orphan date September 2008 Quantum networks descend from the study of Quantum cryptography . The idea of a quantum network emerged after successful experiments on quantum teleportation . When two companies one from Switzerland, idQuantique , and another from the USA, MagiQTech released practical communication devices based upon the rules of quantum mechanics , the need for a secure network capable of utilizing quantum principles was realized. These networks are now known as quantum communication networks. In these networks, data is communicated as quantum states through the technique of Quantum entanglement entanglement via an optical fiber link. History of Development border 1 cellpadding 5 Date Developments Notes Oct 23rd 2003 DARPA Quantum Network becomes fully operational The world s first quantum encrypted functional network becomes fully operational in BBN Labs June 2004 DARPA Quantum Network is linked between campuses Dark fibre routed beneath the streets of Cambridge, Massachusetts used to link Harvard University with the BBN Technologies campus, allowing non stop quantum cryptography 24 7 Dec 2004 Quantum Network consists of 6 nodes ... June 2005 DARPA Quantum Network expands to incorporate first free space link Allowing quantum keys and communications to be transmitted securely through the air See also Quantum Mechanics br Quantum Computer br Quantum bus br Chemical computer br DNA computer br Molecular computer br Quantum Internet br Sources 1 http itvibe.com news 2583 br 2 http www.vnunet.com vnunet news 2125164 first quantum computer network goes online br 3 http www.bbn.com news and events press releases 2005 press releases 05 06 01 br 4 http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2004quant.ph.12029E Category Quantum information science telecomm stub de Quantennetzwerk hu Kvantumh l zat ja ru ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Expert subject Physics date November 2008 Quantum mineralogy is the branch of physics and chemistry that uses fundamental quantum level properties of particular Chemical element elements to describe the macroscopic properties of mineral s containing those elements. References http www.accessscience.com Encyclopedia 5 56 Est 562950 frameset.html?doi Quantum mineralogy by Bryan C. Chakoumakos in McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online Category Quantum chemistry Category Mineralogy chem stub physics stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In physics , quantum acoustics is the study of sound under conditions such that quantum mechanics quantum mechanical effects are germane. For most applications, classical mechanics are sufficient to accurately describe the physics of sound. However very high frequency sounds, or sounds made at very low temperatures may be subject to quantum effects. A symposium on quantum acoustics is held in Poland each year http gnom.matfiz.polsl.gliwice.pl afik 2005 index.html See also Superfluid References http www.accessscience.com Encyclopedia 5 56 Est 562350 frameset.html?doi Quantum acoustics by Humphrey J. Maris in the McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online Handbook of Acoustics by Malcolm Crocker has a chapter on quantum acoustics. