Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Image Feynmann Diagram Gluon Radiation.svg 300px thumb right In this Feynman diagram , electron s annihilate and become a quark antiquark pair. Then one radiates a gluon . Time goes left to right. In particle physics , a radiative process refers to one elementary particle emitting another and continuing to exist. This typically happens when a fermion emits a boson such as a gluon or photon . See also bremsstrahlung DEFAULTSORT Radiative Process Category Radiation Category Particle physics Particle stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by radiation. In the case of the earth atmosphere system it refers to the process by which long wave infra red radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short wave visible energy from the sun. The exact process by which the earth loses heat is rather more complex than often portrayed. In particular, convective transport of heat, and evaporative transport of latent heat are both important in removing heat from the surface and redistributing it in the atmosphere. Pure radiative transport is more important higher up. Diurnal and geographical variation further complicate the picture. The large scale circulation of the Earth s atmosphere is driven by the difference in absorbed solar radiation per square meter, as the sun heats the Earth more in the Tropics , mostly because of geometrical factors. The atmospheric and oceanic circulation redistributes some of this energy as sensible heat and latent heat partly via the mean flow and partly via eddies, known as cyclone s in the atmosphere. Thus the tropics radiate less to space than they would if there were no circulation, and the poles radiate more however in absolute terms the tropics radiate more energy to space. Radiative cooling is commonly experienced on cloudless nights, when heat is radiated into space from the surface of the Earth, or from the skin of a human observer. The effect is well known among amateur astronomers , and can personally be felt on the skin of an observer on a cloudless night. To feel the effect, one compares the difference between looking straight up into a cloudless night sky for several seconds, to that of placing ... of paper is several hundred degrees warmer than the deep night sky. The term radiative cooling is generally ... . See also Albedo Terrestrial albedo effect Stefan Boltzmann law Kelvin cooling time for the earth Radiative forcing Urban heat island Urban thermal plume DEFAULTSORT Radiative Cooling Category Thermodynamics ... more details
A radiative dynamo is dynamo action involving shear layers and instability of a large scale mean toroidal field resulting from a radiative envelope. ref name Spruit cite journal author Spruit HC title Dynamo action by differential rotation in a stably stratified stellar interior journal Astron Astrophys. month Jan year 2002 volume 381 issue 1 pages 923 32 url http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2002A 26A...381..923S doi 10.1051 0004 6361 20011465 ref ref name MacDonald cite journal author MacDonald J, Mullan DJ title Magnetic fields in massive stars dynamics and origin journal Mon Not Roy Astron Soc MNRAS . month Feb year 2004 volume 348 issue 2 pages 702 16 url http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2004MNRAS.348..702M doi 10.1111 j.1365 2966.2004.07394.x ref Surface magnetic fields may result from contemporary dynamo activity such as the shell dynamo or distributive dynamo . Dynamo A dynamo is shear induced conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and associated magnetic fields. Dynamo theory describes the process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid acts to maintain a magnetic field. This theory is used to explain the presence of anomalously long lived ... an apparent lack of a change in coronal heating efficiency going from stars which have radiative ... by more than a factor of 2 in all of the Hyades late type dwarfs including those with radiative cores ... As ohmic decay times in stable radiative envelopes are very long, a primordial field sufficiently concentrated by the star formation process may survive through most or all of such a star s main sequence ... the magnetic field from the outer layers, perhaps concentrating it in the initially radiative core ... star magnetic field Spectral type A stars possess convective cores surrounded by extensive radiative ... which are buried from view as diffusion of these fields through the radiative envelope takes too long ... Nakel title The elementary process of Bremsstrahlung year 2004 page Scientific lecture notes in physics ... more details
