Refimprove date May 2009 The term rationality is used differently in different disciplines. In philosophy , rationality is originally the exercise of reason , the way humans come to conclusions when considering .... However, the term rationality tends to be used in the specialized discussions of economics , sociology , psychology and political science . Rationality deals with the ratio of benefits to costs. A rational ..., and making several key assumptions. When the goal or problem involves making a decision, rationality ..., the formulation and background assumptions are the model within which rationality applies. Illustrating the relativity of rationality if one accepts a model in which benefiting oneself is optimal, then rationality is equated with behavior that is self interested to the point of being selfish ... is deemed irrational. It is thus meaningless to assert rationality without also specifying the background ... strategy. For such rationality , the individual s or entity s goals or motives are taken as part ... sense to model them as such in formal models. Some have argued that a kind of bounded rationality makes more sense for such models. Others think that any kind of rationality along the lines of rational ... was coined largely in honor of this view. Rationality is a central principle in artificial intelligence ... of rationality It is believed by some philosophers notably A.C. Grayling that a good rationale ... with a massively damaged amygdala or severe psychopathy. Thus, such an idealized form of rationality ... as a point of reference. Theories of rationality The German sociologist Max Weber proposed an interpretation of social action that distinguished between four different types of rationality. The first, which he called Zweckrational or purposive instrumental rationality, is related to the expectations ... that this was a kind of rationality that was on the borderline of what he considered meaningfully oriented ... and fourth are subtypes of the first two. These kinds of rationality were ideal types . The advantage ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 In economics and game theory , the participants are sometimes considered to have perfect rationality that is, they always act in a way that maximizes their utility , and are capable of arbitrarily complex deductions towards that end. They will always be capable of thinking through all possible outcomes and choosing that course of action which will result in the best possible outcome. Economic rationality is distinct from superrationality in that it predicts that rational players will always play a dominant strategy, that is, players never take into account how their decision will be repeated by others. Economic and game theoretic rationality is completely individualistic. See also Rationality Rational choice theory Superrationality Homo economicus Bounded rationality Dynamic inconsistency Rationality and power game theory DEFAULTSORT Perfect Rationality Category Game theory gametheory stub econ stub el zh ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 The rationality theorem is a theory introduced by political scientist Graham Allison in his book Essence of Decision Essence of Decision Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . Allison defined the rationality theorem like this There exists no pattern of activity for which an imaginative analyst cannot write a large number of objective functions such that the pattern of activity maximizes each function. He used the theorem to attack any social science analysis that assumes a measure of rationality on the part of the actors. Category Political science theories DEFAULTSORT Rationality Theorem Politics stub ... more details
refimprove date March 2010 Two views of instrumental rationality can be discerned in modern philosophy one view comes from social philosophy , sociology and critical theory , whereas another comes from natural philosophy . The view from critical theory and social philosophy In social and critical theory, instrumental rationality is often seen as a specific form of rationality focusing on the most efficient or cost effective means to achieve a specific end, but not in itself reflecting on the value of that end. Thus, to the extent that rationality is concerned with critically evaluating actions, instrumental rationality tends to focus on the hows of an action, rather than its whys .. More specifically, instrumental rationality can be contrasted with forms of rationality concerned with a promoting human understanding on a more general level, or b with improving the human condition. Thus, J rgen Habermas , in his early philosophy of science such as his book Technik und Wissenschaft als Ideologie ... rationality. However, to a large extent, the social sciences, such as economics, are also investigating ..., we find in economics many expressions of instrumental rationality. Instrumentally rational agents ... the ultimate goals. Instrumental rationality uses reason only as a tool to reach the goals, not to say ... of instrumental rationality include descriptive instrumental rationality DIR , which says agents behave as instrumental rationalists as a matter of fact descriptive selfish instrumental rationality ... instrumental rationality, which claims agents ought to pursue their ends as instrumental rationalists. The view from natural philosophy In natural philosophy instrumental rationality is the combination ... with the geometric rationality of trigonometry . In this tradition, instrumental rationality ... . See also RationalityRationality and power Rationalisation sociology Rationalisation social process ... olj cr cr win99.html The Limits of Instrumental Rationality in Social Explanation by Doug Mann Category ... more details
