it. The Liberal Party went on to win the Canadian federal election, 1896 1896 election , and some years later it negotiated an elaborate reciprocity agreement with the United States in 1911. However in the Canadian federal election, 1911 1911 election reciprocity again became a major issue, with the Conservatives ...Unreferenced date July 2009 Image Reciprocity pigs.jpg thumb 300px A 1911 political poster suggests the imbalance of benefits from reciprocity between the United States and Canada In nineteenth and early twentieth century politics of Canada Canadianpolitics , the term reciprocity was used to describe the concept of free trade with the United States of America . Reciprocity and free trade have been emotional issues in Canadian history, as they pitted two conflicting impulses, the desire for beneficial economic ties with the United States against the fear that closer economic ties would lead to American domination and annexation. 1880s to 1910s After Confederation, reciprocity was initially promoted as an alternative to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald s National Policy . Reciprocity meant that there would be no protective tariff s on all natural resources being imported and exported between ... Canadian farmers could obtain access to cheaper American farm machinery and manufactured goods, which otherwise had to be obtained at higher prices from central Canada. In the Canadian federal election, 1891 1891 election , the Liberal Party of Canada ran and was defeated over its reciprocity platform ... temporarily shelved the concept. When reciprocity came up again in 1896, it was the Americans ... The concept of reciprocity with the United States was revived in the 1985 when the Royal Commission ... fighting the Canadian federal election, 1988 1988 election on the issue. See also Canadian American Reciprocity Treaty of 1855. National Policy Continentalism References Reflist External links http www2.marianopolis.edu quebechistory federal npolicy.htm National Policy and Canadian Federalism Category ... more details
The Canadian American Reciprocity Treaty , also known as the James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin Elgin William .... For nearly a century Canadian economists saw the reciprocity era as a halcyon period for the Canadian ..., regaining reciprocity was an aim of all Canadian governments. Political rhetoric made it a party ... Notes references References and further reading Ankli, Robert E. The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, Canadian ..., D.C. http www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com index.cfm?PgNm TCE&Params A1ARTA0006710 Reciprocity . The Canadian Encyclopedia. Officer, Lawrence H., and Lawrence B. Smith. The Canadian American Reciprocity ... http www.jstor.org stable 2115515 in JSTOR Tansill, Charles. The CanadianReciprocity Treaty of 1854 ... inside Canada. Attempts by the Liberal Party of Canada to revive free trade in 1911 led to a Canadian ... who warned that Canada would be swallowed up by its giant neighbor. Talk of reciprocity was put ... Corn Laws tariffs on food imported into Britain were repealed in 1846, the Canadian business community ... Marcy Treaty. It listed most Canadian raw materials and agricultural produce especially timber ... increase in Canada s exports to the United States, and a rapid growth of the Canadian economy, especially in southern Ontario. Canadian exports to the United States grew by 33 after the treaty, while ... cut off by the Crimean War . This led to a great year for Canadian wheat, independent of the introduction of the tariff. It was also argued that the trade hurt Canadian manufacturing. For instance, the export of milk and barley hurt the Canadian cheese and beer trades. Scholars now generally hold ... was unchanged. The Reciprocity Treaty complemented the earlier movement toward free trade and stimulated ... Gwyn, Tariffs, Trade and Reciprocity Nova Scotia, 1830 1866, Acadiensis, Spring 1996, Vol. 25 2, pp ... and the Canadian hinterland, but many Maine politicians and businessmen nevertheless worked successfully to terminate the treaty. Many voters were angry with Canadian behavior during the Civil ... more details