In climate science, radiative forcing is loosely defined as the change in net irradiance at atmospheric ... IPCC as the measured difference relative to a base period. For radiative forcings for the industrial ... sources of radiative forcing are changes in insolation incident solar radiation , or the effects .... Because the IPCC regularly assesses the radiative forcing, it also has a more specific technical definition ... of heat by various materials. Any such alteration is a radiative forcing, and causes a new balance ... usage File Radiative forcings.svg thumb right 250px 2005 radiative forcings as estimated by the IPCC. The term radiative forcing has been used in the IPCC Assessments with a specific technical meaning, to denote an externally imposed perturbation in the radiative energy budget of Earth s climate ... 212.htm ref The exact definition used is The radiative forcing of the surface troposphere system due ... AFTER allowing for stratospheric temperatures to readjust to radiative equilibrium, but with surface ... report ar4 syr ar4 syr.pdf ref the IPCC defines it as blockquote Radiative forcing is a measure .... In this report radiative forcing values are for changes relative to preindustrial conditions defined at 1750 and are expressed in watts per square meter W m2 . blockquote In simple terms, radiative ... . Radiative forcing can be used to estimate a subsequent change in equilibrium surface temperature T sub s sub arising from that radiative forcing via the equation math Delta T s lambda Delta F math where is the climate sensitivity , usually with units in K W m sup 2 sup , and F is the radiative ... sub 2 sub . Example calculations File ModtranRadiativeForcingDoubleCO2.png thumb right 250px Radiative forcing for doubling CO sub 2 sub , as calculated by radiative transfer code Modtran. Red lines are Planck s law Planck curves . File ModtranRadiativeForcing8xCH4.png thumb right 250px Radiative forcing for eight times increase of CH sub 4 sub , as calculated by radiative transfer code Modtran ... more details
kinds of radiative equilibrium . Radiative equilibrium is one of the several requirements for thermodynamic equilibrium , but it can occur in the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium. Radiative equilibrium is a kind of dynamic equilibrium . Definitions of radiative equilibrium Prevost s 1791 definition ... principle. Radiative exchange equilibrium Max Planck Planck 1914, page 40 ref name Planck ... with each other. The term radiative exchange equilibrium can also be used even when the steady ... of radiative exchange equilibrium is in the exchange of non Infrared window window wavelength ... . Radiative Processes in Meteorology and Climatology , Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN 0444414444. ref ..., 1976 . Radiative Processes in Meteorology and Climatology , Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN 0444414444, page ... definition, but still he accepted its use. Stellar atmospheric radiative equilibrium Chandrasekhar 1950, page 290 ref Chandrasekhar, S. 1950 . Radiative Transfer , Oxford University Press, Oxford ... stated. Pointwise radiative equilibrium Following Planck 1914 ref name Planck 1914 , a radiative field is often described in terms of specific radiative intensity , which is a function of each ... radiative intensity they derive math mathbf F nu math , the monochromatic vector flux density of radiation ... nu nabla cdot mathbf F nu math . They define pointwise monochromatic radiative equilibrium by math nabla cdot mathbf F nu 0 math at every point of the region that is in radiative equilibrium. They define pointwise radiative equilibrium by math h int 0 infty h nu d nu 0 math at every point of the region that is in radiative equilibrium. This means that, at every point of the region of space that is in pointwise radiative equilibrium, the total, for all frequencies of radiation, interconversion of energy ... system such as a planet that does not supply its own energy Global radiative equilibrium Liou 2002 ... Press, Amsterdam, 2002, ISBN 9780124514515. ref and others use the term global radiative equilibrium ... more details
Radiative flux, or radiative flux density , is the amount of energy moving in the form of photon s or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second measured in J m sup &ndash 2 sup s sup &ndash 1 sup . ref cite web url http amsglossary.allenpress.com glossary search?id radiative flux density1 title Glossary of Meterology Radiative Flux accessdate 2008 12 24 ref It is used in astronomy to determine the Apparent magnitude magnitude and Stellar classification spectral class of a star. Radiative flux also acts as a generalization of heat flux , which is equal to the radiative flux when restricted to the infrared spectrum . Shortwave radiation flux Shortwave flux is a result of specular and diffuse reflection of incident shortwave radiation by the underlying surface Cite document last1 Kantha first1 L.H. last2 Clayson first2 Carol title Small Scale Processes in geophysical fluid flow year 2000 publisher Academic Press location San Diego postscript Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it or change its value to . for the cite to end in a . , as necessary. Category Articles with inconsistent citation formats . This shortwave radiation, as solar radiation, can have a profound impact on certain biophysical processes of vegetation, such as canopy photosynthesis and land surface energy budgets, by being absorbed into the soil and canopies. ref http www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu wenge publications Yang JGR 01.pdf Retrieved 2010 09 15 ref Longwave radiation flux Longwave flux is a product of both down welling infrared energy as well as emission by the underlying surface. The cooling associated with the divergence of longwave radiation is necessary for creating and sustaining lasting Inversion meteorology inversion layers close to the surface during polar night. Longwave radiation flux divergence also plays a role in the formation of fog. ref http journals.ametsoc.org doi pdf 10.1175 JAM2542.1 Retrieved 2010 09 15 ref See also Spectral flux ... more details