Technological rationality is a philosophical idea postulated by Herbert Marcuse in his 1941 article, Some Implications of Modern Technology , published first in the journal Studies in Philosophy and Social Sciences, Vol. IX. It gained mainstream repute and a more holistic treatment in his 1964 book One Dimensional Man . It posits that Rationality rational decisions to incorporate technology technological advances into society can, once the technology is ubiquitous, change what is considered rational within that society. A idea created out of the Frankfurt School by Marcuse who coined the term technological rationality in his 1964 book One Dimensional man. It describes a system that he believed was fundamentally irrational in that it operates on the basis of creating false need. This produces The Happy Consciousness , the belief that the real is rational and that the system produces the goods. DEFAULTSORT Technological Rationality Category Philosophy of technology Philo stub Socio stub Tech stub ... more details
In the context of knowledge based systems , Newell in 1982 proposed the following principle of rationality If an agent has knowledge that one of its actions will lead to one of its goals, then the agent will select that action. This principle is employed by agents at the knowledge level to move closer to a desired goal. See also Artificial intelligence Knowledge level modeling Rationality Cognitive science References 1 Allen Newell . The knowledge level. Artificial Intelligence, 18 87 127, 1982. Category Artificial intelligence ... more details
Infobox book name Rationality and Power author Bent Flyvbjerg publisher The University of Chicago Press year 1998 isbn 0226254518 dewey 320.4489 5 21 congress JS6185.A53 F5913 1998 oclc 300447950 Rationality and Power Democracy in Practice is a book authored by Oxford University professor Bent Flyvbjerg and published by The University of Chicago Press 1998 . ref http books.google.com books?vid ISBN0226254518&id NEU1WnNJkHgC&printsec frontcover&dq flyvbjerg rationality Bent Flyvbjerg, Rationality and Power Democracy in Practice , The University of Chicago Press, 1998. ref The book is a study of how Power sociology power influences rationality and democracy . The book s theory and method build on a tradition in power studies that runs from Thucydides via Machiavelli to Nietzsche and Max Weber . The author explicitly acknowledges Machiavelli s studies of power in Florence as a source of influence for the choice of in depth case studies to understand the dynamics of power and how power enables and constrains rationality and rational government. The research methodology employed in Rationality and Power is called phronetic social science and is described in detail in Flyvbjerg s 2001 book Making Social Science Matter . ref Bent Flyvbjerg, Making Social Science Matter Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again Cambridge University Press , 2001 ISBN 0 521 77568 X ref This book set off the so called Flyvbjerg Debate , a debate about what social science is and ought to be. Phronetic social science and the Flyvbjerg Debate are critically assessed in Schram and Caterino 2006 eds. . ref Sanford F. Schram and Brian Caterino, 2006 eds., Making Political Science Matter Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method New York New York University Press . ref See also Phronetic social science Phronetic planning research Rule according to higher law References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Rationality And Power Category Sociology books Category Political science books Category Anthropology books ... more details
Bounded rationality is the notion that in decision making, rationality of individuals is limited by the information ... modeling of decision making, as used in economics and related disciplines it complements rationality ... 22bounded rationality 22&printsec frontcover first Gerd last Gigerenzer first2 Reinhard last2 Selten title Bounded Rationality The Adaptive Toolbox publisher MIT Press year 2002 isbn 0262571641 ref Another way to look at bounded rationality is that, because decision makers lack the ability and resources to arrive at the optimal solution, they instead apply their rationality only after having greatly ... solution rather than the optimal one. ref cite web url http www.answers.com topic bounded rationality title Bounded rationality Definition from Answers.com publisher Answers Corporation accessdate ... approximated or described as rationality rational entities see for example rational choice ... quantities be approximated to act according to their preference s. The concept of bounded rationality ... rationality The term is thought to have been coined by Herbert Simon . In Models of Man , Simon ... of dimensions along which classical models of rationality can be made somewhat more realistic, while ... bounded rationality as a model to overcome some of the limitations of the rational agent models ... Rubinstein proposed to http arielrubinstein.tau.ac.il book br.html model bounded rationality by explicitly ... agenda. Gerd Gigerenzer argues that most decision theorists who have discussed bounded rationality ... s decisions might be made sub optimal by the limitations of human rationality, or have constructed ... instead proposes to examine simple alternatives to a full rationality analysis as a mechanism for decision ... rationality of an agent is determined by its computational intelligence . Everything else being equal ... author Elster, Jon title Sour Grapes Studies in the Subversion of Rationality publisher Cambridge ... Selten, Reinhard title Bounded Rationality publisher MIT Press location Cambridge year 2002 isbn 0 ... more details