Wiktionarypar reciprocityReciprocity may refer to Social sciences and humanities Norm of reciprocity , social norm of in kind responses to the behavior of others Reciprocity cultural anthropology , way of defining people s informal exchange of goods and labour Reciprocity evolution , mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation Reciprocity international relations , principle that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind Reciprocity social and political philosophy , concept of reciprocity as in kind positive or negative responses for the actions of others relation to justice related ideas such as gratitude, mutuality, and the Golden Rule Ethic of reciprocityReciprocity social psychology , in kind positively or negatively connotated responses of individuals towards the actions of others Serial reciprocity , where the benefactor of a gift or service will in turn provide benefits to a third party Natural sciences and mathematics Reciprocity electromagnetism , theorems relating sources and the resulting fields in classical electromagnetism Reciprocity mathematics Reciprocity network theory , theorem about transfer function of passive networks Screw theory Reciprocity of twist and wrench Reciprocity of twist and wrench , in screw theory Reciprocity theorem disambiguation , several unrelated results Particular ReciprocityCanadianpoliticsReciprocity photography , the relationship between the intensity of the light and duration of the exposure that result in identical exposure Traffic violations reciprocity where non resident drivers are treated like residents Reciprocity Fringe Reciprocity Fringe , an episode of the television series Fringe Place Reciprocity No. 32, Saskatchewan , rural municipality in Canada See also Mutual assent in Contract law, sometimes called Reciprocity Symbiosis , an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association Reciprocal ... more details
There have been a number of Reciprocity Treaties , including the Canadian American Reciprocity Treaty of 1855 the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 between the United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom the Inter American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance of 1947 also known as the Rio Treaty See also Reciprocity international relations disambig ... more details
Reciprocity law may refer to Reciprocity law mathematics , typefied by the law of quadratic reciprocityReciprocity photography disambig ... more details
Reciprocity theorem could refer to one of several completely different results. In pure mathematics Quadratic reciprocity , a theorem about modular arithmetic , along with several generalizations cubic reciprocity quartic reciprocity Artin reciprocity Weil reciprocity for algebraic curves Frobenius reciprocity theorem for group representation s. Stanley s reciprocity theorem for generating functions . Dedekind sums Reciprocity law Reciprocity theorem for Dedekind sums In physics Reciprocity electromagnetism , theorems relating sources and the resulting fields in classical electromagnetism Tellegen s theorem , a theorem about the transfer function of passive networks See also Reciprocity disambiguation Reciprocity mathematics disambig ... more details
In mathematics, reciprocity may mean Quadratic reciprocity , a fundamental result in number theory. Generalisations include cubic reciprocity quartic reciprocity Artin reciprocity Weil reciprocity for algebraic curves Mathematics of CRC Reciprocal polynomials Reciprocal polynomials Reciprocal square root Iterative methods for reciprocal square roots Reciprocal square root Reciprocity projective geometry Unrelated theorems Frobenius reciprocityReciprocity law for Dedekind sums Stanley s reciprocity theorem . See also Reciprocity theorem disambiguation for other results of this name, including results in physics . mathdab zh ... more details
unreferenced date August 2010 The Helmholtz reciprocity principle refers to the fact that incoming and outgoing light can be reversed without affecting the bidirectional reflectance distribution function BRDF outcome. If light was measured with a sensor and that light reflected on a material with a BRDF that holds the Helmholtz reciprocity principle one would be able to swap the sensor and light source and the measurement of flux would remain equal. In the larger scheme of global illumination , the Helmholtz reciprocity principle is important if the global illumination algorithm reverses light paths for example Raytracing versus classic light path tracing . See also Reciprocity electromagnetism Category Optics ... more details
Reciprocity in evolutionary biology refers to mechanisms whereby the evolution of cooperative or altruistic behaviour may be favoured by the probability of future mutual interactions. A corollary is how a desire for revenge can harm the collective and therefore be naturally deselected. Main types of reciprocity Three types of reciprocity have been studied extensively Direct reciprocity Indirect reciprocity Network reciprocity Direct reciprocity Direct reciprocity was proposed by Robert Trivers as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation ref R. Trivers, Q. Rev. Biol. 46, 35 1971 . ref . If there are repeated ... even if it pays each player, in the short term, to defect when the other cooperates. Direct reciprocity ... the same two individuals exceeds the cost to benefit ratio of the altruistic act w c b Indirect reciprocity In the standard framework