Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 A Music Disk was a special type of release in the Demoscene . It was focused on the music rather than the programming wizardry. Often they contained simple interfaces or none at all. Category Demoscene DEFAULTSORT Music Disks Music software stub ... more details
Global Arrays , or GA, is the library developed by scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for parallel computing. GA provides a friendly API for shared memory programming on distributed memory computers for multidimensional arrays. The GA library is a predecessor to the GAS global address space languages currently being developed for high performance computing. ref cite journal last1 Nieplocha first1 Jarek last2 Harrison first2 Robert journal The Journal of Supercomputing volume 11 pages 119 year 1997 doi 10.1023 A 1007955822788 ref ref cite journal last1 Nieplocha first1 J. title Advances, Applications and Performance of the Global Arrays Shared Memory Programming Toolkit journal International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications volume 20 pages 203 year 2006 doi 10.1177 1094342006064503 ref ref cite journal last1 Nieplocha first1 Jaroslaw last2 Harrison first2 Robert J. last3 Littlefield first3 Richard J. title Global arrays A nonuniform memory access programming model for high performance computers journal The Journal of Supercomputing volume 10 year 1996 doi 10.1007 BF00130708 ref ref cite book isbn 978 1 58603 796 3 editor1 last Bischof editor1 first C editor2 last Bucker editor2 first C editor3 last Gibbon editor3 first P editor4 last Joubert editor4 first G editor5 last Lippert editor5 first T editor6 last Mohr editor6 first B editor7 last Peters editor7 first F title Parallel Computing Architectures, Algorithms and Applications year 2008 volume 15 pages 339 345 publisher IOS Press location Amsterdam language English issn 0927 5452 chapter Towards Fault Resilient Global Arrays series Advances in Parallel Computing last1 Tipparaju first1 Vinod last2 Krishnan first2 Manoj last3 Palmer first3 Bruce last4 Petrini first4 Fabrizio last5 Nieplocha ... for out of core storage of arrays ChemIO . Although GA was initially developed to run ... http www.emsl.pnl.gov docs global Global Arrays Home Page http www.emsl.pnl.gov docs parsoft Parsoft ... more details
unreferenced date December 2007 A goal of redundant topologies is to eliminate network downtime caused by a single point of failure . All networks need redundancy for enhanced reliability. Network reliability is achieved through reliable equipment and network designs that are tolerant to failures and faults. Networks should be designed to reconverge rapidly so that the fault is bypassed. In a redundant mesh topology network devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. In a true mesh topology every node has a connection to every other node in the network. A mesh network with redundant connections is an example of a redundant topology. The level of redundancy can be measured by Connectivity graph theory network connectivity . On a redundantly connected network if a router were to fail connectivity would be preserved by routing traffic through a redundant connection. Furthermore, each router should have two or more points, or legs , with which to keep redundancy. Failures within the Solution Redundant network topologies are designed to ensure that networks continue to function in the presence of single points of failure. Work is interrupted less often for users because the network continues to function. Any interruptions that are caused by a failure should be as short as possible. Reliability is increased by redundancy. A network that is based on switches or bridges will introduce redundant links between those switches or bridges to overcome the failure of a single link. These connections introduce physical loops into the network. These bridging loops are created so if one link fails another can take over the function of forwarding traffic. In this transition, any unknown destination for currently flowing traffic is flooded over every port except the one it originated from. At layer 2, headers don t have a Time to live TTL time to live value. If a frame is sent into a layer 2 looped topology of switches, it would loop forever causing ... more details
Image St Mary Wythall.jpg right thumb upright St Mary s, Wythall , a redundant church, now offices for an electrical company. A redundant church is a Church building church building that is no longer required for regular public worship. The phrase is particularly used to refer to former Anglican buildings in the United Kingdom, but may refer to any disused church building around the world. Reasons for redundancy include population movements, changing social patterns, merging of parishes, massive decline in church attendance or other factors. Although once simply demolished or left to ruin, today many redundant churches find new uses as community centres, museums, houses or other more innovative solutions. United Kingdom Established church buildings Although church buildings are disused around the world, in England , the term was particularly used by the Church of England which had