Unreferenced date October 2010 Induced radioactivity occurs when a previously stable material has been made radioactive by exposure to specific radiation . Most radioactivity does not induce other material to become radioactive. Neutron activation is the main form of induced radioactivity, which happens when free neutron s are captured by nuclei. This new heavier isotope can be stable or unstable radioactive depending on the chemical element involved. Because free neutrons disintegrate within minutes outside of an atomic Atomic nucleus nucleus , neutron radiation can be obtained only from nuclear disintegration s, nuclear reaction s, and high energy reactions such as in cosmic radiation showers or particle accelerator collisions . Neutrons that have been slowed down through a neutron moderator thermal neutron s are more likely to be captured by nuclei than fast neutrons. A less common form involves removing a neutron via photodisintegration . In this reaction, a high energy photon gamma ray strikes a nucleus with an energy greater than the binding energy of the atom , releasing a neutron. This reaction has a minimum cutoff of 2 Electronvolt MeV for hydrogen and around 10 MeV for most heavy nuclei. Many radionuclides do not produce gamma rays with energy high enough to induce this reaction ... this cutoff and thus cannot induce radioactivity in the food. ref Caesium 137 emits gammas at 662 keV while cobalt 60 emits gammas at 1.2 and 1.3 MeV. ref Some induced radioactivity is produced by background ... places on Earth , the amount of induced radioactivity in a single location is usually very small ... radioactivity. The components in those reactors may become highly radioactive from the radiation to which they are exposed. Induced radioactivity increases the amount of nuclear waste that must eventually .... See also Neutron activation Radioactive decay Radioactivity Slow neutron Notes references External ... food irradiation DEFAULTSORT Induced Radioactivity Category Radioactive waste Category Radioactivity ... more details
Radioactivity album Radio Activity . The song was released as a single in most European territories and the US, and was a number one hit in France . It was re recorded for The Mix album in 1991. Radioactivity ... of radioactivity, the 1991 version drops all references to radio and incorporates additional lyrics with a pointed anti nuclear theme, remaking the central lyrical hook as stop radioactivity and also ... 21 Fatboy Slim cover Infobox Single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name Radioactivity Cover Fatboy Slim Radioactivity.jpg Artist Fatboy Slim from Album Late Night Tales Fatboy Slim A side Radioactivity ... Certification Last single Champion Sound song Champion Sound br 2006 This single Radioactivity br 2007 Next single Fatboy Slim covered Radioactivity on his compilation album Late Night Tales Fatboy Slim . The song was released as a limited edition 7 single. Track listing Radioactivity Fatboy Slim Everything Is Everything Bootsy Collins Kraftwerk Fatboy Slim DEFAULTSORT Radioactivity Song Category ... by Emil Schult 1970s single stub fr Radioactivity chanson it Radioactivity pt Radioaktivit t ... more details
Expert subject science date November 2008 Environmental radioactivity is produced by radioactive ... activity. Background level in soils Radioactivity is present everywhere, and has been since ... radioactivity in the biosphere caused by human activity due to the releases of man made radioactivity ..., when it is burned in power stations. Farming and the transfer to humans of deposited radioactivity ... on humans via a range of routes. Cows Ji H la claims in his textbook Radioactivity, Ionizing Radiation ... coefficient K sub d sub is the ratio of the soil s radioactivity Bq g sup 1 sup to that of the soil water Bq ml sup 1 sup . If the radioactivity is tightly bonded to by the minerals in the soil then less radioactivity can be absorbed by crops and grass growing in the soil. Cs 137 K sub d sub ... K sub d sub 0.007 to 50 The trinity test Image Trinityglassactivity.png right 400px thumb Levels of radioactivity ... of the glass One dramatic source of man made radioactivity is a nuclear weapons test. The glassy ... Radioactivity , 2006, 85 , 103 120 ref reports the levels of long lived radioisotopes in the trinitite ..., it is clear that the level of radioactivity for these isotopes is highest where the neutron dose .... Nuclear bomb tests have increased the radioactivity specific activity of carbon, whereas the use of fossil ... and from the nuclear fuel cycle . A paper has been written on the radioactivity found in oyster ... Radioactivity , 2006, 88 , 236 250 ref The caesium was found in the leaf veins, in the stem ... of putting the sup 137 sup Cs out of reach of the shallow root s of the grass, hence the level of radioactivity ... Radioactivity , 2006, 86 , 110 131 Applications in geology listed by isotope class wikitable ... al. , Journal of Environmental Radioactivity , 2006, 86 , 110 131 ref Uranium lead dating main Uranium ... Cave sediments . Geological Society of America Bulletin 113 7 , 825 836. Further reading Radioactivity ... science DEFAULTSORT Environmental Radioactivity Category Astrophysics Category Environmental isotopes ... more details