mergefrom radiative transfer equation and diffusion theory for photon transport in biological tissue discuss Talk radiative transfer Merger proposal date December 2009 Radiative transfer is the physical ... radiation emission and scattering processes. The equation of radiative transfer describes these interactions mathematically. Equations of radiative transfer have application in wide variety ... to the radiative transfer equation RTE exist for simple cases but for more realistic media with complex ... on the condition of radiative equilibrium . ref name chandrasekhar cite book author S. Chandrasekhar title Radiative Transfer publisher Dover Publications Inc. year 1960 isbn 0 486 60590 6 page 393 ref ref name lenoble cite book author Jacqueline Lenoble title Radiative Transfer in Scattering ... sup watts per square metre steradian hertz . The equation of radiative transfer The equation of radiative ... for radiative transfer is math frac 1 c frac partial partial t I nu hat Omega cdot nabla I nu k nu, s k ... cross section. Solutions to the equation of radiative transfer Solutions to the equation of radiative transfer form an enormous body of work. The differences however, are essentially due to the various ... of radiative transfer occurs under the conditions of local thermodynamic equilibrium LTE ... at temperature T . The solution to the equation of radiative transfer is then math I nu s I ... of radiative transfer. The Eddington approximation The Eddington approximation is a special case of the Two stream approximation radiative transfer two stream approximation . It can be used ... through that point in the math z math direction. The radiative transfer through an isotropically scattering ... z math allows the two above equations to be combined to form the radiative diffusion equation ... radiative transfer codes Scattering Radiative transfer equation and diffusion theory for photon ... title Radiative Transfer publisher Dover Publications Inc. year 1960 isbn 0 486 60590 6 ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Cleanup date January 2009 Expert subject Physics date January 2009 The energy balance of the solar energy reaching Earth must be studied to verify that the amount of energy coming in equals the amount being radiated out. This is called radiative balance and conforms to the Law of Conservation of Energy . To validate this theory, several satellite s have been launched into Earth s orbit that indirectly measure the energy absorbed and radiated by Earth, and by inference the energy stored. The NASA Earth Radiation Budget Experiment ERBE project involves three such satellites the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite ERBS , launched October 1984 NOAA 9, launched December 1984 and NOAA 10, launched September 1986. ref http icp.giss.nasa.gov education radforce ref References reflist Category Solar energy ... more details
The Process may refer to The Process Brave Combo album The Process Brave Combo album , a 2000 album by Brave Combo The Process Play N Skillz album The Process Play N Skillz album , a 2004 album by rap group Play N Skillz The Process Memphis Bleek album The Process Memphis Bleek album , upcoming album by rapper Memphis Bleek The Process Skinny Puppy album The Process Skinny Puppy album , a 1996 album by industrial band Skinny Puppy The Process collective , an art and philosophy collective formed in the early 1990s The Process novel The Process novel , by Brion Gysin The Process Church of The Final Judgment , a religious group that flourished in the 1960s and 1970s The MacGuffin from the film The Spanish Prisoner See also The Trial by Franz Kafka in German Der Process disambig ... more details
Wiktionary process processes processing Process or processing typically describes the act of taking something ... loan , or converting computer data from one form to another. A process involves steps and decisions in the way work is accomplished. The process that one follows is as important as the results that are produced by the process. Without understanding the underlying process, it is difficult to know how ... , then process can be viewed as the vehicle that gets you there and ideally, you should ... destination Process or processing may refer to TOCright Science and technology Process engineering , in the article ..., with the transformations characterized by parameters and constraints Systems engineering process , a process for applying systems engineering techniques to the development of systems Process ... or an organism Chemical process , a method or means of changing one or more chemicals or chemical compounds Thermodynamic