a Redundant Churches Division . In 2008, the Church changed the terminology surrounding church closure and as such redundancy is now known as closure for regular public worship. The Redundant Churches Division became the Closed Churches Division. There are a number of reasons for a church building being declared redundant, although it is primarily due to a reduction in the number of regular Sunday worshippers, which have fallen since the late 1980s to just over 3.5m. ref name economist Other reasons include ... for example, many redundant churches were formerly maintained in parishes situated in deserted medieval ... redundant, and of those, 357 have been demolished and 327 preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust. ref name economist http www.economist.com node 1057312 Redundant churches Pints in the pews , The Economist ... . Similarly, in Scotland the Scottish Redundant Churches Trust cares for several former Church of Scotland ... Trust . References Reflist Churches Conservation Trust DEFAULTSORT Redundant Church Category Religious buildings Category Former church buildings Redundant church Category Redundant churches Redundant ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 Infobox single Name Redundant Cover Redundantpt1.jpg Artist Green Day from Album Nimrod album Nimrod Released May 26, 1998 Format Compact Disc single CD single , Gramophone record vinyl Recorded 1997 Genre Pop punk , alternative rock Length 3 17 Label Reprise Records Reprise Writer Billie Joe Armstrong Green Day Producer Rob Cavallo , Green Day Last single Good Riddance Time of Your Life br 1997 This single Redundant br 1998 Next single Nice Guys Finish Last br 1999 Redundant is a song by American punk rock band Green Day . It was released as the third single from their fifth album, Nimrod album Nimrod . The song failed to match the impressive chart positions of its predecessors, despite an ambitious music video. It is one of few Green Day songs in which vocalist guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong uses an effects pedal . Meaning Before the Nimrod album Nimrod sessions ... to be said merely out of routine. Track listing tracklist headline Promotional title1 Redundant length1 3 16 tracklist headline CD 1 title1 Redundant note1 Richard Dodd Medium Wide Mix length1 3 16 ... CD 2 title1 Redundant note1 Richard Dodd Medium Wide Mix length1 3 16 title2 Reject note2 live length2 2 05 title3 She note3 live length3 2 26 tracklist headline AUS CD title1 Redundant note1 ... 26 tracklist headline Redundant Good RIddance Time of Your Life AUS CD title1 Redundant note1 LP version ... Side A title1 Redundant note1 Richard Dodd Medium Wide Mix length1 3 16 tracklist headline Side B title2 The Grouch note2 live length2 3 23 Vinyl Box Set tracklist headline Side A title1 Redundant ... November 14, 1997 at the Electric Factory , Philadelphia Redundant Richard Dodd Medium Wide Mix is identical ... separate single version Music video The music video for Redundant, directed by Mark Kohr , ref http ... Day songs Category Songs written by Billie Joe Armstrong es Redundant fr Redundant it Redundant ja pt Redundant simple Redundant single ... more details
TOC right Unreferenced section date October 2008 Redundant code is a computer programming term for code, which may be source code or compiled code in a computer program , that has any form of redundancy, such as recomputing a value that has previously been calculated ref http doi.acm.org 10.1145 349214.349233 Debray, S. K., Evans, W., Muth, R., and De Sutter, B. 2000. Compiler techniques for code compaction. ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 22, 2 Mar. 2000 , 378 415. ref and is still available, code that is never executed often called unreachable code , or code which is executed but has no external effect e.g., does not change the output produced by a program , usually known as dead code . A NOP instruction might be considered to be redundant code that has been explicitly inserted to pad out the instruction computer science instruction stream or introduce a time delay. Identifier s that are declared, but never referenced, are usually termed as redundant declaration s. Example source lang c int f int x int y x 2 return x 2 source The second tt x 2 tt expression is redundant code and can be replaced by a reference to the variable tt y tt . Alternatively, the definition tt int y x 2 tt can instead be removed. See also Portal Computer Science Code bloat References Reflist Category Compiler optimizations Category Software engineering terminology Category Source code it Codice ridondante lt Perteklinis kodas nl Redundante code ... more details