about radioactivity as a tool in life science the effect of radiation on living organisms Radiation poisoning organisms which harness radiation Radiotrophic fungus the bacterium highly resistant to radiation Deinococcus radiodurans Radioactivity can be used in life sciences as a radiolabel to visualise components or target molecules in a biological system. Some radionuclei are synthesised in particle accelerator s and have short Half life half lives , giving them high maximum theoretical specific activities. This lowers the detection time compared to radionuclei with longer half lives, such as carbon 14. In some applications they have been substituted by fluorescent dye s. Examples of radionuclei Tritium hydrogen 3 is a very low energy emitter that can be used to label protein s, nucleic acid s, drugs and toxins, but requires a tritium specific film or a tritium specific phosphor screen . In a liquid scintillation assay LSA , the efficiency is 20 50 , depending on the scintillation cocktail used Citation needed date December 2009 . The maximum theoretical specific activity of tritium is 28.8 Curie Ci Mole unit mmol 1.066 PBq mol . Citation needed date December 2009 However, there is often more than one tritium atom per molecule for example, tritiated Uridine triphosphate UTP is sold by most suppliers with carbons 5 and 6 each bonded to a tritium atom. C 14, S 35 and P 33 have similar ... acids intact. Radioactivity concentration A vial of radiolabel has a total activity . Taking ... the radioactivity concentration and depends on the radionuclei s half life. If every molecule were ... use of Fluorescence in the life sciences fluorescence in the past three decades radioactivity ... , whereas with radioactivity two isotopes can be used tritium and a low energy isotope, e.g. Phosphorus ... Science, 1268 pages. ISBN 0 8153 4105 9. Radiation DEFAULTSORT Radioactivity In The Life Sciences Category Radiation health effects Category Biology Category Radioactivity ... more details
particulate radioactivity APR . In more recent times they may also be used to monitor people in their homes for the presence of manmade radioactivity. These monitors can be used to trigger alarms ..., ISBN 0 87079 005 6 Eisenbud, Environmental Radioactivity , Academic 1973 , p. 449 Assessment of Airborne Radioactivity , International Atomic Energy Agency 1967 , p. 24 ref The particulate radioactive ... radioactivity, due to the much larger total volume of air passing through the filter medium ... hand, monitoring with CPAMs provides nearly real time airborne radioactivity level indication ... 2004, Specification and Performance of On Site Instrumentation for Continuously Monitoring Radioactivity ... is difficult a more reliable measurement of the total radioactivity released over some time ... 10CFR50 Appendix A ref states Criterion 64 Monitoring radioactivity releases. Means shall be provided ... of loss of coolant accident fluids, effluent discharge paths , and the plant environs for radioactivity ... Radioactivity in Solid Wastes and Releases of Radioactive Materials in Liquid and Gaseous Effluents ... Occupational Airborne Radioactivity Monitoring Instrumentation ref . A difficulty with this is that, unless ... of Airborne Radioactivity Area , 1201, 1204, 1501, 1502, 2103. CPAM applications process monitoring ... levels of airborne radioactivity could be brought into the control room by its HVAC system the CPAM monitors this air and is intended to detect high concentrations of radioactivity and shut down ... the airborne particulate radioactivity in the reactor containment structure is an acceptable ... the rate at which the detector is responding to the radioactivity deposited on the filter medium. There are two .... The countrate that results from deposited radioactivity is called the net countrate, and is obtained .... Also, these are integrating devices, meaning that some finite time is required to accumulate radioactivity ... source term airborne radioactivity emission rate , it is not realistic to hold the concentration ... more details
In nuclear physics , Ronen s golden rule for cluster radioactivity is that the most favorable parents for heavy ion emission cluster radioactivity are those that emit clusters which have atomic mass math A z math which is given by math A z A z 2 4 B z 2 math . The atomic number math Z math is even, math A 0 0 math , math B z 2 0 math for math Z 2 math odd and math B z 2 2 math for math Z 2 math even .The daughter nuclei is preferably magic, close to the double magic sup 208 sup Pb. References 1. Tavares, O.A.P., Roberto, L.A.M. and Medeiros, E.L., Radioactive decay by the emission of heavy nuclear fragments . Phys. Scr. u 76 u , 376, 2007 . Category Nuclear physics ... more details