Communicative rationality , or communicative reason, is a theory or set of theories which describes human rationality as a necessary outcome of successful communication. In particular, it is tied to the philosophy ... of communicative rationality, the potential for certain kinds of reason is inherent in communication ... integrated rationality that characterized pre modern worldview s has, since modern times, been ... century philosophy , and to which he thinks his conception of communicative rationality contributes ... rationality. He labels all these trends as being post metaphysical . Cooke, 1994 These post metaphysical ... of rationality e.g. a rational person thinks this and put forward procedural or formal conceptions ... rationality explained Habermas conception of communicative rationality moves along with these contemporary currents of philosophy. Concerning 1 it can be said that Communicative rationality ... Cooke, 1994 . Concerning 2 , Habermas clearly and explicitly understands communicative rationality ... rationality is not a definitive rendering of what reason is, but rather a fallible claim. It can ... on his understanding of social interaction and communicative practices, and he ties rationality to the validity ... individuals. This is in contradistinction to theories of rationality e.g. Plato, Kant, etc. that seek ... perspective. While Habermas s notion of communicative rationality is contextualism contextualized ... only on the content displayed in various concrete standards of rationality. Thus, Habermas can compare and contrast the rationality of various forms of society with an eye to the deeper and more universal ... . The relativists on the other hand can compare and contrast the rationality of various forms of society but are unable to take up a critical stance, because they can posit no standard of rationality ... . Validity dimensions Concerning 5 , Habermas s communicative rationality emphasizes the equal importance of the three validity dimensions , which means it sees the potential for rationality ... more details
Faith and rationality are two modes of belief that exist in varying degrees of conflict or compatibility. Rationality is belief based on reason or evidence . Faith is belief in Biblical inspiration inspiration , revelation , or authority . The word faith generally refers to a belief that is held with lack of , in spite of or against reason and evidence . Although the words faith and belief are sometimes ... between faith and rationality Rationalism holds that truth should be determined by reason ... held by faith may be seen existing in a number of relationships to rationality Faith as underlying rationality In this view, all human knowledge and reason is seen as dependent on faith faith in our ... receive from others. Accordingly, faith is seen as essential to and inseparable from rationality. According to Ren Descartes , rationality is built first upon the realization of the absolute truth Cogito ... of new evidence. Faith as addressing issues beyond the scope of rationality In this view, faith is seen as covering issues that science and rationality are inherently incapable of addressing, but that are nevertheless entirely real. Accordingly, faith is seen as complementing rationality, by providing answers to questions that would otherwise be unanswerable. Faith as contradicting rationality .... Accordingly, faith is seen as pernicious with respect to rationality, as it interferes with our ability to think, and inversely rationality is seen as the enemy of faith by interfering with our ... of Johann Baptist Franzelin , who had written a great deal on the topic of faith and rationality ... with the relationship between faith and reason. Reformed epistemology Faith as underlying rationality The view that faith underlies all rationality holds that rationality is dependent on faith ... offices koons docs chrphlec17.html Lecture on The Rationality of Religious Belief Contemporary ... epistemology philosophy of religion Philosophy topics DEFAULTSORT Faith And Rationality Category ... more details
The Nature of Rationality is an exploration of practical rationality written by Robert Nozick and published in 1993. It views human rationality as an evolutionary adaptation. Its delimited purpose and function ... itself, not to its further outcomes. He defends the rationality of living with symbolic meanings and imputing ... in The Nature of Rationality conceives human beings as creatures of culture whose tracking of value ... on the factoring that gives independent weight to symbolic utility, as it implies the rationality of taking ... Rationality is not simply any kind of instrumentality, but rather it requires a certain type ... and undercutters to reinforce or weaken the connections between nodes. Rules of Rationality .... Rationality s Function The function of believing or acting for reasons will be some effect this has that some underlying homeostatic mechanism aims at its having. The function of rationality will depend ... may be devices shaped to reproduce genes, as in Dawkins selfish gene view, but rationality is shaped to serve a level above the organism, the level of institutions. Instrumental Rationality and Its Limits Is instrumental rationality enough? The instrumental notion of rationalty can be formulated in decision ... causal connection captures the means end connection. Instrumental rationality is within the intersection of all theories of rationality, and perhaps nothing else is . But there are other legitimate modes of rationality. Indeed instrumental rationality can come to have intrinsic value See John Dewey ... and being a theme emphasized by Heidegger. Nozick s case for decision value takes rationality ... a theory of the substantive rationality of desires and goals one tiny step beyond Hume is taken ... a valid structural condition C of rationality, such as the one laid down by Von Neumann and Morgenstern ... of the homeostatic process that forms those desires and beliefs. Ultimately rationality comes to shape ... the fact that in that context that person said p . Substantive rationality must be considered over ... more details