of indirect reciprocity, there are randomly chosen pairwise encounters ... of cooperation by indirect reciprocity. Natural selection favors strategies that base the decision ... to receive help. The calculations of indirect reciprocity are complicated and only a tiny fraction ... , Karl Sigmund K. Sigmund , Nature 393 , 573 1998 . ref . Indirect reciprocity can only promote ... nature04201 22 September 2005 ref Individual acts of indirect reciprocity may be classified as upstream ... reciprocity occurs when an act of altruism causes the recipient to perform a later act of altruism ... reciprocity occurs when the performer of an act of altruism is more likely to be the recipient ... A. Network reciprocity Real populations are not well mixed, but have spatial structures or social networks ..., and defectors have no costs, and their neighbors receive no benefits, network reciprocity can favor ... for the Evolution of Cooperation Science 314 , 1560 2006 See also Ethic of reciprocity Polytely Reciprocal altruism References references Further reading Panchanathan K. & Boyd, R. 2004 . Indirect reciprocity .... 2003 A Tale of Two Defectors The Importance of Standing for the Evolution of Indirect Reciprocity ... more details
The norm of reciprocity is the social expectation that people will respond to each other in kind returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms. The social norm of reciprocity often takes different forms in different areas of social life, or in different societies. All of them, however, are distinct from related ideas such as gratitude , the Golden Rule , or mutual goodwill. See Reciprocity social and political philosophy for an analysis of the concepts involved. An underlying norm of reciprocity is by itself a powerful engine for motivating, creating, sustaining, and regulating the cooperative behavior required for self sustaining social organizations as well as for controlling the damage done by the unscrupulous. See the discussions in tit for tat and Reciprocity social psychology . The power and ubiquity of the norm of reciprocity can be used against the unwary, however, and is the basis for the success of many malicious confidence games ... PPCV are the two most common measures of the reciprocity norm in organizational research. POS is the degree ... reciprocity dynamic with employees, as employees tend to perform better to pay back POS Rhoades ... thought to be the organization s contribution to a negative reciprocity dynamic, as employees ... and Professional Identification on the Reciprocity Dynamic for Professional Employees. Academy of Management ... of reciprocity to explain altruism by emphasizing our expectations that helping others will increase ... in a hostile world. Thus, the norm of reciprocity ultimately has survival value. ref Aronson ..., 2006. Becker, Lawrence C. 1986 Reciprocity . London and New York Routledge. Paperback,1990 Chicago ... links http www2.pfeiffer.edu lridener courses NORMRECP.HTML Norm of reciprocity http scholar.google.com scholar?sourceid mozclient&num 50&scoring d&ie utf 8&oe utf 8&q 22norm of reciprocity 22 Google Scholar Norm of reciprocity Category Advertising Category Social psychology Category Ethical ... more details
often treat them as undirected ones for simplicity therefore the information obtained from reciprocity ... for example, when measuring the cluster coefficient . Finally, detecting nontrivial patterns of reciprocity ... A traditional way to define the reciprocity r is using the ratio of the number of links pointing ... of reciprocity has some defects. It cannot tell the relative difference of reciprocity compared with purely random network with the same number of vertices and edges. The useful information from reciprocity ... reciprocity as the correlation coefficient between the entries of the adjacency matrix of a directed ... r bar a 1 bar a math The new definition of reciprocity gives an absolute quantity which directly ... it has to be regarded as a less pronounced effect in sparser networks. Reciprocity for various types of networks The following table shows the calculated values of reciprocity for various types of networks, from the result we can see that networks of same type displays similar value of reciprocity ref name autogenerated1 Diego Garlaschelli, and Maria I. Loffredo. Patterns of Link Reciprocity in Directed Networks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 268701 2004 ref . Fig. 1 shows the reciprocity for three kinds ... more details
