various religious movements. Miscellaneous Reconstruction architecture , the act of rebuilding a destroyed structure Reconstructive plastic surgery Forensic facial reconstruction , the process of recreating ...wiktionary Reconstruction TOCright Reconstruction may refer to Political .. meanings at the top, most often used, then sections alphabetically Politics, history and sociology Reconstruction era of the United ... of Reconstruction , a UK government department Critical reconstruction , a theory regarding the reconstruction of Berlin after the Berlin Wall Reconstruction Finance Corporation , a United States government agency from 1932 1957 Economic reconstructionReconstruction law A literal translation of the Soviet Russian term perestroika Arts and entertainment Reconstruction band , featuring Jerry Garcia and John Kahn Reconstruction 2001 film Reconstruction 2001 film , 2001 film about the 1959 Ioanid Gang bank heist in Romania Reconstruction 2003 film Reconstruction 2003 film , a film directed by Christoffer Boe Reconstruction Jericho episode Reconstruction Jericho episode , an episode of the TV series ReConStruction , the 10th NASFiC, a science fiction convention in Raleigh, North Carolina in 2010. Memorial reconstruction , theories regarding the transcription 17th century of plays Doctor Who missing episodes Reconstruction Doctor Who reconstructions , remade episodes of the TV series Doctor Who Red vs. Blue Reconstruction , a 2008 comedy series Language and linguistics Language reconstruction ... and computing Signal reconstruction , the determination of an original continuous signal from samples. Event reconstruction , the interpretation of signals from a particle detector Crime reconstruction Shooting reconstructionReconstruction conjecture , a conjecture in graph theory Iterative reconstruction , methods to construct images of objects Reconstruction algorithm , an algorithm used in iterative reconstruction Single particle reconstruction , the combination of multiple images of molecules ... more details
Infobox Convention name ReConStruction image File ReConStruction web logo.png 235px caption convention logo status Active genre Science fiction Fantasy venue Raleigh Convention Center location Raleigh, North Carolina Raleigh , North Carolina country United States first 2010 last organizer Southern Alliance of Fandom Enthusiasts, Inc. filing 501 c 3 attendance 1200 website http www.reconstructionsf.org ReConStruction is the 10th occasional North American Science Fiction Convention . ref name longlist It was held in Raleigh, North Carolina , on August 5 8, 2010, at the Raleigh Convention Center , Marriott City Center, and the Downtown Raleigh Sheraton. ref name nf100807 ref name ss090809 ref name city This NASFiC was held because Melbourne, Australia , was selected as the location for the 68th World Science Fiction Convention 2010 Worldcon . ref name ss090809 Guests of honor Guest of honor Eric Flint ref name longlist ref name sc090810 Artist guest of honor Brad W. Foster Fan guest of honor Juanita Coulson Toastmaster Toni Weisskopf Information Site selection After Australia in 2010 was selected as the World Science Fiction Convention to be held in 2010 as 68th World Science Fiction Convention Aussiecon 4 in Melbourne , the WSFS Business Meeting directed that a written ballot election be held at Anticipation convention Anticipation , the then upcoming Worldcon in Montreal, Canada , to select a NASFiC site for 2010. ref name sc090810 ref name wsfs09 Raleigh s bid was certified as the winner with 241 votes out of 276 cast and 3 invalid submissions. ref name wsfs09 Although formally ... ReConStruction title Staff url http www.reconstructionsf.org ?page id 59 accessdate August 7 ... links http www.reconstructionsf.org ReConStruction official website http www.nasfic.org NASFiC official ... NASFiCs years 10th North American Science Fiction Convention br ReConStruction in Raleigh, NC ... Reconstruction Category North American Science Fiction Convention Category Culture of Raleigh ... more details
Breast reconstruction is the rebuilding of a breast , usually in woman women . It involves using autologous ... smoking smokers are higher risk candidates. Surgeons may choose to perform delayed reconstruction ... treatment are also commonly considered for delayed autologous reconstruction due to significantly higher complication rates with tissue expander implant techniques in those patients. Breast reconstruction ... reconstruction ref Harcourt, DM, Rumsey, NJ, Ambler, NR, et al. The psychological effect of mastectomy with or without breast reconstruction a prospective, multicenter study. Plast Reconstr Surg ... study, SVEA, comparing effects of three methods for delayed breast reconstruction on quality ... Rights Act http www.dol.gov ebsa publications whcra.html , which mandated health care payer coverage for breast and nipple reconstruction, contralateral procedures to achieve symmetry, and treatment ... national health care programs. Techniques There are many methods for breast reconstruction. The two ..., which purports to