process , the energetic evolution of a thermodynamic system Process control ... Process theory , the scientific study of processes Stochastic process , in probability theory, a random process, as contrasted to a deterministic process Method patent Process patent , usually refers to a manufacturing process Food processing , transforming raw ingredients into food Information processing , change processing of information detectable by an observer Process Manufacturing , manufacturing ... values Process ontology , a description of the components and their relationships that make up a process Computers Process computing , a computer program or an instance of a program running concurrently with other programs Process group , in POSIX conformant operating systems, a collection ... models Medicine, biology, and psychology Process anatomy , a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body Biological process , a process of a living organism Cognitive process , the process of thought Mental process , functions or processes done with the mind Processing Chinese materia medica ... more details
The S process or slow neutron slow neutron capture process is a nucleosynthesis process that occurs at relatively ... beta decay beta minus decay . In the S process, a stable isotope captures a neutron but the radioactive .... This process produces stable isotopes by moving along the valley of beta decay stable isobars in the table of nuclides chart of isotopes . The S process produces approximately half of the isotopes ... galactic chemical evolution . The S process differs from the more rapid R process of neutron capture by its slow rate of neutron captures. History The S process was seen to be needed from the relative ... a matter of determining what other nuclei could be accounted for by such a process. A table apportioning the heavy isotopes between S process and R process was published in the famous B2FH B ... argued that the S process occurs in red giant stars. In a particularly illustrative case .... It also showed that no one single fluence could account for the observed S process abundances, but that a wide ... exposed became the standard model of the S process and remained so until the details of Asymptotic ..., R. A. Ward title S process studies in the light of new experimental cross sections journal Astrophysical ... the S process on the firm quantitative basis that it enjoys today. The S process in stars The S process is believed to occur mostly in Asymptotic Giant Branch stars. In contrast to the R process which is believed to occur over time scales of seconds in explosive environments, the S process is believed to occur over time scales of thousands of years. The extent to which the s process moves up ... yes Neutron Image S process elem Ag to Sb.svg thumb right 400 px The S process acting in the range from silver Ag to antimony Sb . One distinguishes the main and the weak s process component. The main ... component of the S process, on the other hand, synthesizes S process element S process isotopes of elements ... into interstellar space. The S process is often mathematically treated using the so called local approximation ... more details
unreferenced date March 2010 Non radiative recombination is a process in phosphor s and semiconductor s, whereby charge carrier s carrier generation and recombination recombine without releasing photon s. A phonon is released instead. Non radiative recombination in optoelectronics and phosphors is an unwanted process, lowering the light generation efficiency and increasing heat losses. Shockley Read Hall SRH process The electron in transition between electronic band structure bands passes through a new energy state created within the band gap by an impurity in the crystal lattice . The impurity state can absorb differences in momentum between the carriers, and so this process is the dominant generation and recombination process in silicon and other indirect bandgap materials. It can also dominate in direct bandgap materials under conditions of very low charge carrier density carrier densities very low level injection . The energy is exchanged in the form of lattice vibration, or a phonon exchanging thermal energy with the material. Various impurities and dislocation s create energy level s within the band gap corresponding to neither donor nor acceptor levels, forming deep level trap s. Non radiative recombination occurs primarily at such sites. Category Charge carriers ... more details
orphan date March 2010 Non radiative life time is the average time before an electron in the conduction band of a semiconductor carrier generation and recombination recombines with a electron hole hole non radiatively. It is an important parameter in optoelectronics where radiative recombination is required to produce a photon if the non radiative life time is shorter than the radiative, then a carrier is more likely to non radiative recombination recombine non radiatively . This results in low internal quantum efficiency . DEFAULTSORT Non Radiative Life Time Category Optoelectronics Category Charge carriers Particle stub ... more details