Confusing date January 2009 Reciprocity in linear system s is the principle that a response Rab , measured at a location and direction if applicable a , when the system has an excitation signal applied at a location and direction if applicable b , is exactly equal to Rba which is the response at location b , when that same excitation is applied at a . This applies for all frequencies of the excitation signal. If Hab is the transfer function between a and b then Hab Hba , if the system is linear. In the special case of a modal analysis this is known as Maxwell s reciprocity theorem ref http www.sdrl.uc.edu academic course info academic course info docs ucme663 v3 1.pdf ref The reciprocity principle is also used in the analysis of structures ref http books.google.com.au books?id FEQ0H3o lfoC&pg PA339&lpg PA339&dq reciprocity load deflection&source web&ots wkUItlfXxo&sig 8gKYuUF jYUM 5j8DdTX CpGvtU&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 10&ct result ref . When combined with Superposition principle superposition , symmetry and anti symmetry, it can be used to resolve complex load conditions. References reflist Category Applied mathematics Category Engineering ... more details
Refimprove date January 2009 In photography reciprocity refers to the inverse relationship between the intensity ... exposure photography exposure range for film stock, for example, the reciprocity law states ... of reciprocity, once known as Bunsen Roscoe reciprocity, originated from the work of Robert Bunsen ...&dq Bunsen Roscoe reciprocity ref ref cite book title The Manual of Photography Photographic and Digital ... 0 240 51574 9 page 238 url http books.google.com ?id MblHnLN2N2kC&pg PA238&dq Bunsen Roscoe reciprocity ... ref Deviations from the reciprocity law were reported by Captain William de Wiveleslie Abney ... year 1907 page 214 url http books.google.com ?id luNIAAAAIAAJ&pg PA214&dq Abney Schwarzschild reciprocity ... ?id Q7M0zOHcUxsC&pg PA113&dq Abney Schwarzschild reciprocity failure ref Schwarzschild ... 1927 pages 109 123 url http books.google.com ?id Zi0rAAAAYAAJ&pg PA111&dq Kron catenary reciprocity ... The Effect of Temperature upon Reciprocity Law Failure in Photographic Exposure author J. H. Webb volume ... B cyAAAAMAAJ&q Kron halm&dq Kron halm ref to describe departures from reciprocity. In chemical photography In photography , reciprocity refers to the relationship whereby the total light energy proportional .... Reciprocity failure For most photographic materials, reciprocity is valid with good accuracy ... this range reciprocity failure , reciprocity law failure , or Schwarzschild effect . ref cite book title ... effect 22 ref As the light level decreases out of the reciprocity range, the increase in duration ... reciprocity factors see model below . At very low light levels, Photographic film film is less responsive ... as reciprocity failure. Each different film type has a different response at low light levels. Some films are very susceptible to reciprocity failure, and others much less so. Some films that are very ... a reciprocity correction factor of 1.5 would require the exposure to be extended to 6 seconds for the same result. Reciprocity failure generally becomes significant at exposures of longer than about ... more details
This page is about reciprocity theorems in classical electromagnetism. See also Reciprocity mathematics for unrelated reciprocity theorems, and Reciprocity disambiguation for more general usages of the term. In Maxwell s equations classical electromagnetism , reciprocity refers to a variety of related ... invariant linear media under certain constraints. Reciprocity is closely related to the concept of Hermitian ... such theorem is Lorentz reciprocity and its various special cases such as Rayleigh Carson reciprocity ... to the first. There is also an analogous theorem in electrostatics , known as Green s reciprocity , relating the interchange of electric potential and electric charge density . Forms of the reciprocity ... radio antenna systems. For example, reciprocity implies that antennas work equally well as transmitters ... patterns are identical. Reciprocity is also a basic lemma that is used to prove other theorems ... from the symmetries of the Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace eigen operators . Lorentz reciprocity ... reciprocity theorem then states, under certain simple conditions on the materials of the medium ... reciprocity theorem , after Lord Rayleigh s work on sound waves and an extension by John R. Carson ... voltage across another and vice versa see also below. Another special case of the Lorentz reciprocity ... mathbf dA oint S mathbf E 2 times mathbf H 1 cdot mathbf dA math Reciprocity for electrical networks Above, Lorentz reciprocity was phrased in terms of an externally applied current source and the resulting ... applied voltage and the resulting currents. The Lorentz reciprocity theorem describes this case as well ... hand side of the Lorentz reciprocity theorem can be rewritten by moving the from the external ... versa. In particular, the Rayleigh Carson reciprocity theorem becomes a simple summation math sum ... and proof of Lorentz reciprocity The Lorentz reciprocity theorem is simply a reflection of the fact ... of this the reciprocity theorem does not require time reversal invariance . The condition ... more details