In mathematics , Noether s theorem on rationality for surfaces is a classical result of Max Noether on complex algebraic surface s, giving a criterion for a rational surface . Let S be an algebraic surface that is non singular and projective. Suppose there is a morphism &phi from S to the projective line , with general fibre also a projective line. Then the theorem states that S is rational. ref http www.springerlink.com content k855808570108741 fulltext.pdf?page 1 ref See also Hirzebruch surface List of complex and algebraic surfaces References http math.stanford.edu vakil 02 245 sclass16A.pdf Castelnuovo s Theorem Notes reflist algebra stub Category Algebraic surfaces Category Mathematical theorems ... more details
Image with unknown copyright status removed image Book revelation big.jpg left Ahmadiyya Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth is a book written by Mirza Tahir Ahmad , the fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community from 1982 to 2003. It was published in 1998, originally written in English language English , and subsequently translated into the Urdu and Arabic languages. The book explores religious thought throughout different ages of human civilization. It is a comprehensive essay on the phenomenon of Revelation in different faiths from an Islamic perspective. It attempts to prove the existence of God through rationality instead of theology . Background This book was a further development on a talk that Ahmad gave in Switzerland. In Zurich in 1987 Professor Karl Henking , Professor of Ethnology, University of Zurich invited Mirza Tahir Ahmad the fourth Head of the Worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community to deliver a lecture on Ahmadiyya Islam . On Thursday, the 14 June 1987 at 8.15 p.m., the proposed lecture was delivered under the title Rationality, Revelation, Knowledge, Eternal Truth . The students, evidently intrigued by the title, thronged Oule the great auditorium which became filled to capacity so that additional arrangements had to be made in another hall with provisions for relaying the proceedings through television screens and loudspeakers. Main themes This is a very diverse and wide ranging book discussing such subjects as the concept of revelation in different religions, history of philosophy , cosmology , extraterrestrial life , the future of life on earth, natural selection and its role in evolution. The main emphasis is on the ability of the Quran to correctly discuss all important events of the past, present and future from the beginning of the universe ... 5 section 13.html The blind watchmaker, who is also deaf and dumb , Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge ... Muslim Community web site http www.alislam.org library books revelation Revelation, Rationality ... more details
Instrumentality can refer to any of the following The quality or condition of being instrumental The theory of Instrumentalism in the philosophy of science The philosophical concept of Instrumental rationality The science fiction book series Instrumentality of Mankind by Cordwainer Smith The Human Instrumentality Project from the Neon Genesis Evangelion anime series. disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 All people need to decision making make decisions from time to time. Given limited time in formulating policies and addressing public problems, public administrators must enjoy a certain degree of discretion in planning, revising and implementing public policies. In other words, they must engage in decision making Gianakis, 2004 . Over the years, many scholars tried to devise decision making models to account for the policy making process. Rationality For a very long time since the discipline of public administration has developed, scholars assume that people make decisions rationally. By rationality , Herbert Simon 1976 means a style of behaviour that is appropriate to the achievement of given goals, within the limits imposed by given conditions and constraints P. 405 . Max Weber , in the early part of the 20th century, suggested distinguishing two types of economic rationality formal rationality and substantive rationality. The formal rationality of economic action referred to the extent of quantitative calculation or accounting which is technically possible and . . . actually applied. Substantive rationality referred to the degree to which economic action serves ultimate values no matter what they may be. Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Parsons, ed., 1947, pp. 184 186 Weber noted that the requirements of formal and of substantive rationality are always in principle in conflict. Ibid., p. 212 Decades later, Simon used a similar distinction, referring to procedural rationality , which refers to the rationality of procedures used to achieve certain goals and substantive rationality which refers to the degree to which goals and values are achieved. Simon, 1982 . Facts According to Gortner 2001 , facts are the information and knowledge that the public administrators possess in formulating policies. Facts are important in deciding the appropriate means to take to achieve higher ends. They may not be readily known by admi ... more details