The Commission for Independent Research and Information on Radioactivity actual name, Commission de Recherche et d Information Ind pendantes sur la Radioactivit , or CRIIRAD is a France French NGO which specializes in the analysis of radioactivity in the environment. It was created in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident Chernobyl catastrophe on April 26, 1986. It revendicates being independent from nuclear exploitants, the state and all political parties . The CRIIRAD has an analysis laboratory, equipped for identification of radioactive contamination food, water, etc. , which has been delivered the technical qualification certificate by the Health minister. It operates both in France and abroad, and is funded by its investigations more than a thousand studies since its creation and its memberships adhesions. As all other French NGOs, it is regulated by the 1901 law on non profit organizations . Among other studies by the CRIIRAD, its investigations on the contamination of the French territory following the 1986 Chernobyl catastrophe are the most known, although it also studied the consequences of the Marcoule Marcoule nuclear power plant and published an atlas of radioactive contamination in Europe and France. See also Chernobyl accident Chernobyl catastrophe Yury Bandazhevsky A Belarusian scientist, repressed by the Belarusian state, who has been supported by the CRIIRAD List of Chernobyl related articles External links fr http www.criirad.org official website Category Chernobyl disaster Category Radiation health effects researchers Category Nuclear research centers Category Nuclear energy in France Category Non governmental organizations based in France fr Commission de recherche et d information ind pendantes sur la radioactivit fi Criirad ja ... more details
This article compares the radioactivity release and decay from the Chernobyl disaster with various other events which involved a release of uncontrolled radioactivity. Chernobyl compared to background radiation Natural sources of radiation are very prevalent in the environment, and come from cosmic rays, food sources bananas have a particular high source , radon gas, granite and other dense rocks, and others. The collective radiation background dose for natural sources in Europe is about 500,000 man Sieverts per year. The total dose from Chernobyl is estimated at 80,000 man sieverts, or roughly 1 6 as much. ref http www.springerlink.com content p5070vl7v843r063 ref However, some individuals, particular in areas adjacent the reactor, received significantly higher doses. Chernobyl s radiation was detectable across Western Europe. Average doses received ranged from 0.02 mrem Portugal to 38 mrem portions of Germany . ref http www.springerlink.com content p5070vl7v843r063 ref Chernobyl compared with an atomic bomb Far fewer people died as an immediate result of the Chernobyl event than Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki died of radiation at Hiroshima , and the eventual total is also ... of environmental radioactivity ref suggests that the two events can not be simply compared with a number suggesting that one was XX times larger than the other . The radioactivity released at Chernobyl ... of radioactivity . The following gamma emitting isotopes are modeled sup 131 sup I, sup ... by an analogous method. Chernobyl compared with Tomsk 7 The release of radioactivity which occurred ... very little environmental contamination normally occurs as a result of these accidents. A release of radioactivity ... was not designed as a containment building, yet it was able to retard the spread of radioactivity ... http www pub.iaea.org MTCD publications PDF Pub1106 scr.pdf ref the radioactivity remained confined ... failed to release much radioactivity outside the building in which it occurred. See also Chernobyl ... more details
Radioactive Decay Decay of atomic nuclei by the emission of ionizing particles. Radionuclide Radioactive Elements Becquerel Unit of Radioactivity Category Disambiguation pages ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The rutherford symbol rd is an obsolete unit of radioactivity , defined as the activity radioactivity activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one million atomic nucleus nuclei decay per second . It is therefore equivalent to one megabecquerel . It was named after Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson Ernest Rutherford . It is not an SI unit. DEFAULTSORT Rutherford Unit Category Units of radioactivity Category Radioactivity Sci stub Measurement stub de Rutherford Einheit fr Rutherford unit ko it Rutherford unit di misura nl Rutherford eenheid ja sv Rutherford enhet zh ... more details
Summary The levels of radioactivity in the lava under the chernobyl number four reactor, drawn using data from the Russian report http web.archive.org web 20061102063341 www.kiae.ru rus inf chnpp pr fcm.htm Format Vector version available Levels of radioactivity in the lava under the Chernobyl number four reactor 1986.svg Licensing PD self date October 2006 ... more details
Cumulative dose is the total dose resulting from repeated exposures of ionizing radiation to an occupationally exposed worker to the same portion of the body, or to the whole body, over a period of time. References Reflist http www.nrc.gov reading rm basic ref glossary cumulative dose.html USNRC Glossary See also Radioactivity Radiation poisoning Collective dose Committed dose equivalent Committed effective dose equivalent Radiation Category Radioactivity Category Radiation health effects nuclear stub ... more details
The Deep dose equivalent DDE is the external whole body exposure dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm 1000 mg cm2 . References Reflist http www.nrc.gov reading rm basic ref glossary deep dose equivalent dde.html USNRC glossary See also Radioactivity Radiation poisoning Ionizing radiation Total effective dose equivalent Collective dose Cumulative dose Committed dose equivalent Committed effective dose equivalent Radiation Category Radioactivity Category Radiation health effects nuclear stub ... more details