Infobox Television episode Title Reciprocity Series Fringe TV series Fringe Image Caption Season 3 Episode 11 Airdate January 28, 2011 Production Writer Josh Singer Director Jeannot Szwarc Guests Ryan McDonald as List of Fringe characters Brandon Fayette Brandon Fayette Charles Parnell actor Charles Parnell as Dr. James Falcon Sean Campbell as Zach Alpert Episode list Fringe season 3 Fringe season 3 br List of Fringe episodes List of Fringe episodes Prev The Firefly Fringe The Firefly Next Concentrate and Ask Again Reciprocity is the eleventh List of Fringe episodes episode of the Fringe season 3 third season of the American science fiction drama television program television series Fringe TV series Fringe , and the fifty fourth episode overall. The episode has the Fringe division following a chain of shapeshifting shapeshifter murders as the assembly of the doomsday device nears completion. Plot The Fringe division visits a secured Massive Dynamic facility where the prime universe s version of the doomsday device , believed an artifact of the First People , has been assembled. The company ... section date January 2011 Reception Ratings On its initial broadcast, Reciprocity maintained similar ... to move that episode to the following week, when it airs opposite Concentrate and Ask Again . Reciprocity ... from the Los Angeles Times thought Reciprocity had all the aspects of Fringe I loved . Hanson particularly ... Reciprocity with a B , explaining that despite the awe inspiring opening which reminded him of the film ... reciprocity,50676 title Reciprocity first Noel last Murray date 2011 01 28 accessdate 2011 03 02 publisher A.V. Club ref References Reflist 2 External links Wikiquote Fringe Reciprocity .5B3.11.5D Reciprocity http www.fox.com fringe recaps season 3 episode 11 Reciprocity at Fox Broadcasting Company Fox IMDb episode 1635943 Reciprocity Tv.com episode 1371311 Reciprocity Fringe Fringe episodes DEFAULTSORT Reciprocity Category Fringe TV series episodes Category 2011 television episodes Category ... more details
dablink Law of Reciprocity redirects here. For the philosophical concept also known as the Golden Rule, see Ethic of reciprocity . In number theory , the law of quadratic reciprocity is a theorem about ..., which consists of two supplements and the reciprocity law Let p , q 2 be two distinct positive ... . Quadratic reciprocity br Let q sup sup q where the sign is plus if q 1 mod 4 and minus if q ... first proved quadratic reciprocity . See http books.google.com books?id NM36hgqmOLkC&pg PA30&lpg PA30 ... the formulations of quadratic reciprocity found by Legendre and Gauss. The Legendre Jacobi ..., it is a nonresidue mod p . The quadratic reciprocity law is the statement that certain patterns found ... 3 mod 4 . This leads to The first supplement to quadratic reciprocity math mbox The congruence x 2 ... are all 3 mod 8 . This leads to The second supplement to quadratic reciprocity math mbox ... of quadratic reciprocity math mbox If q equiv 1 pmod 4 mbox then math math mbox the congruence x ... s statement of quadratic reciprocity math mbox If p equiv1 pmod4 mbox or q equiv1 pmod4 mbox ... mbox or p equiv 1 pmod3. math He did not state the law of quadratic reciprocity, although the cases ... that led mathematicians to the reciprocity theorem. Euler Translated into modern notation, Euler stated ... . This is equivalent to quadratic reciprocity. He could not prove it, but he did prove the second ... are equivalent to quadratic reciprocity border 1 Theorem width 200 When width 200 it follows that I .... end cases math Legendre s version of quadratic reciprocity math left frac p q right begin ... reciprocity is based on a theorem of his math mbox Let a, b, mbox and c mbox be integers that satisfy ... of the Disquisitiones Arithmeticae Disquisitiones , listing the 8 cases of quadratic reciprocity ..., he christens it the fundamental theorem Gauss never used the word reciprocity . Introducing the notation ... reciprocity is by complete induction i.e. assuming it is true for all numbers less than n allows ... more details