Infobox Play name Redundant image Redundantcovers.gif image size 200 x 400 caption writer Leo Butler chorus characters mute setting date of premiere 2001 br Royal Court Theatre Royal Court in London country of Origin Britain original language English language English series subject genre web playbill event ibdb id Redundant by Leo Butler premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in 2001 starring Lyndsey Marshal and directed by Dominic Cooke . Set in promiscious teenager Lucy s council flat it centres on her relationships with her family and lovers. It contained the first ever reference in theatre to Osama bin Laden where a character said that the whole country needed to be bombed by him to teach us all what suffering was. The play premiered at Royal Court on the 22nd September 2001 receiving gasps from the audience and the play was a critical and commercial flop even though it has been more recently recognised as a better play than was originally thought Citation needed date September 2009 . The production is well known for its use of the downstairs stage at Royal court where the overhead arch had been lowered throughout the play until the final scene where it was raised as Lucy sat on the bed making her appear smaller and smaller and more and more redundant to the action. Reviews On the whole critics savaged the play but partial blame for that has been laid on the bin Laden reference which many thought had been inserted simply to shock even though it had been there before the September 11 attacks . There were some positive reviews however such as The Stage which said blockquote written with gobsmacking psychological realism...Butler s text is full of evasions, projections and concealed aggression...this scorching drama is raw, raucous and disturbing, with a final stage picture ... court theatre website http www.royalcourttheatre.com archive reviews.asp?play 251 Reviews of Redundant ... dance features leo butler thats not an usher thats the author 662973.html DEFAULTSORT Redundant ... more details
wiktionary hybrid hybrids Hybrid may refer to tocright Biology Hybrid biology , an offspring resulting from cross breeding Vehicles Hybrid vehicle , a vehicle using more than one power source Hybrid electric vehicle , a vehicle using both internal combustion and electric power sources Hybrid bicycle , a bicycle with features of road and mountain bikes Electronics Hybrid computer , a computer combining analog and digital features Hybrid coupler , a passive device used in radio and telecommunications Hybrid coil , a type of electrical transformer Telephone hybrid , a type of telephone circuit Hybrid IT, new media , is used to describe a person which is a developer as well as a designer Print Hybrid DC Comics , a fictional group of supervillains Hybrid Marvel Comics , a fictional supervillain Hybrid Scott Washington , a fictional Marvel Comics anti hero Hybrids novel , a book in the Neanderthal Parallax trilogy by Robert J. Sawyer Music Hybrid Spanish band , an extreme metal band Hybrid Welsh band , an electronic music group Hybrid Michael Brook album Hybrid Michael Brook album Hybrid Gary Numan album Hybrid Gary Numan album Hybrid split album Hybrid split album , by Melody Fall and Better Luck Next Time Hybrid Recordings , a record label Hybrid Theory , the debut album of Linkin Park, who was once known by the same name Games and sport Hybrid video game Hybrid golf Hybrid role playing game Hybrid role playing game Hybrid Underworld Hybrid Underworld Hybrid martial arts Other uses Hybrid mythology , a creature combining body parts of two or more species Hybrid gemstone , a stone combining natural material with artificial material Hybrid security , a type of economic instrument Hybrid word , a word derived from more than one language See also Hybridisation disambiguation disambig bg cs Hybridizace es H brido fr Hybride homonymie ko hr Hibrid nl Hybride ja no Hybrid andre betydninger pl Hybryda pt H brido ru fi Hybridi sv Hybrid ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 merge Non RAID drive architectures discuss Talk Massive array of idle disks Merger proposal date April 2010 In computing , a massive array of idle disks more commonly known as a MAID is a system using hundreds to thousands of hard drive s for nearline storage of data . MAID is designed for Write Once, Read Occasionally WORO applications. In a MAID each drive is only spun up on demand as needed to access the data stored on that drive. This is not unlike a very large JBOD Just a Bunch Of Disks JBOD but with power management. Compared to Redundant array of independent disks RAID technology a MAID has increased storage density, and decreased cost, electrical power, and cooling requirements. However, these advantages are at the cost of much increased latency, significantly lower throughput , and decreased redundancy. Low drive utilization rates may actually reduce reliability in consumer oriented large PATA and SATA drives. ref name harris google Harris, Rick 2007 02 19 . http storagemojo.com 2007 02 19 googles disk failure experience Google s Disk Failure Experience , StorageMojo, Retrieved on 2009 12 19 ref Drives designed for multiple spin up down cycles e.g. laptop drives are significantly more expensive. Fact date December 2008 Latency may be as high as tens of seconds. ref name rick cook Cook, Rick 2004 07 12 . http searchstorage.techtarget.com tip 1,289483,sid5 gci992380,00.html Backup budgets have it MAID with cheap disk Retrieved on 2008 07 15 ref MAID can supplement or replace Tape library tape libraries in hierarchical storage management . To allow ... Technology AutoMAID author Nexsan date 2010 accessdate 13 September 2010 ref incorporate disks capable ... of drives and are designed to have only 25 of disks spinning at any one time. ref name rick cook Notes references DEFAULTSORT Massive Array Of Idle Disks Category Computer storage technologies Category Hard disk computer storage de Massive Array of Idle Disks ... more details