Orphan date March 2009 Context date March 2009 The rapid radiative transfer model RRTM is a validated, correlated Gamma distribution k distribution band model for the calculation of longwave and shortwave atmospheric radiative fluxes and heating rates . The Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for Global climate model GCMs is an accelerated version of RRTM that provides improved efficiency with minimal loss of accuracy for application to general circulation model s. See also List of atmospheric radiative transfer codes Atmospheric radiative transfer codes References Reflist Clough, S. A., M. W. Shephard, E. J. Mlawer, J. S. Delamere, M. J. Iacono, K. Cady Pereira, S. Boukabara, and P. D. Brown, Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling a summary of the AER codes, Short Communication, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 91, 233 244, 2005. Mlawer, E.J., S.J. Taubman, P.D. Brown, M.J. Iacono and S.A. Clough RRTM, a validated correlated k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16,663 16,682, 1997. External links http rtweb.aer.com AER radiative transfer model web site DEFAULTSORT Rapid Radiative Transfer Model Category Atmospheric radiative transfer codes ... more details
merge Thermal radiation date January 2011 Unreferenced date February 2007 In radiative heat transfer , heat is transferred between bodies by electromagnetic radiation. In natural radiative heat transfer that which happens when the electromagnetic radiation is generated naturally by heat , the spectrum of this radiation is that of a black body , and its power depends on the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the body. See thermal radiation for more on this subject DEFAULTSORT Radiative Heat Transfer Category Physics Physics stub ... more details
Community Radiative Transfer Model CRTM is the fast atmospheric radiative transfer codes radiative transfer model for calculations of radiances for satellite infrared or microwave nadir scanning radiometers see push broom scanner . Given an atmospheric profile of temperature, variable gas concentrations, cloud and surface properties CRTM calculates radiance radiances and brightness temperature s. The only mandatory input is water vapor and ozone . The range of temperatures and water vapour concentrations over which the optical depth computations are valid depends on the training datasets which were used. RTTOV contains forward radiative transfer model forward , tangent linera radiative transfer model tangent linear , adjoint radiative transfer model adjoint and K full Jacobian matrices versions of the model the latter three modules for variational assimilation or retrieval applications. One of several applications of CRTM are retrievals of brightness temperature and sea surface temperature from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer sensor. See also List of atmospheric radiative transfer codes RTTOV radiative transfer code References Chen Y, F. Weng, Y. Han, and Q. Liu, 2008 Validation of the community radiative transfer model CRTM by using CloudSat Data. J. Geophys.Res., in press. External links http www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov smcd spb CRTM http www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov sod sst micros MICROS , Monitoring of IR Clear sky Radiances over Oceans for SST DEFAULTSORT CRTM Category Atmospheric radiative transfer codes Category Satellite meteorology and remote sensing ... more details
RTTOV the fast atmospheric radiative transfer codes radiative transfer model for calculations of radiances for satellite infrared or microwave nadir scanning radiometers see push broom scanner . Given an atmospheric profile of temperature, variable gas concentrations, cloud and surface properties RTTOV calculates radiance radiances and brightness temperature s. The only mandatory input is water vapour. Optionally ozone , carbon dioxide , nitrous oxide , methane and carbon monoxide can be variable with all other constituents assumed to be constant. The range of temperatures and water vapour concentrations over which the optical depth computations are valid depends on the training datasets which were used. The spectral range of the RTTOV9.1 model is 3 20 micrometres 500 3000 cm 1 in the infrared. RTTOV contains forward radiative transfer model forward , tangent linear radiative transfer model tangent linear , adjoint radiative transfer model adjoint and K full Jacobian matrices versions of the model the latter three modules for variational assimilation or retrieval applications. One of several applications of RTOV are retrievals of brightness temperature and sea surface temperature from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer sensor. FASTEM Surface emissivity model which parameterizes surface emissivity. FASTEM2 computes the surface emissivity averaged over all facets representing ... less than 60 degrees. See also List of atmospheric radiative transfer codes Community Radiative Transfer Model References Eyre J. R. 1991 A fast radiative transfer model for satellite sounding systems .... Chevallier and S. Tjemkes 2001 An improved general fast radiative transfer model for the assimilation ... Saunders R.W., M. Matricardi and P. Brunel 1999 An Improved Fast Radiative Transfer Model for Assimilation ... linear, adjoint and K radiative transfer models. DEFAULTSORT Rttov Radiative Transfer Code Category Atmospheric radiative transfer codes Category Satellite meteorology and remote sensing ... more details