improve both functional and aesthtic outcomes of implant expander breast reconstruction. ref Breuing KH, Warren SM. Immediate bilateral breast reconstruction with implants and inferolateral ... immediate breast reconstruction using human acellular tissue matrix graft AlloDerm . Ann ... permanent implant. Reconstruction of the areola and nipple are usually performed in a separate operation after the skin has stretched to its final size. Flap reconstruction The second most ... small breasts without an implant. Abdominal flaps The abdominal flap for breast reconstruction ... tissue breast reconstruction donor sites include the buttocks superior or inferior gluteal artery perforator ... sufficient skin and fat for an aesthetic reconstruction while minimizing morbidity from harvesting the underlying ... sites Raising the flap and transposing it to the target site The result of the reconstruction Other considerations Nipple reconstruction is usually delayed until after the breast mound reconstruction ... more details
wikisource After the end of the American Civil War Civil War , as part of the on going process of Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction , the United States Congress passed four statutes known as Reconstruction Acts March 2, 1867 39 Cong. Ch. 153 USStat 14 428 , March 23, 1867 40 Cong. Ch. 6 USStat 15 2 , July 19, 1867 40 Cong. Ch. 30 USStat 15 14 , March 11, 1868 ch. 25, USStat 15 41 . The acts main points included Creation of five military districts in the seceded states not including Tennessee, which had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and was readmitted to the Union Requiring congressional approval for new state constitutions which were required for Confederate states to rejoin the Union Confederate states give voting rights to all men. All former Confederate states must ratify the 14th Amendment President Andrew Johnson s vetoes of these measures were overridden by Congress. Later, when the case Ex Parte McCardle came to the Supreme Court, Congress feared that the court may strike the Reconstruction Acts down as unconstitutional, at which point Congress repealed the Habeas Corpus act of 1867 to revoke the Supreme Court s appellate power to hear the case. Category Reconstruction Category United States federal legislation Category United States federal civil rights legislation ... more details
Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction was the period after the American Civil War , 1863 ..., W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America 1860 1880 1935 , 1998 edition reissued with introduction ... of the era from Marxist perspective Du Bois, W.E.B. Reconstruction and its Benefits, American ... 3A4 3C781 3ARAIB 3E2.0.CO 3B2 T JSTOR Dunning, William Archibald William Archibald Dunning . Reconstruction Political & Economic, 1865 1877 1905 . Blames Carpetbaggers for failure of Reconstruction ..., Miachael W. Splendid Failure Postwar Reconstruction in the American South 2007 , 224pp http ... jhfranklin.htm . Eric Foner Foner, Eric and Mahoney, Olivia. America s Reconstruction People and Politics ... . Reconstruction America s Unfinished Revolution, 1863 1877 1988 ISBN 0 06 015851 4. Pulitzer prize winning history and most detailed synthesis of original and previous scholarship. Foner, Eric. Reconstruction ... Foner, Eric. Forever Free The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. 2005. 268 pp. Ford, Lacy K., ed. A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction. Blackwell, 2005. 518 pp. John Hope Franklin Franklin, John Hope . Reconstruction after the Civil War 1961 , University of Chicago Press, 280 pages ... governments, and reasons for downfall of Reconstruction. Henry, Robert Selph. The Story of Reconstruction ... the Civil War and Reconstruction. SR Books, 2002. 285 pp. Litwack, Leon. Been in the Storm So Long ... School Perman, Michael. Emancipation and Reconstruction 2003 . 144 pp. Randall, J. G. The Civil War and Reconstruction 1953 . Long the standard survey, with elaborate bibliography Rhodes, James G ... Cox. West from Appomattox The Reconstruction of America after the Civil War 2007 http books.google.com books?vid OCLC15799162&id p4fAuPxMYPIC&printsec toc&dq schouler history reconstruction Schouler, James. History of the United States of America Under the Constitution vol. 7. 1865 1877. The Reconstruction Period 1917 online Stalcup, Brenda. ed. Reconstruction Opposing Viewpoints Greenhaven ... more details
Language reconstruction can refer to Linguistic reconstruction , establishing the features of a prehistoric language by the methods of historical linguistics historical and comparative linguistics Linguistic purism in an existing language Language revival of an extinct language disambig ... more details