Quartic or biquadratic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in Number theory Elementary number theory elementary and algebraic number theory algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence relation congruence x sup 4 sup &equiv p mod q is solvable the word reciprocity comes ... conjectures about biquadratic reciprocity. ref Euler, Tractatus , 456 ref Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss published two monographs on biquadratic reciprocity. In the first one 1828 he proved Euler ... reciprocity law for the Gaussian integers and proved the supplementary formulas. He said ref Gauss, BQ ... states that there has been an explosion of interest in the rational reciprocity laws since ... q by the first supplement of quadratic reciprocity &minus 1 is a quadratic nonresidue mod q , and since ... his proof only requires quadratic reciprocity for the integers and put the result in the following ... such that math tfrac p q 1. math Quadratic reciprocity says that math tfrac q p 1, math where math ... Burde s rational biquadratic reciprocity law. They all assume that p a sup 2 sup b sup 2 sup and q ... monograph on biquadratic reciprocity Gauss displays some examples and makes conjectures that imply the theorems ... reciprocity in this form ref Gauss, BQ, 67 ref ref proofs are in Lemmermeyer, chs. 6 and 8 ... left frac theta pi right . math Just as the quadratic reciprocity law for the Legendre symbol is also ... Bigg . math See also Quadratic reciprocity Cubic reciprocity Artin reciprocity Notes reflist 2 References ... monographs Gauss published on biquadratic reciprocity have consecutively numbered sections the first ... Lemmermeyer first1 Franz title Reciprocity Laws from Euler to Eisenstein publisher Springer location ... title Biquadratic Reciprocity Theorem These two papers by Franz Lemmermeyer contain proofs of Burde s law and related results http matwbn.icm.edu.pl ksiazki aa aa67 aa6747.pdf Rational Quartic Reciprocity http www.fen.bilkent.edu.tr franz publ aar2.pdf Rational Quartic Reciprocity II Category Algebraic ... more details
Cubic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in Number theory Elementary number theory elementary and algebraic number theory algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the Modular arithmetic congruence x sup 3 sup &equiv p mod q is solvable the word reciprocity comes from the form of the Statement of the theorem main theorem , which states that if p and q are primary numbers in the ring of Eisenstein integer s, both coprime to 3, The congruence x sup 3 sup &equiv p mod q is solvable if and only if x sup 3 sup &equiv q mod p is. History Sometime before 1748 Leonhard Euler Euler made the first conjectures about the cubic residuacity of small integers, but they were ... s published works mention cubic residues and reciprocity three times there is one result pertaining ... ref In the introduction to the fifth and sixth proofs of quadratic reciprocity 1818 ref Gauss, Theorematis ... to cubic and biquadratic reciprocity. Finally, a footnote in the second of two monographs on biquadratic reciprocity 1832 states that cubic reciprocity is most easily described in the ring of Eisenstein ... the full blown theorems and proofs of cubic and biquadratic reciprocity around 1814. ref Cox, pp. 83 ... second monograph on biquadratic reciprocity, Gauss says blockquote The theorems on biquadratic residues ..., BQ, 30, translation in Cox, p. 84 ref blockquote In his first monograph on cubic reciprocity ref ... not affect the statement of cubic reciprocity, but it does affect the unique factorization theorem ... also Quadratic reciprocity Quartic reciprocity Artin reciprocity Notes reflist 2 References The references ... The two monographs Gauss published on biquadratic reciprocity have consecutively numbered sections ... II, pp. 65&ndash 92 and 93&ndash 148 Gauss s fifth and sixth proofs of quadratic reciprocity are in citation ... first1 Franz title Reciprocity Laws from Euler to Eisenstein publisher Springer Science Business ... CubicReciprocityTheorem title Cubic Reciprocity Theorem Category Algebraic number theory Category Modular ... more details
In international relations and treaty treaties , the principle of reciprocity states that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one Sovereign state state to the citizen s or Juristic person legal entities of another, should be returned in kind. For example, reciprocity has been used in the reduction of tariff s, the grant of copyright s to foreign authors, the mutual recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments enforcement of judgments, and the relaxation of travel restrictions and passport visa requirements. The principle of reciprocity also governs agreements on extradition . Specific and diffuse reciprocity Several theorists have drawn a distinction between specific forms of reciprocity and diffuse reciprocity Keohane 1986 . Whilst specific reciprocity is exemplified by international trade negotiations, as suggested above, diffuse reciprocity points to a wider institutionalisation of Trust sociology trust . Through consistent cooperation in an international society , states are seen as building generally accepted standards of behaviour. These general standards exert their own Norm sociology normative pressure on state action, contributing to the development of long term obligations between Sovereign state states which stress cooperation. Thus in a system