context date April 2010 Nofootnotes date December 2008 6SV1 S econd S imulation of a S atellite S ignal in the S olar S pectrum, V ector, version 1 is an advanced radiative transfer code designed to simulate the reflection of solar radiation by a coupled atmosphere surface system for a wide range of atmospheric, spectral and geometrical conditions. The code operates on the basis of an SOS successive orders of scattering method and accounts for the Polarization waves polarization of radiation in the atmosphere through the calculation of the Q and U components of the Stokes vector. It is a basic code for the calculation of look up tables in the MODIS atmospheric correction algorithm. See also List of atmospheric radiative transfer codes References S.Y. Kotchenova, E.F. Vermote, R. Matarrese, & F.J. Klemm, Jr., Validation of a vector version of the 6S radiative transfer code for atmospheric correction of satellite data. Part I Path Radiance, Applied Optics, 45 26 , 6726 6774, 2006. S.Y. Kotchenova & E.F. Vermote, Validation of a vector version of the 6S radiative transfer code for atmospheric correction of satellite data. Part II Homogeneous Lambertian and anisotropic surfaces, Applied Optics, in press, 2007. External links http 6S.ltdri.org 6SV1 Web site http rtcodes.ltdri.org Joint code comparison project http modis sr.ltdri.org MODIS atmospheric correction group http grass.osgeo.org grass64 manuals html64 user i.atcorr.html 6S ported to GRASS GIS i.atcorr with support for additional sensors Category Atmospheric radiative transfer codes ... more details
Radiative Auger effect is a decay channel of an inner shell atomic vacancy state, in which an x ray photon is emitted accompanying simultaneous promotion of an electron into either a bound or a continuum state. Thus the transition energy is shared between the photon and the electron. ref Cite journal doi 10.1103 PhysRevA.4.1735 volume 4 issue 5 pages 1735 last berg first T. title Theory of the Radiative Auger Effect journal Physical Review A accessdate 2010 10 24 date 1971 11 01 url http link.aps.org doi 10.1103 PhysRevA.4.1735 ref The effect was first observed by Felix Bloch F. Bloch and Perley Ason Ross P. A. Ross ref Cite journal doi 10.1103 PhysRev.47.884 volume 47 issue 11 pages 884 last Bloch first F. coauthors P. A. Ross title Radiative Auger Effect journal Physical Review accessdate 2010 10 24 date 1935 06 01 url http link.aps.org doi 10.1103 PhysRev.47.884 ref , with initial theoretical explanation by F. Bloch ref Cite journal doi 10.1103 PhysRev.48.187 volume 48 issue 3 pages 187 last Bloch first F. title Double Electron Transitions in X Ray Spectra journal Physical Review accessdate 2010 10 24 year 1935 url http link.aps.org doi 10.1103 PhysRev.48.187 ref . See also Auger effect Spontaneous emission Radiative transition References references DEFAULTSORT Radiative Auger Effect Category Atomic physics physics stub ... more details
Infobox chemical analysis name Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation image caption acronym BIRD classification Mass spectrometry analytes manufacturers related Infrared multiphoton dissociation br Collision induced dissociation br Electron capture dissociation hyphenated In mass spectrometry blackbody infrared radiative dissociation BIRD is a method for Fragmentation chemistry fragmenting gas phase ions for tandem mass spectrometric analysis structural elucidation . BIRD uses the light from black body radiation to thermally vibrationally excite the ions until a bond breaks. ref name pmid16525512 cite journal author Schnier PD, Price WD, Jockusch RA, Williams ER title Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation of Bradykinin and Its Analogues Energetics, Dynamics, and Evidence for Salt Bridge Structures in the Gas Phase journal Journal of the American Chemical Society volume 118 issue 30 pages 7178 7189 year 1996 pmid 16525512 doi 10.1021 ja9609157 pmc 1393282 ref ref name pmid14732935 cite journal author Dunbar RC title BIRD blackbody infrared radiative dissociation evolution, principles, and applications journal Mass spectrometry reviews volume 23 issue 2 pages 127 58 year 2004 pmid 14732935 doi 10.1002 mas.10074 ref This is very similar to infrared multiphoton dissociation with the exception of the source of radiation. ref name pmid15481084 cite journal author Sleno L, Volmer DA title Ion activation methods for tandem mass spectrometry journal Journal of mass spectrometry JMS volume 39 issue 10 pages 1091 112 year 2004 pmid 15481084 doi 10.1002 jms.703 ref This technique is most often studied in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. See also Infrared multiphoton dissociation Collision induced dissociation Electron capture dissociation Photodissociation References reflist mass spectrometry Category Tandem mass spectrometry ... more details