Linguistic reconstruction is the practice of establishing the features of the unattested ancestor proto language of one or more given languages. There are two kinds of reconstruction. Internal reconstruction uses irregularities in a single language to make inferences about an earlier stage of that language. Comparative reconstruction , usually referred to just as reconstruction , establishes features of the ancestor of two or more related languages by means of the comparative method . Reconstructed terms or phrases are prefaced with an asterisk , to distinguish them from attested terms. Sources Anthony Foks, Linguistic Reconstruction An Introduction to Theory and Method Oksford University Press, 1995 ISBN 0 19 870001 6. Henry M. Hoenigswald, Language Change and Linguistic Reconstruction University of Chicago Press, 1960 ISBN 0 226 34741 9. Category Historical linguistics ling stub ca Reconstrucci ling stica nl Taalreconstructie la Refectio verborum ja sl Primerjalna rekonstrukcija ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In tomography , a variety of practical reconstruction algorithms have been developed to implement the process of reconstruction of a 3 dimensional object from its projections. ref name ref1 Herman, G. T., Fundamentals of computerized tomography Image reconstruction from projection, 2nd edition, Springer, 2009 ref These algorithms are designed largely based on the mathematics of the Radon transform , statistical knowledge of the data acquisition process and geometry of the data imaging system. References reflist See also Tomographic reconstruction Computed tomography Positron emission tomography SPECT Discrete tomography DEFAULTSORT Reconstruction Algorithm Category Medical imaging ... more details
Reconstruction in law refers typically to the transfer of a company s or several companies business to a new company. The old company will get put into liquidation, and shareholders will agree to take shares of equivalent value in the new company. In UK company law , the governing provisions are in the Insolvency Act 1986 , ss. 110 111. The sanction of a court is not required unlike under a so called scheme of arrangement , which could or creditors . Yet if a shareholder objects, she may require cash payment rather than shares. Creditors who object to have their debts transferred to a new company can demand satisfication during the old company s liquidation. Small private companies, family companies and investment trusts often use the procedure. The purposes can vary, from changing the objects of the business, varying share class rights, or reorganising before a demerger takes place. See also Mergers and acquisitions References Len Sealy and Sarah Worthington 2007 Cases and Materials in Company law , 8th Ed., Oxford University Press Paul Davies 2008 Gower s Modern Company Law , 8th Ed., Sweet and Maxwell Category Corporations law Category Mergers and acquisitions Category Business terms ... more details
Second Reconstruction is a term, coined by historian C. Vann Woodward , that refers to the African American Civil Rights Movement 1955 1968 American Civil Rights Movement . In many respects, the mass movement against segregation and discrimination that erupted following World War II , shared many similarities with the period of Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction which followed the American Civil War . The period of Second Reconstruction featured active participation on the part of African Americans to regain their rights that they had lost during the period of Redemption U.S. history Redemption and Jim Crow laws Jim Crow Racial segregation segregation in the later part of the 19th century. During Second Reconstruction, African Americans once again began holding various political offices, and reasserting and reclaiming their civil and political rights as American citizens. Unlike Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction , however, most African Americans abandoned the Republican Party United States Republican Party for the Democratic Party United States Democratic Party . A noteworthy feature of Second Reconstruction was the political realignment that occurred in 1965, which transformed the nature and composition of both the Republican and Democratic Party s, eroding the Democratic Solid South . In the same way, however, that Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction was followed by Redemption U.S. history Redemption , some have also claimed that period following Second Reconstruction could be termed a Second Redemption characterized by more conservatism on the part of the federal government, and several Supreme Court decisions ... Redemption Neoabolitionist Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction Redemption U.S. history ... References Eric Foner and Joshua Brown, Forever Free The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction ... Court And The Undoing of the Second Reconstruction, National Forum, Spring 2000 . Category History ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For the reconstruction of events in criminal investigation Reconstruction criminal investigation In a particle detector experiment, event particle physics event reconstruction is the process of interpreting the Electronics electronic signals produced by the detector to determine the original Elementary particle particle s that passed through, their momenta, directions, and the primary vertex physics vertex of the event. Thus the initial physical process for instance, that occurred at the interaction point of the particle accelerator , whose study is the ultimate goal of the experiment, can be determined. The total event reconstruction is not always possible and necessary in some cases, only a part of the data described above is obtained and processed. DEFAULTSORT Event Reconstruction Category Experimental particle physics Particle stub ... more details