Focal Plane Arrays are arrays of receivers placed at the focus of a radio telescope . Traditional radio telescopes have only one receiver at the focus of the telescope, but radio telescopes are now starting to be equipped with focal plane arrays, which are of three different types multi beam feed arrays, bolometer arrays, and the experimental phased array feeds. Multi beam feed arrays Multi beam feed arrays incorporate several distinct heterodyne Superheterodyne receiver receivers, each with its own feed horn , in a small array at the focus of the radio telescope . A feed array with n receivers will increase the survey speed of the telescope by a factor n, making them very powerful survey instruments. Because radio wavelengths are large, the resulting feed arrays are amongst the largest radio astronomy receivers ever built. Examples include the multi beam arrays ref http www.atnf.csiro.au research multibeam Parkes Multibeam ref ref http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2007IAUS..237..403C ref on the Parkes Observatory , and the ALFA ref http www.naic.edu alfa ALFA ref array at Arecibo Observatory , both of which have been used for major pulsar and Hydrogen line studies, such as HIPASS . Bolometer Arrays Bolometer arrays are arrays of bolometer receivers which measure the energy of incoming radio photons. They are typically used for astronomy at millimeter wavelengths. Examples include the SCUBA receiver on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and the LABOCA ref http www.mpifr bonn.mpg.de staff gsiringo laboca laboca at the mpifr bolometer group.html LABOCA ref instrument on the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment APEX telescope. Phased Array Feeds Phased Array Feeds are an experimental type of focal plane array using Phased array technology in which heterodyne receivers are closely spaced so that they do not act independently, but instead act as sensors of the electromagnetic field across the array of the incoming radio waves. The outputs of the receivers can then be combined to synthesise ... more details
Expert subject Computing date April 2007 Network Attached Secure Disks NASD is 1997 2001 research project of Carnegie Mellon University , with the goal of providing cost effective scalable computer storage storage Bandwidth computing bandwidth . Overview NASD reduces the overhead on the file Server computing server file manager by allowing storage devices to transfer data directly to Client computing client s. Most of the file manager s work is offloaded to the storage disk without integrating the file system policy into the disk. Most client operations like Read Write go directly to the disks less frequent operations like authentication go to the file manager. Disks transfer variable length objects instead of fixed size blocks to clients. The File Manager provides a time limited cachable capability for clients to access the storage objects. A file access from the client to the disks has the following sequence The client authenticates itself with the file manager and requests for the file access. If the client can be granted access to the file requested, the client receives the Computer network network location of NASD disks and their capability. If the client is accessing the disk for the first time, it receives a time limited key for the establishment of secure communication to the disk. The file manager informs the corresponding disk using an independent channel. From now on, the client directly accesses the NASD disks by giving the capability it received and further data transfers go through the network, bypassing the file manager. References reflist External links http www.pdl.cmu.edu NASD NASD Network Attached Secure Disks http www.pdl.cmu.edu PDL FTP NASD CMU CS 97 118.abstract.html Filesystems for Network Attached Secure Disks Garth Gibson, David F. Nagle , Khali Amiri , Fay W. Chang, Howard Gobioff, Erik Riedel , David Rochberg, and Jim Zelenka, 1997 http portal.acm.org ... disks Joint International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems , archived in Proceedings ... more details
Diversity Arrays Technology DArT is the name of a technology used in molecular genetics to develop sequence marker s for genotyping and other genetics genetic analysis. DArT is based on microarray hybridizations that detect the presence versus absence of individual fragments in genomic representations ref cite journal author Jaccoud D, Peng K, Feinstein D, Kilian A title Diversity arrays a solid state technology for sequence information independent genotyping journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 29 issue 4 pages E25 year 2001 month February pmid 11160945 pmc 29632 doi url ref . The technology has significant advantages over other array based Single nucleotide polymorphism detection technologies in the analysis of polyploid plants ref cite journal author Wenzl P, Carling J, Kudrna D, et al. title Diversity Arrays Technology DArT for whole genome profiling of barley journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 101 issue 26 pages 9915 20 year 2004 month June pmid 15192146 pmc 470773 doi 10.1073 pnas.0401076101 url http www.pnas.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 15192146 ref . External resources http www.diversityarrays.com applicationsdart.html Applications of DArT . http www.diversityarrays.com molecularprincip.html Description of the technology . References references Category Genetics Category Molecular genetics genetics stub ... more details