An Atmospheric radiative transfer model, code or simulator calculates radiative transfer of electromagnetic radiation through a planetary atmosphere, such as the Earth s. Methods At the core of a radiative transfer model lies the radiative transfer equation that is numerically solved using a Solver computer science solver such as a discrete ordinate method or a Monte Carlo method . The radiative transfer ..., not all models do so. Applications Radiative transfer codes are used in broad range of applications ... Model weather or climate model , where the radiative forcing is calculated for greenhouse gas es, aerosols or clouds . In such applications radiative transfer codes are often called parametrization climate radiation parameterization . In these applications the radiative transfer codes are used in forward sense, i.e. on the basis of known properties of the atmosphere one calculates heating rates , radiative ... dunno freeware 6S radiative transfer code 6S 6SV1 http 6s.ltdri.org kotchenova1997 Kotchenova et ... radiative transfer code for atmospheric correction of satellite data. Part I Path Radiance journal ... kotchenova1997 pmid 16926910 ref no yes no no no no band dunno yes non Lambertian surface ARTS radiative ... Radiative Transfer Simulator volume 91 issue 1 pages 65&ndash 93 bibcode 2005JQSRT..91...65B ... dunno no no dunno dunno freely available Part of NCAR Community Climate Model Community Radiative ... radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media journal Appl. Opt. volume .... N title Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds. journal J. Atmos. Sci. volume ... Gusev first4 O. last5 Feo lov first5 A.G. title Accurate and fast computation of the radiative transfer ... a tool for infrared radiative transfer analysis in planetary atmospheres par V. Eymet. Note technique .... Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer title Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling a summary of the AER ... Technical note The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations description ... more details
In radiometry , specific radiative intensity or spectral radiance is a fundamental quantity that fully ... radiative intensity has SI unit s nowrap W sr sup 1 sup m sup 2 sup Hz sup 1 sup . The concept ... of radiative transfer uses the concept of specific radiative intensity to give a radiometric description ... b.jpg thumb 466px right The geometry for the definition of specific radiative intensity. Note the potential in the geometry for laws of reciprocity. The specific radiative intensity is a quantity that describes the rate of radiative transfer of energy at math P sub 1 sub , a point of space with coordinates ..., pages 13 15. ref ref Chandrasekhar, S. 1950 . Radiative Transfer , Oxford University Press ..., A.P. 1979 . Radiative Processes in Astrophysics , John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 0471048151 ... The definition of specific radiative intensity implicitly allows for the inverse square law of radiative ..., Freeman, San Francisco, ISBN 0716703599, pages 4 5. ref ref Rybicki, G.B., Lightman, A.P. 1979 . Radiative ... of specific radiative intensity of a source at the point math P sub 1 sub presumes that the destination ... that can resolve the details of the source area math d A sub 1 sub . Then the specific radiative ... it is from source to detector, the specific radiative intensity of the source is unaffected. ref name Mihalas 1978 4 ref Rybicki, G.B., Lightman, A.P. 1979 . Radiative Processes in Astrophysics , John ... 403 410. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1941ApJ....93..403M ref ref Chandrasekhar, S. 1950 . Radiative ... collimated. The specific radiative intensity is suitable for the description of an uncollimated radiative field. The integrals of specific radiative intensity with respect to solid angle, used ... as Dirac delta function s. Therefore the specific radiative intenstity is unsuitable for the description ... UK, ISBN 0 521 30789 9, see pages 12 and 64. ref . Rays Specific radiative intensity is built on the idea ... Wesley, Reading MA, page 235. ref Alternative approaches The specific radiative intensity is a radiometric ... more details
DART is a 3D radiative transfer 3D modelling model , designed for scientific research, in particular remote sensing . Developed at CESBIO since 1992, DART model was patented in 2003. It is freeware for scientific activities. DART simulates radiative transfer in the Earth Atmosphere system, for any wavelength in the optical domain shortwaves visible, thermal infrared, . Its approach combines the ray tracing graphics ray tracing and the discrete ordinate methods. It works with natural and urban landscapes forests with different types of trees, buildings, rivers, , with topography and atmosphere above and within the landscape. It simulates light propagation from solar irradiance Top of Atmosphere and or thermal emission within the scene. It simulates any landscape as a 3D matrice of cells that contain turbid material and triangles. Turbid material is used for simulating vegetation e.g., tree crowns, grass, agricultural