Wiktionarypar rational Rational may refer to Rationality , a concept of reason Rational number , a number that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers Rational function , a mathematical function which can be written as the ratio of two polynomial functions Rational Software , formerly Rational Software Corporation, a software company now owned by IBM a central paradigm of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy The Rational temperament in the Keirsey Temperament Sorter Rational choice theory , a theoretical paradigm in microeconomics Rational AG , a German manufacturer of food processors See also Rationalism disambiguation Rationale , a liturgical vestment worn by clergy a common misspelling Rationality disambig cs Racion ln de Rational fr Rationnel pt Racional ... more details
Expert subject Philosophy date November 2008 Pancritical rationalism literally criticism of all things , from wikt pan Pan all , also known as PCR , also called Comprehensively Critical Rationalism CCR , is a development of critical rationalism and panrationalism originated by William Warren Bartley in his book The Retreat to Commitment . PCR attempts to work around the problem of ultimate commitment or infinite regress by decoupling criticism and justification. A pancritical rationalist holds all positions open to criticism, including PCR itself. Such a position in principle never resorts to appeal to authority for justification of stances, since all authorities are held to be intrinsically fallible. References reflist William W. Bartley The Retreat to Commitment Open Court, 1990 , ISBN 081269127X. William W. Bartley http www.the rathouse.com files Bartley 1964 limits of criticism.doc Rationality versus the Theory of Rationality . In Mario Bunge Ed. The Critical Approach to Science and Philosophy New York Free Press, 1964 . William W. Bartley http web.archive.org web 20090729180816 http geocities.com criticalrationalist rcl.doc The Philosophy of Karl Popper. Part III. Rationality, Criticism, and Logic . Philosophia 11 1&ndash 2 February 1982 , 121&ndash 221. David Miller philosopher David Miller Comprehensively Critical Rationalism An Assessment. Critical Rationalism Open Court, 1994 , ISBN 0812691989. Gerard Radnitzky, William W. Bartley Eds. Evolutionary Epistemology, Rationality and the Sociology of Knowledge Open Court, 1987 , ISBN 0812690389. Mariano Artigas The Ethical Nature of Karl Popper s Theory of Knowledge Including Popper s unpublished comments on Bartley and critical rationalism Peter Lang Publishing, 1999 , ISBN 0820446068. External links http www.maxmore.com pcr.htm Pancritical Rationalism An Extropic Metacontext for Memetic Progress http www.the rathouse.com writingsonbartley.html writings on w.w. bartley http clublet.com c c why?PanCriticalRationa ... more details
of the better argument, form the key features from which intersubjective rationality can make communication ... can be assessed as to their rationality to the extent which they fulfill those criteria. Communicative rationality is distinct from instrumental, normative, and dramaturgic rationality by its ..., and intersubjective or social. Communicative rationality is self reflexive and open to a dialogue ... rationality, for instance, can be seen as a response to the critique of enlightenment reason expressed ... and Adorno had argued that the Enlightenment saw a particular kind of rationality enshrined as dominant ... is designed to rediscover through the analysis of positive potentials for human rationality in the medium ... employed as an outlet for the public use of reason. The notion of communicative rationality in the public ... argued that Habermas notion of communicative rationality, upon which communicative action must be based ... by locating rationality in procedures of reaching agreement independent of any particular participants ... Communicative rationality Critical theory References references DEFAULTSORT Communicative Action ... more details
outcome. Rationality versus common knowledge of rationality This game illustrates the difference between perfect rationality of an actor and the common knowledge logic common knowledge of rationality ... they know that the other players are rational as well and that all players rationality is common ... other s rationality. Even in this case, it is not required that every player guess 0, since they may ... more details
morality to instrumental rationality. Gauthier s procedure is to develop constraints on individuals required by rationality, and to identify these constraints as moral principles. This is rationality in its full generality as dealing with the choices of others, that is, strategic rationality as studied ... of rationality takes the interests of the self to be fundamental, but these need not be interests ... of rationality such as the Kantian ones. The moral constraints to be generated are understood ... of the apparent rationality of being a free rider on the cooperative behavior of others. This problem ... . It identifies rationality with the maximization of utility. Utility is a measure of preference ... relative to each individual s own affective relationships. Strategy Rationality and Equilibrium The focus here is on strategic rationality or rationality in interaction. Gauthier makes several ... by a lottery giving equal probability to all responses satisfying other rationality requirements. Given rationality as utility maximization, each person s choice must be the centroid utility maximizing ... less unwilling to concede. Such considerations lead away from identification of rationality with utility ... of justice justice is the rational disposition to co operative behaviour . Rationality instructs about ... more details