Microstructured optical arrays MOAs are instruments for focusing x ray optics x ray s. MOAs utilise total external reflection at Angle of incidence Grazing angle grazing incidence from an array of small channels in order to bring x rays to a common focus optics focus . This method of focusing means that MOAs exhibit low Absorption electromagnetic radiation absorption . MOAs are used in applications which require x ray focal spots in the order of few micrometers or below, such as radiobiology of individual cells. Current MOA based focusing optics designs have two consecutive array components in order to reduce Coma optics comatic aberration . Properties Image MOA config 1.jpg thumb 300px Fig. 1 MOA with second component compressed. MOAs are achromatic which means the focal properties do not change for radiation of different wavelengths as they utilize grazing incidence reflection. This means that they are able to focus chromatic radiation to a common point unlike zone plate s. MOAs are also adjustable as the optic can be compressed in order to alter the focal properties such as focal length . Focal length can be calculated for the system in fig. 1 using the geometry shown in fig. 2 where it can be seen that changing the gap between the components d D in the figure or the radius of curvature R will have a large effect on the focal length. Image MOA config 1 geometry2.jpg thumb 300px Fig. 2 Geometry of MOA in configuration shown in fig. 1. MOAs have been used in configurations shown in figs. 1 & 3 whereby one or both components can be adjusted. This has varying effects on the focal properties, in general it has been found that smaller focal spot sizes are apparent when MOAs are used as shown in fig. 1 with only the second component adjusted. Image MOA config 2.jpg thumb 300px ... shown in fig. 2. Manufacturing Current microstructured optical arrays are composed of silicon ... article&id 111&Itemid 127&lang en sprache titel Microstructured optical arrays werk datum ... more details
Infobox VG title Xbox Exhibition series image Image xboxexhibitionvol5.jpg 256px Cover of Xbox Exhibition Volume 5 caption Xbox Exhibition disk developer Various compilations publisher Microsoft Game Studios released 2002 through 2004 genre Game demo Demo modes ratings Entertainment Software Rating Board ESRB Rating Pending RP Mature M platforms Xbox media DVD input Xbox Exhibition was a game demo compilation series from Microsoft Game Studios to advertise and preview upcoming Xbox games. The Optical disc disks contained several playable game demos, game trailers, video content from G4 TV channel G4 TV , music videos, and music from Indie music indie artists which were downloadable to the Xbox s hard disk. With the advent of the Xbox 360 , distribution of demos switched to free digital downloads from the Xbox Live Marketplace . In total there were seven Xbox Exhibition disks released over two years. The last release was volume 7 on November 17, 2004. Disks Volume 1 2002 Nine playable game demos Halo series Halo , Madden NFL 2002 , NFL Fever 2003 , Panzer Dragoon Orta , Quantum Redshift , Splinter Cell , TimeSplitters 2 , ToeJam & Earl III Mission to Earth , and Whacked . Downloads include Dead or Alive 3 booster pack costumes, two downloadable saves for Project Gotham Racing , and two save files for Rallisport Challenge . Music and music videos from Death Cab for Cutie , John Vanderslice , Rilo Kiley , The Dismemberment Plan , and The Long Winters . Volume 2 March 5, 2003 All Star Baseball 2004 , Capcom vs. SNK 2 Capcom vs. SNK 2 EO Capcom vs. SNK 2 EO , Indiana Jones and the Emperor s Tomb , Kung Fu Chaos , MechAssault , MX Superfly , NBA Inside Drive 2003 , Tom Clancy s Ghost Recon , and Vexx . Downloads were an NFL Fever 2003 roster update, and new characters and environments for ToeJam & Earl III Mission to Earth and MX Superfly . Volume 3 July 17, 2003 Apex video game Apex , ATV Quad Power Racing 2 , Brute Force video game Brute Force , Gladius video game Gladi ... more details