crops, and the atmosphere. Triangles are used for simulating translucent and opaque surfaces that makes up topography, urban elements and 3D vegetation. DART can use structural and spectral data bases atmosphere, vegetation, soil, . It includes a LIDAR simulation mode. Context http www.cesbio.ups tlse.fr us dart dart contexte.html The study of the functioning of Continental surfaces requires the understanding of the various energetic and physiologic mechanisms that influence these surfaces. For example, the radiation absorbed in the visible spectral domain is the major energy source for vegetation photosynthesis. Moreover, energy and mass fluxes at the Earth Atmosphere interface affect surface functioning, and consequently climatology. In this context, Earth observation from space i.e., space remote sensing is an indispensable tool, due to its unique potential ... within a single scheme all concerned processes. References modelling radiative transfer in heterogeneous .... Sens. Env., 58 131 156. Radiative transfer model for simulating high resolution satellite images ... more details
Expert subject date March 2011 In astronomy and in astrophysics , for radiative losses of the solar corona , it is meant the energy flux irradiated from the external atmosphere of the Sun traditionally divided into chromosphere , transition region and corona , and, in particular, the processes of production of the radiation coming from the solar corona and transition region, where the plasma is optically thin. On the contrary, in the chromosphere, where the temperature decreases from the photospheric value of 6000 K to the minimum of 4400 K, the optical depth is about 1, and the radiation is thermal. File Latest xrt soft x ray.gif thumb right 320px The Sun in the soft X rays as seen by the Hinode X ray Telescope XRT on 15 Oct 2009. The corona extends much further than a solar radius from the photosphere and looks very complex and inhomogeneous in the X rays images taken by satellites see the figure on the right taken by the XRT on board Hinode . The structure and dynamics of the corona are dominated by the solar magnetic field . There are strong evidences that even the heating mechanism, responsible for its high temperature of million degrees, is linked to the magnetic field of the Sun . The energy flux irradiated from the corona changes in stellar active region active regions , in the quiet ... radiation with the same radiative flux of the solar spectrum yellow area . The electromagnetic ...&AS...32..283G ref are the emission in resonance lines of ionized metals bound bound emission the radiative ... above 10 MK, the bremstrahlung free free emission . Therefore, the radiative flux can be expressed ... transition, math L rec math the radiative losses for plasma recombination and math L brems math ... parameters they use. In order to calculate the radiative flux from an optically thin plasma, it can ... Portal Solar System Astronomy Physics Star Space DEFAULTSORT Coronal Radiative Losses Category Sun Category Emission spectroscopy Category Plasma physics Category X ray astronomy it Perdite radiative ... more details
Two stream approximation of the radiative transfer equation is an approximation of the radiative transfer equation in which radiation is propagating in only two discrete directions. This approximation captures essence of the Radiative transfer radiative transport in light scattering atmosphere. ref name meador80a W.E. Meador and W.R. Weaver, 1980, Two Stream Approximations to Radiative Transfer in Planetary Atmospheres A Unified Description of Existing Methods and a New Improvement, 37, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 630 643 http ams.allenpress.com archive 1520 0469 37 3 pdf i1520 0469 37 3 630.pdf ref Two stream approximation is commonly used in parameterizations of radiative transport in Global climate model global circulation models and in weather forecasting models such as Weather Research and Forecasting model WRF . There is a surprisingly large number of applications of the two stream approximations, including variants such as Kubelka Munk approximation . The two stream approximation is the simplest approximation which can be used to explain common observation inexplicable by single scattering arguments, such as the brightness and color of the clear sky, the brightness of clouds, the whiteness of a glass of milk, the darkening of sand upon wetting. ref Bohren, Craig F., 1987, Multiple scattering of light and some of its observable consequences, American Journal of Physics, 55, 524 533. ref The two stream approximation comes in many variants, including Radiative transfer The Eddington approximation Eddington approximation , Modified Eddington, Quadrature, Hemispheric constant models. ref name meador80a Modern mathematical description of the two stream approximation is given in several books. ref cite book author G. E. Thomas and K. Stamnes title Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean publisher Cambridge University Press. year 1999 isbn 0 521 40124 0 ... radiative transfer codes Notes and references See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