Context date October 2009 Crime scene reconstruction is the use of scientific method s, physical evidence , deductive reasoning , and their interrelationships to gain explicit knowledge of the series of events that surround the commission of a crime. It is a disciplined and principled approach towards objectively understanding a crime scene. Using evidence found at a crime scene the incident can be reconstructed to determine what happened, and possibly find more clues . Methods Forensics branch out into a variety of fields. However, crime reconstruction is one of the most important contributors to a crime scene. Crime reconstruction uses the scientific method, physical evidence, and deductive reasoning and their interrelationships to acquire knowledge to the events that may have led up to the crime and what exactly happened at a specific crime scene. When focusing on other types of forensics, there are three areas of importance in finding the answers and determining the components of a crime scene which are specific incident reconstruction, event reconstruction, and the most important component, physical evidence reconstruction. Specific incident reconstruction deals with road traffic accident s, bombing s, homicide s, and accidents of any severity. Event reconstruction looks at connections, sequence, and identity. Physical evidence reconstruction focuses on firearms , blood traces, glass fragments, and any other objects that can be stripped for DNA analysis . It is important to reconstruct a crime scene because if one has no knowledge as to what took place and how it took place, they lack the ability to figure out who and why. Interpretation Crime reconstruction helps interpret physical evidence. It is an aid to help formulate a hypothesis and arrive at a conclusion about a certain crime. Forensic specialists all come together with their different forms of evidence such as photos ... Trace evidence External links http www.acsr.org Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction U.S. ... more details
Shooting reconstruction also sometimes called shooting incident reconstruction or trajectory analysis is an examination of the circumstances and physical evidence at the scene of a shooting to establish how the incident occurred. If the shooting is associated to a suspected criminal activity, then shooting reconstruction may be a part of a crime reconstruction . Questions typically answered by a shooting reconstruction include the distance, direction, sequence, and angle in which shots were fired in a crime scene . Suggested reading & related websites cite book author Haag, Michael G. and Haag, Lucien C. title Shooting Incident Reconstruction Second Edition location New York publisher Academic Press year 2011 isbn 978 0 12 382241 3 http www.forensicfirearms.com Michael G. Haag, Shooting Incident Reconstructionist and Trainer http www.alexanderjason.com Alexander Jason , Shooting Incident Reconstructionist cite book author Garrison, Dean H. title Practical Shooting Scene Investigation location Boca Raton, FL publisher Universal Publishers year 2003 isbn 1 58112 576 3 cite book author Haag, Lucien C. title Shooting Incident Reconstruction location New York publisher Academic Press year 2005 isbn 0 12 088473 9 cite book author Hueske, Edward E. title Practical Analysis and Reconstruction of Shooting Incidents location Boca Raton, FL publisher CRC Press year 2005 isbn 0 8493 2330 4 http www.uplink.com.au lawlibrary Documents Docs Doc104.html Shooting Reconstruction vs Shooting Reenactment http www.crimeandclues.com shootingreconstruction.htm A Bibliography of Shooting Reconstruction http www.afte.org Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners AFTE Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Wikipedia forensics stub Category Ballistics Category Forensic techniques ... more details
The Minister of Reconstruction was a British government post that briefly existed during the latter stages of the World War II Second World War , charged with planning for the post war period. A succession of government committees had failed to make much progress with the problems arising out of reconstruction and so in 1943 Winston Churchill took the bold step of appointing a single minister as a member of the War Cabinet . Minister of Reconstruction 1943 1945 Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton Frederick Marquis, 1st Baron Woolton 11 November 1943 23 May 1945 Category Lists of government ministers of the United Kingdom Reconstruction Category 1940s in the United Kingdom Category 1943 establishments Category 1945 disestablishments Category Defunct ministerial offices in the United Kingdom pl Ministrowie odbudowy Wielkiej Brytanii ... more details