Multiple issues advert September 2010 orphan September 2010 Redundant Array of Inexpensive Servers RAIS is the use of multiple Server computing servers to provide the same service in such a way that service will still be available if the servers fails. The term may imply some kind of Load balancing computing load balancing between the servers. Ia a simple, high performance, mainframe grade alternative to today s Enterprise computing infrastructure solutions. Te RAIS, turn an array of ordinary servers into a single virtual machine like RAID turns a cluster of ordinary disks into a single block device. Every RAIS node is a stateless computing unit. RAIS stripes and mirrors application code and memory across an array of ordinary servers using the standard RAID schemata of level 0, level 1, level 5, level 1 0. This is possible through the invention of a radical new memory management system called Versioned Memory. RAIS provide the benefits of an SMP at the entry cost of clusters. How does RAIS work. Data blocks of each stream are striped across the array servers. A fast packet switch is use to connect server and client stations. Each server has a dedicated network segment, and each client contacts the server one by one . Each server has its own storage, CPU, and network segment, the server capacity increases with the number of servers. In a manner more usually associated with very high cost SMP architectures. RAIS Redundant Array of Inexpensive Servers achieves this by turning a cluster ... as RAID does for disks, offering variations of scale and redundancy depending on the configuration chosen. Therefore, just as RAID stripes and mirrors data across multiple independent disks and code ... controller Redundant Array of Inexpensive Nodes Vinum volume manager RAID Redundant Array of Inexpresive Disks Load balancing computing load balancing Server computing External links Dictionary.com. http dictionary.reference.com browse Redundant Array of Inexpensive Servers DEFAULTSORT Rais Category ... more details
nofootnotes date December 2009 Redundant Reliable Array of Inexpensive Independent Nodes RAIN is an open architecture approach to computer storage , that combines commodity or low cost computing hardware with highly intelligent management software to surpass the reliability and availability qualities of the expensive high end storage systems. RAIN is a newer, more advanced, way of protecting computer storage than RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Independent Disks approach, which uses multiple physical hard disk s in concert to limit the chances that a hardware failure will result in a loss of data. For example, the same data is written to both discs in a redundant array of independent disks RAID 1 RAID 1 mirror configuration , so that there is no loss of data should any one disk fail. While RAID relies on specialized Disk controller drive controllers or operating system device driver s, RAIN relies on Computer software software to organize multiple separate Server computing computer servers to provide data reliability. Instead of storing multiple copies of the same data on physically separate hard disk s on a server, data is Replication computer science replicated to multiple servers. The Computer software software that manages the Computer cluster cluster of RAIN servers knows where each copy is and, in the event of a server failure, can make additional copies as necessary to keep an appropriate level of wikt redundancy redundancy . RAIN can also be used with tasks which require many instructions per second to be processed. Instead of using a tightly coupled Computer cluster computing cluster with specialized hardware , collections of inexpensive RAIN nodes can be assembled. The management Computer software software transmits tasks to various computers and, in the event of a failure, will retry the task until a node responds. Many of the distributed computing projects around the globe utilize, to some degree, a RAIN strategy. Many of the distributed file sharing ... more details
unreferenced date July 2010 A redundant array of independent memory RAIM is a design feature found in certain computer s main random access memory . RAIM utilizes additional memory modules and striping algorithms to protect against the failure of any particular module and keep the memory system operating continuously. RAIM is similar in concept to a redundant array of independent disks RAID , which protects against the failure of a disk drive , but in the case of memory it supports several DRAM device chipkill s and entire memory channel failures. RAIM is much more robust than parity checking and ECC memory technologies which cannot protect against many varieties of memory failures. On July 22, 2010, IBM introduced the first and thus far only high end computer server featuring RAIM, the zEnterprise 196 . Each z196 machine contains up to 3 TB usable of RAIM protected main memory. The formal announcement letter offered some additional information regarding the implementation quotation ... IBM s most robust error correction to date can be found in the memory subsystem. A new redundant array of independent memory RAIM technology is being introduced to provide protection at the dynamic random access memory DRAM , dual inline memory module DIMM , and memory channel level. Three full DRAM failures per rank can be corrected. DIMM level failures, including components such as the controller application specific integrated circuit ASIC , the power regulators, the clocks, and the board, can be corrected. Memory channel failures such as signal lines, control lines, and drivers receivers on the MCM can be corrected. Upstream and downstream data signals can be spared using two spare wires on both the upstream and downstream paths. One of these signals can be used to spare a clock signal line one upstream and one downstream . Together these improvements are designed to deliver System z s most resilient memory subsystem to date. ref citeweb url http www 01.ibm.com cgi bin common ssi ... more details