of diffuse reciprocity, states need not seek the immediate benefit guaranteed by specific reciprocity, but can act in the confidence that their cooperative actions will be repaid in the long run. See also Comity Admission on motion , a specialized form of reciprocity concerning admission to the bar of certain U.S. states References Keohane, Robert O. 1986 , Reciprocity in international relations , in International Organisation, Vol.40, No.1. Further reading cite book last Ankerl first Guy title Global communication without universal civilization origdate origyear 2000 series INU societal research volume Vol.1 Coexisting contemporary civilizations Arabo Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western publisher ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 A reciprocity is a collineation from a projective space onto its dual space , taking points to hyperplane s and vice versa and preserving incidence geometry incidence . If it can be represented as a homography , it is called a correlation projective geometry correlation . See also Reciprocity theorem DEFAULTSORT Reciprocity Projective Geometry Category Projective geometry Geometry stub ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 In cultural anthropology and sociology , reciprocity is a way of defining ... s, reciprocity is common to every culture . Marshall Sahlins , a well known American cultural anthropologist, identified three main types of reciprocity in his book Stone Age Economics 1972 . ref cite ... Atherton location Chicago year 1972 isbn 0202010996 ref Basic types Generalized reciprocity is the exchange .... In other cultures generalized reciprocity can occur within entire clan s or large kin groups, for instance among the east Semai of Malaya. Between people who engage in generalized reciprocity, there is a maximum ..., and coworkers. Balanced reciprocity involves a moderate amount of trust and social distance. Balanced or Symmetrical reciprocity occurs when someone gives to someone else, expecting a fair and tangible ... 10 0 205 68509 9 ref Negative reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services where each party ... NJ year 2010 isbn 10 0 205 68509 9 ref It also includes what economists call barter . Negative reciprocity ... among strangers. Negative reciprocity was a prevalent form of exchange to establish friendly relations ..., Steven. http internationalecon.com Trade Tch125 T125 8.php Negative Reciprocity International Trade Theory and Policy ref says negative reciprocity occurs when an action that has a negative effect upon ... reciprocity fairness requires that negative actions be reciprocated in kind a quid pro quo type ... . Others argue that before money arose, generalized and balanced reciprocity along with redistribution ... and the rest of society was hard to draw. These three kinds of reciprocity are the most basic forms ... and the market . Moral reciprocity Another form of reciprocity is moral reciprocity . Moral reciprocity ... that maximize their material gains. Researchers believe that moral reciprocity may be the reason ... Bushmen , whose system of generalized reciprocity ended with the influence of the Western civilization. Economic anthropology Iroquois economics an example of symmetrical reciprocity Non market ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Under traffic violations reciprocity agreements, non resident drivers are treated like residents when they are stopped for a traffic offense that occurs in another jurisdiction. They also ensure that punishments such as points on one s license and the ensuring increase in insurance premiums follow the driver home. The general principle of such interstate, interprovincial, and or international compacts is to guarantee the rule one license, one record. Australia The Australian States and territories of Australia States and Territories have all passed legislation regarding the recognition of demerit point s and licence suspensions in other states territories. Canada Canadian Driver License Compact which is similar to the US Driver License Compact. Driver License Agreement European Union The EU is working on conventions for the mutual recognition and enforcement of penalties for road traffic offences and driver disqualifications by the jurisdictions of member countries. France France has an agreement with Switzerland for recognition of licence points and suspension and is working on agreements with other countries, especially the United Kingdom UK . Great Britain One driver registration system applies to both England and Wales and Scotland driving disqualifications and penalty points apply immediately in both jurisdictions. There is mutual recognition of driving disqualifications with Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . http www.direct.gov.uk en Motoring DriverLicensing DrivingInGbOnAForeignLicence