See Iterative reconstruction for 3D reconstruction in Medical imaging . In Computer vision and Computer graphics , 3D reconstruction is the process of capturing the shape and appearance of real objects. This process can be accomplished either by active or passive methods. If we allow the model to change its shape in time, we talk about non rigid or spatio temporal reconstruction. Active methods These methods actively interfere with the reconstructed object, either mechanically or radiometrically. A simple example of a mechanical method would use a depth gauge to measure a distance to a rotating object put on a turntable. More applicable radiometric methods emit radiance towards the object and then measure its reflected part. Examples range from moving light sources, colored visible light, time of flight lasers to microwaves or ultrasound . See 3D scanning for more details. Passive methods Passive methods of 3D reconstruction do not interfere with the reconstructed object, they only use a sensor to measure the radiance reflected or emitted by the object s surface to infer its 3D structure . Typically, the sensor is an image sensor in a camera sensitive to visible light and the input to the method is a set of digital images one, two or more or video . In this case we talk about image based reconstruction and the output is a 3D photography . See also 3D modeling External links http homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk rbf CVonline LOCAL COPIES MOHR TRIGGS node51.html 3D Reconstruction from Multiple Images Merge 3D data acquisition and object reconstruction date June 2010 DEFAULTSORT 3d Reconstruction Category 3D computer graphics ... more details
Refimprove date February 2010 Image BlackReconstruction.JPG thumb 1st edition cover Black Reconstruction in America is a book by W. E. B. Du Bois , first published in 1935. It is revisionist approach to looking at the Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction of the south after its defeat in the American civil war . On the whole, the book takes a Marxist approach to looking at reconstruction. The essential argument of the text is that the Black and White laborers, who are the proletariat , were divided after the civil war on the lines of race, and as such were unable to stand together against the white propertied class, the bourgeoisie . This to Du Bois was the failure of reconstruction ... analysis of the political economy of the reconstruction period of the southern states based upon ... had come to form the basis of the so called scholarship of the reconstruction period. Dubois research ... of the Union, through their military occupation. On the contrary, the reconstruction state governments ... this because the reconstruction state constitutions which they had written had, for the first time, established ... health and welfare laws and constitutional principles that the reconstruction governments had ... the role of former slaves during Reconstruction. Du Bois lists a number of books and writers that he felt were misrepresenting the Reconstruction period, and specifically highlights what he felt were ... with maintaining the southern white fairytale ref Black Reconstruction in America, pg 715 ref instead of accurately chronicling the events and key figures of Reconstruction. Reconstruction and Its Benefits Du Bois s first essay on the topic was Reconstruction and Its Benefits delivered before the American ... no benefits from reconstruction. The denigration of African American involvement in the Reconstruction ... from Columbia University such as James Garner s Reconstruction in Mississippi 1901 , Walter Lynwood Fleming s Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama 1905 , and Thomas Staples Reconstruction in Arkansas ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Coronary Reconstruction Type EP Artist Aborted Cover Aborted coronary.jpg Released Start date 2010 1 14 Recorded Genre Deathgrind br Technical Death Metal Length 22 30 Label Century Media Records Century Media Producer Reviews Last album Strychnine.213 br 2008 This album Coronary Reconstruction br 2010 Next album Coronary Reconstruction is an Extended play EP by the Belgium Belgian death metal band Aborted , released on January 14, 2010 through Century Media Records . The album is the first to be recorded with the band s new line up, and was released exclusively as a digital EP, with only 1,000 physical copies made. The song Coronary Reconstruction contains audio samples from the film Hellbound Hellraiser II . Track listing tracklist total length 22 30 title1 Coronary Reconstruction length1 4 28 title2 From a Tepid Whiff length2 3 24 title3 Grime length3 3 41 title4 A Cadaverous Dissertation length4 4 24 title5 Left Hand Path note5 Entombed cover length5 6 37 Personnel Sven de Caluwe Death growl vocals Eran Segal Electric guitar guitar Ken Sorceron guitar Cole Martinez Bass guitar bass Dirk Verbeuren Drum kit drums References Category 2010 EPs Category Aborted band albums Category Century Media Records EPs Aborted es Coronary Reconstruction EP it Coronary Reconstruction ru Coronary Reconstruction ... more details