A redundant binary representation RBR is a numeral system that uses more bits than needed to represent a single binary Numerical digit digit so that most numbers have several representations. RBR is unlike usual binary numeral system s, including two s complement , which use a single bit for each digit. Many of RBR s properties differ from those of regular binary representation systems. Most importantly, RBR allows addition without using a typical carry. ref Dhananjay Phatak, I. Koren, Hybrid Signed Digit Number Systems A Unified Framework for Redundant Number Representations with Bounded Carry Propagation Chains , 1994, http citeseer.ist.psu.edu phatak94hybrid.html ref When compared to non redundant representation, RBR makes bitwise operation bitwise logical operation slower, but arithmetic operation Arithmetic operations arithmetic operations are faster when a greater bit width is used. ref Louis Philippe Lessard, Fast Arithmetic on FPGA Using Redundant Binary Apparatus , 2008, http www.louif.com rbin ref Usually, every bit has a sign that is not necessarily the same as the sign of the number represented. When digits have signs, the RBR is also a signed digit representation . Conversion from RBR RBR is a positional notation place value notation system . In RBR, Numerical digit digit s are pairs of bits, that is, for every place, RBR uses a pair of bits. The value represented by an RBR ... P, M.B. Srinivas, Novel High Speed Redundant Binary to Binary converter using Prefix Networks , 2007 ... ref Example of redundant binary representation class wikitable align right style margin left ... logic unit s. Addition Image Redundant binary adder.png thumb right Schematic of an adder unit using ... Radhakrishnan, Delay Optimized Redundant Binary Adders http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpls abs all.jsp ... to convert the two operands first to non redundant representations. Consequently, logical operations ... rbin Fast Arithmetic on FPGA Using Redundant Binary Apparatus DEFAULTSORT Redundant Binary Representation ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A machine which is Dual Modular Redundant has duplicated elements which work in parallel to provide one form of Redundancy engineering redundancy . A typical example is a complex computer system which has duplicated nodes, so that should one node fail, another is ready to carry on its work. For instance the Submarine Command System SMCS used on submarines of the Royal Navy employs duplicated central computing nodes, interconnected by a duplicated LAN. A lockstep computing lockstep fault tolerant machine uses replicated elements operating in parallel. At any time, all the replications of each element should be in the same state. The same inputs are provided to each replication, and the same outputs are expected. The outputs of the replications are compared using a voting circuit. A machine with two replications of each element is termed dual modular redundant DMR . The voting circuit can then only detect a mismatch and recovery relies on other methods. Examples include 1ESS switch . A machine with three replications of each element is termed triple modular redundancy triple modular redundant TMR . The voting circuit can determine which replication is in error when a two to one vote is observed. In this case, the voting circuit can output the correct result, and discard the erroneous version. After this, the internal state of the erroneous replication is assumed to be different from that of the other two, and the voting circuit can switch to a DMR mode. This model can be applied to any larger number of replications. DEFAULTSORT Dual Modular Redundant Category Reliability engineering Category Fault tolerant computer systems ... more details
Terminally redundant DNA is DNA that contains repeated sequences at each end called terminal repeat s. These ends are used e.g. in T4 phage virus T4 to join the ends of the linear DNA to form a cyclic DNA. ref name Brock cite book author Madigan M, Martinko J editors title Brock Biology of Microorganisms edition 11th ed. publisher Prentice Hall year 2006 isbn 0 13 144329 1 ref References reflist Category Repetitive DNA sequences genetics stub ... more details
, incorporating an earlier belfry of 1692. Acquired by the Scottish Redundant Churches Trust in 2000 ... redundant in 2003 and taken into the care of the Trust in 2006. ref Citation url http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk ... Redundant Churches Trust website currently undergoing renovation Churches Conservation Trust ... more details