Wiktionary radioactive Radioactive describes something undergoing radioactive decay , the process by which an unstable atom emits radiation Otherwise the terms radioactive and radioactivity may refer to Radioactive materials Naturally occurring radioactive material Nuclear pharmacy involves the preparation of radioactive materials that will be used to diagnose and treat specific diseases. Radioactive contamination Radioactive waste Entertainment Radioactive The Firm song , a song from the 1985 album The Firm by the English supergroup The Firm Radioactive Kings of Leon song a song by Kings of Leon Radioactive Records , a record label Radio Activity , a music album by Kraftwerk Radio Active the fourth album from British pop rock group McFly Radioactivity song Radioactivity song by Kraftwerk Radioactivity Fatboy Slim song Radioactivity Fatboy Slim song , a cover version of the Kraftwerk s song Radio Active TV series Radio Active radio series See also Radioactive Man disambiguation disambig fa zh ... more details
Summary Non free use rationale Article Radioactivity song Description The single cover for the 7 single for Radioactivity Fatboy Slim song Radioactivity , by Fatboy Slim . It is to be used in the article Radioactivity Fatboy Slim song . Source http www.amazon.co.uk dp images B000VEA2KI Amazon . The image also can or could be obtained from its copyright holders, Azuli the record company that released the image . Portion Cover image only the image takes up a small portion of the image and small space, and shows the front cover only. Low resolution Yes, it is not over 500px. Purpose The purpose of this image is to be displayed in the main infobox of the Radioactivity Fatboy Slim song article. Replaceability No, it is a single cover a musical work , and it is therefore not repleacebale. Licensing Non free album cover Source Derived from a digital capture scan photo of the album CD cover creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party . Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless. ... more details
About radioactivity other uses of abbreviation CPM disambiguation Unreferenced date December 2009 Counts per minute cpm is a measure of radioactivity . It is the number of atom s in a given quantity of radioactive material that are detected to have decayed in one minute. Disintegrations per minute dpm is also a measure of radioactivity. It is the number of atoms in a given quantity of radioactive material that decay in one minute. Dpm is similar to cpm, however the efficiency of the radiation detector e.g. scintillation counter must be accounted for when analysing data in cpm. Dpm is the number of atoms that have decayed, not the number of atoms that have been measured as decayed. Dpm is commonly used as a measure of radioactive contamination . One becquerel Bq is equal to one disintegration per second, or 60 dpm. One curie Ci is equal to 3.7 x 10 sup 10 sup Bq or dps, which is equal to 2.22 x 10 sup 12 sup dpm. DEFAULTSORT Counts Per Minute Category Units of radioactivity Nuclear stub Measurement stub ja ... more details
M che , French name of Corn salad . Mache unit , former unit of measure of volumic radioactivity . Fran ois Bernard M che , French composer Mache District , is one of ten District of the province Otuzco , La Libertad Region , Per . disambig es Mache de Mache fr Mache ko ... more details
Committed dose equivalent is the dose to a specific organ or tissue that is received from an intake of radioactive material by an individual during the 50 year period following the intake. The CDE is expressed in R ntgen equivalent man rem or sievert s Sv . References Reflist http www.nrc.gov reading rm basic ref glossary committed dose equivalent cde.html US nuclear regulatory commission glossary See also Radioactivity Radiation poisoning Ionizing radiation Collective dose Cumulative dose Committed effective dose equivalent Radiation Category Radioactivity Category Radiation health effects nuclear stub ... more details
Collective dose is a measure of the total amount of effective dose multiplied by the size of the exposed population. Collective dose is usually measured in units of person R ntgen equivalent man rem or person sievert s, or man rem or man sievert. References Reflist http www.euronuclear.org info encyclopedia collectivedose.htm European Nuclear Society Glossary http www.hps.org publicinformation ate q525.html Health Physics Society See also Radioactivity Radiation poisoning Ionizing radiation Total effective dose equivalent Deep dose equivalent Cumulative dose Committed dose equivalent Committed effective dose equivalent Radiation Category Radioactivity Category Radiation health effects nuclear stub fr Dose collective ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A High radiation area is in area where in one hour 30 centimeters from the source or from any surface through which the ionizing radiation penetrates, the dose rates exceeds 100 milli rems 1 millisievert . See also div style moz column count 4 column count 4 Electromagnetic radiation Fallout shelter Non ionizing radiation Nuclear warfare Nuclear weapon Particle radiation Radiation poisoning Radiation therapy Radioactive contamination Radioactivity Radiobiology Radioresistance Radiosensitivity div References reflist External links nuclear stub Nuclear Technology Categories Category Radioactivity Category Radiobiology Category Radiation health effects ... more details