In a mixed signal system analog signal analog and digital signal digital , a reconstruction filter or anti imaging filter is used to construct a smooth analogue signal from a digital input, as in the case of a digital to analogue converter Digital to analog converter DAC or other sampled data output device. Sampled data reconstruction filters The sampling theorem describes why the input of an Analog ... pass analog filter, called a reconstruction filter, as the output signal must be bandlimited, to prevent ... filter and a reconstruction filter may be of identical design. For example, both the input and the output .... The Low pass filter low pass reconstruction filter smooths the stair step removes the harmonics ... time sequence. Image processing In image processing , digital reconstruction filters are used ... Reconstruction first Thomas last Theu l coauthors Hauser, Helwig Gr ller, Meister Eduard doi 10.1109 ... title Reconstruction filters in computer graphics first Don P. last Mitchell coauthors Netravali, Arun ... conferenceurl http books.google.com books?id uKd sJ6PIC ref one observation is that reconstruction ... mitchell and conversely that also performing derivative reconstruction can improve signal reconstruction ... or interpolation , accordingly as the sampling rate decreases or increases as in sampling and reconstruction ... the impulse response of the continuous reconstruction filter to produce a discrete resampling ... suppression anti aliasing , and decreasing speed For reconstruction purposes, a variety of kernels ... of windowed sinc filters, the frequency response of the reconstruction filter can be understood ... refs Another class of reconstruction filters include the Gaussian function Gaussian for various widths .... Wavelet reconstruction filters Reconstruction filters are also used when reconstructing a waveform ... a number of 2D X ray photos or MRI scan s to reconstruct a 3D image. Reconstruction algorithm Iterative reconstruction See also Signal reconstruction Signal processing References reflist Category ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2007 In signal processing , reconstruction usually means the determination of an original continuous signal from a sequence of equally spaced samples. This article takes a generalized abstract mathematical approach to signal sampling and reconstruction. For a more practical approach based on band limited signals, see Whittaker Shannon interpolation formula . General principle Let F be any sampling method, i.e. a linear map from the Hilbert space of square integrable functions math L 2 math to complex number complex space math Bbb C n math . In our example, the vector space of sampled signals math Bbb C n math is n dimensional complex space. Any proposed inverse R of F reconstruction formula , in the lingo would have to map math Bbb C n math to some subset of math L 2 math . We could choose this subset arbitrarily, but if we re going to want a reconstruction formula R that is also a linear map, then we have to choose an n dimensional linear subspace of math L 2 math . This fact that the dimensions have to agree is related to the Nyquist Shannon sampling theorem . The elementary linear algebra approach works here. Let math d k 0,...,0,1,0,...,0 math all entries zero, except for the k th entry, which is a one or some other basis of math Bbb C n math . To define an inverse for F , simply choose, for each k , an math e k in L 2 math so that math F e k d k math . This uniquely defines the pseudo inverse of F . Of course, one can choose some reconstruction formula first, then either compute some sampling algorithm from the reconstruction formula, or analyze the behavior of a given sampling algorithm with respect to the given formula. Popular reconstruction formulae Perhaps the most widely used reconstruction formula is as follows. Let math e k math is a basis of math L 2 math in the Hilbert space sense for instance, one could use the eikonal math e k ... reconstruction formula needs to be chosen. A similar approach can be obtained by using wavelet s instead ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Thirteenth , Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Fourteenth , and Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution , adopted between 1865 and 1870 , the five years immediately following the United States Civil War Civil War . This group of Amendments is sometimes referred to as the Civil War Amendments or the Three Reconstruction Era Amendments . The Amendments were important elements in implementing the Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction of the American South after the war. Their proponents saw them as transforming the United States from a country that was in Abraham Lincoln s words half Slavery in the United States slave and half free to one in which the constitutionally guaranteed blessings of liberty would be extended to the entire male populace, including the former slaves and their descendants. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Thirteenth Amendment both proposed and ratified in 1865 abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Fourteenth Amendment proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868 included the Privileges or Immunities Clause , Due Process Clause Due Process and Equal Protection Clause Equal Protection Clauses. The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Fifteenth Amendment , proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870 under the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant grants voting rights regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude Category Amendments to the United States Constitution Category Reconstruction Category Political history of the American Civil War US hist stub ... more details
The Ministry of Reconstruction was a department of the United Kingdom government which existed after both World War I and World War II in order to provide for the needs of the population in the post war years. World War I The Ministry of Reconstruction was originally established by the David Lloyd George Lloyd George government of 1917 and covered a wide range of political and social areas, including administrative reform the role of women in society employment industrial relations housing It was led by Christopher Addison and was charged with overseeing the task of rebuilding the national life on a better and more durable foundation once the Great War was over. ref name spot http www.nationalarchives.gov.uk pathways firstworldwar spotlights demobilisation.htm Spotlight on History The British National Archives ref The Ministry addressed the issues of prolonged strike action by workers, many of whom were demobilised troops. 2.4 million British workers were involved in strike action in 1919 ref name spot , in what the government perceived as a threat to the development of the economy. World War II The second Ministry of Reconstruction was established in November 1943 and abolished in July 1945 and for its duration was under the political leadership of Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton Lord Woolton . Its permanent secretary was Norman Brook . It replaced the Reconstruction Secretariat which had been the political responsibility of Arthur Greenwood , minister without portfolio in the War Cabinet. Between 1940 and 1942 the Secretariat was headed by Sir George Chrystal, formerly permanent secretary at the Ministry of Health, and subsequently by Alfred Hurst, formerly undersecretary at the Ministry of Mines. References reflist Category Defunct departments of the United Kingdom Government Reconstruction Category Ministries established in 1917 Category 1917 establishments in the United Kingdom Category Ministries established in 1943 Category 1943 establishments in the United ... more details
Context date October 2009 Trait reconstruction Ancestral reconstruction is widely use to infer the ecological, phenotypic, or biogeographic traits associated with ancestral nodes in a phylogenetic tree. Methods for ancestral reconstruction include parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. DNA and Protein reconstruction Originally proposed by Pauling and Zuckerkandl in 1963 ref cite journal author Pauling L. and Zuckerkandl E. year 1963 title Chemical paleogenetics, molecular restoration studies of extinct forms of life journal Acta chemica Scandinavica volume 17 issue 89 pages 9 16 doi 10.3891 acta.chem.scand.17s 0009 ref the reconstruction of ancient proteins and DNA sequences has ... made ancestral reconstruction cheap, fast, and scientifically practical. Ancestral protein and DNA reconstruction allows for the recreation of protein and DNA evolution in the laboratory so that it can ... of Ancestral Protein Reconstruction in Understanding Protein Function GFP Like Proteins journal ... structure and function. Additionally, ancestral protein reconstruction can lead to the discoveries ... reconstruction in primate mitochondrial DNA compositional bias and effect on functional inference journal ... 15229290 ref . In summary, ancestral reconstruction allows for the study of evolutionary pathways ... and computational techniques of ancestral reconstruction see Chang et al. ref cite journal author Chang S.W. Ugalde J.A. Matz M.V. year 2005 title Applications of Ancestral Protein Reconstruction in Understanding ... 