. It central tenet is the distinction between emancipative communicative rationality communicative reason and strategic and instrumental rationality strategic and instrumental reason . In his critical discussion of the rationalism rationalist tradition Habermas locates rationality in the structures ... theory of rationality could not be universal. Citation needed date May 2008 With this failure of the search ... tested theory of rationality must be a pragmatism pragmatic theory based on science and social ... s description of rationality and arguing it has a limited view of human action. Habermas argues that Weber ... analysis in the direction of Rationality Theories of rationality purposive rationality , which purportedly ... which are separated from the purposes of the population as a whole. This Rationality Theories of rationality ... . Habermas points out that the sociopsychological costs of this limited version of rationality ... Weber before them, confused system rationality with action rationality. This prevented them from dissecting ... ideal of reason in a fresh light. Rationality is redefined as thinking that is ready to submit to criticism and systematic examination as an ongoing process. A broader definition is that rationality ... to make a preliminary definition of the process of communicative rationality this is communication ... he shifts the emphasis in our concept of rationality from the individual to the social. This shift ... Rationality is 1. The processes by which different validity claims are brought to a satisfactory ... expression. Rationality must include a willingness to question the grammar of any system ... available in the cultural field. See also communicative action Communicative rationality Foucault Habermas debate RationalityRationality and power Wilhelm von Humboldt Notes reflist References ... more details
Bayesian Cognitive Science is a rapidly growing approach to cognitive science concerned with rational models , in the particular sense of Bayesian rationality . This work often consists of testing the hypothesis that cognitive systems behave like rational Bayesian agents in particular types of tasks past work has applied this idea to categorization , language, motor control , sequence learning , reinforcement learning , theory of mind . At other times, Bayesian rationality is assumed , and the goal is to infer the knowledge that agents have, and the mental representations that they use. It is important to contrast this with the ordinary use of Bayesian inference in cognitive science, which is independent of rational modeling see e.g. http www.socsci.uci.edu mdlee bgm.html Michael Lee s work . See also Bayesian brain References John R. Anderson 1990 The Adaptive Character of Thought . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates http web.mit.edu cocosci Papers Griffiths Tenenbaum PsychSci06.pdf T. L. Griffiths, and J. B. Tenenbaum 2006 Optimal Predictions in Everyday Cognition Psychological Science 17 9 , 767 773 . M. Oaksford and N. Chater 1999 Rational Models of Cognition refs Category Cognitive science ... more details
Gerd Gigerenzer born September 3, 1947 is a Germany German psychologist who has studied the use of bounded rationality and heuristic s in decision making , especially in medicine . A critic of the work of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky , he argues that heuristics should not lead us to conceive of human thinking as riddled with irrational cognitive bias es, but rather to conceive rationality as an adaptive tool that is not identical to the rules of formal logic or the probability calculus . ref Gigerenzer, Bounded and Rational in R.J. Stainton ed. , Contemporary Debates in Cognitive Science Blackwell, 2006 , p. 129. ref With Daniel Goldstein he first theorized the recognition heuristic . He has written several books on the subject of heuristics and decision making, including Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart 1999 , and Bounded Rationality The Adaptive Toolbox 2001 with Reinhard Selten . His two books for a lay audience, Reckoning with Risk Learning to Live with Uncertainty 2002, published in the U.S. as Calculated Risks How to Know When Numbers Deceive You , and Gut Feelings The Intelligence of the Unconscious 2007 , have been translated into 18 languages. Rationality for Mortals , his most recent book, investigates decisions under limited time and information. He has trained U.S. Federal Judges, German physicians, and top managers in decision making and understanding risks and uncertainties. Gigerenzer is currently director at Max Planck Institute for Human Development and former Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago and John M. Olin Distinguished Visiting Professor, School of Law at the University of Virginia . He is also the director of the Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Berlin, Batten Fellow at the Darden Business School, University of Virginia, and Fellow of the Berlin Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . He is married to Lorraine Daston , director at Max Planck Institute for the History of Scienc ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For other uses of isomorphism , see isomorphism disambiguation . In sociology , an isomorphism is a similarity of the processes or structure of one organization to those of another, be it the result of imitation or independent development under similar constraints. There are three main types of isomorphism Normative isomorphism normative , Coercive isomorphism coercive and Mimetic isomorphism mimetic . Isomorphism was primarily the work of Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell Walter Powell . Literature DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. 1983 . The Iron Cage Revisited Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review , 48 2 , 147 160. DEFAULTSORT Isomorphism Sociology Category Sociological terms Socio stub ... more details
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