When calculating the unstable fraction of the radioactivity in the original isotope Atomic nucleus nucleus , there is a simple equation which can help you find the fraction of unstable nuclei still radioactive after a given period of half lives. Equation math p 1 2 n math when math p math is the fraction of unstable nucleus, and math n math the number of half lives. Example Q The Half Life of Cobalt 60 is 5 years. After 225 years, what fraction of the Cobalt 60 is still unstable? A 225 5 45 will find you the number of half lives. math p 1 2 n math math p 1 2 45 math Category Radioactivity ... more details
Summary album cover fur Article Radioactivity song Use Infobox ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name Radioactivity Artist Kraftwerk Label Kling Klang EMI Capitol Graphic Artist Item Type single Website Owner Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Source Portion Low resolution Purpose Must be specified if Use is not Infobox Header Section Artist Replaceability other information album cover fur Article Radio Activity Use Infobox ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name Radio Activity Artist Kraftwerk Label Kling Klang Studio Kling Klang EMI Graphic Artist Item Type album Website Owner Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Source Portion Low resolution Yes Purpose Must be specified if Use is not Infobox Header Section Artist Replaceability other information Kraftwerk Radio Activity album front cover, international version Capitol Records 1975. Emil Schult Licensing Non free album cover ... more details
Context date October 2009 The Total effective dose equivalent TEDE is a dosimetric quantity used for comparing the health effects of radiation to the human body. TEDE is used by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission to define dose limits for occupationally exposed individuals and members of the general public. Total Effective Dose Equivalent TEDE means the sum of the effective dose equivalent for external exposures and the committed effective dose equivalent for internal exposures References Reflist 10 CFR 20.1003 http www.nrc.gov reading rm doc collections cfr part020 part020 1003.html See also Radioactivity Radiation poisoning Ionizing radiation Deep dose equivalent Collective dose Cumulative dose Committed dose equivalent Committed effective dose equivalent Radiation Category Radioactivity Category Radiation health effects nuclear stub ... more details
About specific activity radioactivity the use in biochemistry Enzyme assay Specific activity In nuclear sciences and technologies, activity is the SI quantity related to the phenomenon of natural and artificial radioactivity the SI unit of activity is becquerel, Bq, while that of specific activity is Bq kg . For its use in radiochemistry , see radioactivity . Moreover in thermodynamics , thermochemistry and electrochemistry the activity is the dimensionless ratio between the fugacity of a chemical species in actual to standard conditions. One can use the experimentally measured specific activity to calculate the half life of an element. Starting from the definition of the half life T sub 1 2 sub with, N sub 0 sub , atoms of an element, the number of atoms, N , remaining after time, t , is giving by File SpecificActivityImage001.gif alt Alt text Caption Take the natural log of both sides File SpecifitActivityImage002.gif alt Alt text Caption Take the derivative with respect to time, t File SpecificAcitivityImage003.gif alt Alt text Caption Multiply both sides by N File SpecificActivityImage004.gif alt Alt text Caption Which is File SpecificActivityImage005.gif alt Alt text Caption dN dt represents the decay rate of atoms. The negative sign shows that the rate is negative, so the number of atoms is decreasing with time as you would expect. Rearranging terms File SpecificActivityImage006.gif alt Alt text Caption Example determine the half life of Rb 87 Suppose you have a gram of rubidium 87 and with your Geiger counter, you get a count rate which, after taking solid angle effects into account, is consistent with a decay rate of 3200 decays per second this would correspond to a specific activity of 3.2e6 Bq kg . The atomic weight is of the rubidium is 87, so one gram is one 87 sup th sup of a mole, or N 6.9e21 atoms. Plugging in the numbers File SpecificActivityImage007.gif alt Alt text Caption Category Units of radioactivity fr Activit sp cifique ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement , and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test Elementary particle particle is oriented. It radiates uniformly in all directions from a point source sometimes called an isotropic radiator . The radiation may be electromagnetic, audio or composed of other elementary particles. DEFAULTSORT Isotropic Radiation Category Radioactivity Physics stub ... more details
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