670 doi 10.1016 S0076 6879 05 95034 9 pmid 15865989 ref . For criticism of ancestral reconstruction ... title Assessing the accuracy of ancestral protein reconstruction methods journal PLoS Computational ... . Genome reconstruction At chromosomal level, ancestral reconstruction tries to restore the genome rearrangements happened during the evolution. Sometimes it s also called karyotype reconstruction. Chromosome ... of life Notes and references references DEFAULTSORT Ancestral Reconstruction Category Evolutionary ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Critical reconstruction is a theory regarding the reconstruction of Berlin following the fall of the Berlin Wall it aims to define the central role of the city and invent the contemporary equivalent . ref http www.wired.com wired archive 6.06 berlin pr.html Venture Kapital by Gary Wolf, Wired Magazine , 1998. ref Goals include a return to traditional urbanism, with building size limited to one block, and building codes that encourage development that mimics pre World War II war Berlin. Development schemes that preserve or restore pre war street patterns are preferred. Stone and ceramic exteriors are favored over steel and glass. This design theory is a response to the many failed urban redesign projects in both sides of Berlin during the Cold War rather than attempt to design a completely new city, proponents of critical reconstruction want to return to the functionality of the pre war city. References reflist Category History of Berlin Category Berlin Wall Category Theories of history es Remodelaci n de Berl n fr Remodelage de Berlin ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 File Pseudunela cornuta 2.jpg thumb 3D reconstruction of the general anatomy of small marine slug Pseudunela cornuta . Iterative reconstruction is a method or group of algorithms used to reconstruct 2D and 3D images from the projections of an object. The technique differs greatly from the more ubiquitous filtered back projection FBP method. ref name ref1 Herman, G. T., Fundamentals of computerized tomography Image reconstruction from projection, 2nd edition, Springer, 2009 ref Basic concepts This approach was the one first used by Godfrey Hounsfield Hounsfield . There are a large variety of algorithms, but each starts with an assumed image, computes projections from the image, compares the original projection data and updates the image based upon the difference between the calculated and the actual projections. There are typically five components to iterative image reconstruction algorithms, e.g. . ref name pwl J A Fessler, Penalized weighted least squares image reconstruction for positron emission tomography, IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, 13 2 290 300, June 1994. ref An object model that expresses the unknown continuous space function f r that is to be reconstructed in terms of a finite series with unknown coefficients that must be estimated from the data. A system model that relates the unknown object to the ideal measurements that would be recorded in the absence of measurement noise. Often this is a linear model of the form A x. A statistical model that describes how the noisy measurements vary around their ideal values. Often Gaussian noise or Poisson statistics are assumed. A cost function that is to be minimized to estimate the image coefficient ... of the projection data. See also Tomographic reconstruction Tomogram Computed Tomography Osem mathematics Osem Deconvolution References references commonscat Iterative reconstruction DEFAULTSORT Iterative Reconstruction Category Medical imaging zh ... more details
Refimprove date March 2008 Lip reconstruction may be required after trauma or surgical excision. The lips are considered the beginning of the oral cavity and they are the most common site of oral cavity cancer . Any reconstruction of the lips must include both functional and cosmetic considerations. The lips are necessary for speech, facial expression and eating. Because of their prominent location on the face even small abnormalities can be apparent. Relevant Anatomy Superficial The upper and lower lips include the vermilion border . This is the juncture between the lighter skin and the redder tissue vermilion that we commonly call the lip. This tissue is red because the skin is thin and there are many small blood vessels capillaries underneath it. The vermillion is different than oral mucosa ... Principles of Reconstruction Preserve sensation of the lips Maintain oral competence Continuity ... lip reconstruction considers the five principles and the effect that the reconstruction has on the surrounding tissue. Superficial upper lip reconstruction Successful reconstruction of the upper lip ... of the nose. Not distorting the commissure is also desirable for upper lip reconstruction. Central ... aspect Rotation flaps rotate in tissue from the cheek Superficial lower lip reconstruction The anatomic ... thickness lip reconstruction Deeper and larger defects of the lip introduce greater reconstruction ..., there is a shift in emphasis toward the functional outcome of the reconstruction, and less ... stage procedure that preserves sensation and oral competence. The main problem with this reconstruction is that it can create a very small mouth opening. Total lip reconstruction Whole lip reconstructed ... flaps Image Totallip3.JPG Patient immediately after closure of total lower lip reconstruction gallery Complications of reconstruction Poor cosmetic result Lack of oral competence Small size of mouth ... http www.emedicine.com plastic topic63.htm Emedicine Lip Reconstruction article Tumors Category ... more details
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