symphony orchestra of the University of California, Davis http hector.ucdavis.edu ucdso 05Personnel Inkelas.htm . She has two sons. Recent publications Reduplication , in Keith Brown, ed., Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics , Elsevier Oxford, pp. 417 419, 2006 Underspecification , in Keith Brown, ed., Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics , Elsevier Oxford, pp. 224 226, 2006 The architecture and the implementation of a finite state pronunciation lexicon for Turkish , with Kemal Oflazer . Computer Speech and Language , pp. 80 106, 2006 Reduplication Doubling in Morphology , with Cheryl Zoll . Cambridge University Press . 2005. http sitemaker.umich.edu mmarlo files inkelas zoll2005reviewmarlo.pdf Review . Velar Fronting Revisited , with Yvan Rose , in Barbara Beachley , Amanda Brown & Fran Conlin eds. , Proceedings of the 26th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development Somerville, MA Cascadilla Press Turkish stress a review , with C. Orhan Orgun , Phonology 20, pp. 139 ... more details
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