DG 185285 1 Mexico Driver License Agreement Northern Ireland The driver registration system of Northern Ireland has mutual recognition of driving disqualifications with the system in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland. http www.northernireland.gov.uk index media centre news departments news doe news doe june 2008 news doe 260608 ... . Traffic law state collapsed DEFAULTSORT Traffic Violations Reciprocity Category Traffic law 1 ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 Reciprocity in social psychology refers to responding to a positive action with another positive action, and responding to a negative action with another negative one. Positive reciprocal actions differ from altruistic actions as those only follow from other positive actions and they differ from social gift giving in that those are not actions taken with the hope or expectation of future positive responses. Reciprocal actions are important to social psychology as they can help explain the maintenance of social norms . If a sufficient proportion of the population interprets the breaking of a social norm by another as a hostile action and if these people are willing to take potentially costly action to punish the rule breaker then this can maintain the norm in the absence of formal sanctions. The punishing action may range from negative words to complete social ostracism . In public good experiments, behavioral economists have demonstrated that the potential for reciprocal actions by players increases the rate of contribution to the public good, providing evidence for the importance of reciprocity in social situations. ref cite journal first Ernst last Fehr coauthors and Simon G chter year 2000 month Summer title Fairness and Retaliation The Economics of Reciprocity journal Journal of Economic Perspectives volume 14 issue 3 pages 159 181 id ISSN 0895 3309 doi 10.1257 jep.14.3.159 ref In mathematics , game theory describes reciprocity as a highly effective Tit for Tat strategy for the iterated prisoner s dilemma . In the animal world reciprocity exists in the social behaviour of Baboons . Male Baboons will form alliances with one another in order that one baboon will distract the Alpha male, who has monopolized reproductive females, and the other will copulate with a female. The roles will be reversed later for payback . It may be a motivation for returning favor activity favors from others. See also Reciprocity cultural anthropology Reciprocity ... more details
Summary Information Description Plot of reciprocity failure correction factors from Kodak E 77, and models Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date April 15 2009 Author Dick Lyon other versions Licensing self cc by 3.0 ... more details
File Kalakaua and Reciprocity Commission.jpg thumb 350px King Kal kaua and member of the Reciprocity Commission. The Treaty of reciprocity between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom was a free trade agreement signed and ratified in 1875 that is generally known as the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 . The treaty gave free access to the United States market for sugar and other products grown in the Kingdom of Hawaii starting in September 1876. In return, the US gained lands in the area known as Pu okina u Loa for what became known as the Pearl Harbor naval base. The treaty led to large investment by Americans in sugar plantations in Hawaii . The treaty was signed on January 30, 1875, ratified by the Kingdom of Hawaii April 17, 1875 and ratified by the United States on May 31, 1875. ref name text cite web url http morganreport.org mediawiki index.php?title Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 accessdate 2009 10 02 title Text of the treaty work The Morgan Report web site ref Negotiators were Henry A. P. Carter , Minister to the US Elisha Hunt Allen , Minister of Foreign Affairs William Lowthian Green , and King Kal kaua for the Kingdom of Hawaii. ref cite book title The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders year 1925 publisher Honolulu Star Bulletin editor George F. Nellist url http files.usgwarchives.net hi statewide bios green25bs.txt chapter Green, William Lowthian accessdate July 30, 2010 ref For the US, signers were Secretary of State Hamilton Fish and president Ulysses S. Grant . ref name text The first shipment of sugar from Hawaii to the United States under the treaty arrived in San Francisco, California San Francisco in September 1876 in a ship commanded by Captain William H. Marston . See also Pearl Harbor Nineteenth Century Early History of Pearl Harbor List of bilateral treaties signed by the Kingdom of Hawaii References reflist Category Treaties of the United States Category 1875 treaties Category Treaties of the Kingdom of Hawaii Category History of sugar ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