spent accessing the hard disk. If the RAM cache needs to be filled at startup, hybrid RAM disks may not speed the start up process as much as flash based hybriddisks. Battery backup allows data to be written ... needs to be accessed when the processor requests data that is not frequently used. Hybrid RAM disks ...About the computer hard disk the automobile propulsion system Hybrid Synergy Drive Expert subject Computing date April 2009 A Hybrid Drive , Hybrid Hard Drive HHD , or Hybrid Hard Disk Drive H HDD is a type ... cite web url http www.tomshardware.com reviews care hybrid hard drives,1643.html title Should You Care About Hybrid Hard Drives? author Schmid, Patrick date 2007 07 13 accessdate 2010 06 06 ref Although ... backed volatile memory volatile RAM a hybrid RAM disk . The flash memory buffer can speed up repeated ... storage before power is lost. History In 2007 Seagate and Samsung both introduced hybrid HDDs primarily ... news disk comeback of seagate in hybrid hdd title Comeback of Seagate in Hybrid ... ref ref name Ricker cite news url http www.engadget.com 2007 03 07 samsungs hybrid hard drive hhd released to oems first Thomas last Ricker publisher Engadget title Samsung s Hybrid Hard Drive HHD released ... XT solid state hybrid drive. It adds a new feature they call Adaptive Memory which is said to remove ... XT 500GB Solid State Hybrid Drive Review author Kirsch, Nathan publisher Legit Reviews date 2010 ... XT place the 7200 RPM hybrid drive s performance firmly between high end 10,000 RPM drives and solid ..., according to these benchmarks, system boot time using this hybrid drive is approximately 41 faster than the same task using a non hybrid 7200 RPM drive, while a best in class solid state drive ... hybrid hardwares. ref http hlds.co.kr product e HybridDrive.php ref Operation Unlike most standard hard drives, the hybrid drive in its normal state has its platters at rest, with the motor not consuming power or generating heat. Any data written to the hybrid drive is written to the buffer there is no risk ... more details
Non free fair use in Superlens Non free use rationale Article Superlens Description The purpose is for informational, educational, scholarship, and non profit use in a Wikipedia article see above . It is a small screen shot, that will be used as an image in a section of the article. The single image is of two nanohole arrays. The nanaohole arrays illustrate pre imaging steps at subwavelengths. The section of the article gives an overview of the research involved with these nanohole array assemblies. The copyrighted work is the screen shot of two nanohole arrays Source Cite journal last Huang first Fu Min et al title Nanohole Array as a Lens journal Nano Letters volume 8 issue 08 pages 2469 2472 publisher American Chemical Society date 2008 06 24 url http www.nanoscope.org.uk publications huang 2008 nal.pdf doi 10.1021 nl801476v accessdate 2010 01 11 pmid 18572971 . Portion This is only one screen shot of one image see reference above . The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole is negligible to nill, considering this is an academic journal, that is publishes new material twelve times throughout the year. This academic journal, Nano Letters, published, http pubs.acs.org loi nalefd 4674 pages of material in 2008. ref http pubs.acs.org loi nalefd List of Issues Nano Letters. 2010 01 ref . In addition, the effect of the use of this image upon the potential market or value of the copyrighted work would be nill, since this is not a marketing tool, but a Wikipedia article with limited hits per month. Low resolution resolution will suffice for this article, Superlens Purpose for the Wikipedia article entitled Superlens Replaceability Unable to replace with a free image at this time. other information None at this time. References Reflist Category Metamaterials ... more details
In telecommunication s, a hybrid balance is an expression of the degree of electrical symmetry between two impedance matching impedances connected to two conjugate sides of a hybrid coil or resistance hybrid . Note 1 Hybrid balance is usually expressed in decibel dB . Note 2 If the respective impedances of the branches of the hybrid that are connected to the conjugate sides of the hybrid are known, hybrid balance may be computed by the formula for return loss . FS1037C MS188 Category Telecommunications terms Category Electrical parameters ar ... more details
A hybrid swarm is a population of hybrid biology hybrid s that has survived beyond the initial hybrid generation, with interbreeding between hybrid individuals and backcrossing with its parent types. Such population are highly variable, with the genetic and phenetic characteristics of individuals ranging widely between the two parent types. Hybrid swarms thus blur the boundary between the parent taxa. Hybrid swarms occur when the hybrid is viable and at least as hybrid vigour vigorous as its parent types and there are no barriers to crossbreeding between the hybrid and parent types. Swarms cannot occur if one of these conditions is not met if the hybrid type has low viability, the hybrid population cannot maintain itself except by further hybridisation of the parent types, resulting in a hybrid population of low variability. On the other hand, if hybrids are vigorous but cannot backcross with parent populations, the result is a new hybrid taxon , which, aside from the contribution of new hybrids, evolves independently of its parent types. biology stub Category Hybridisation biology Category Population genetics cs Hybridn roj ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
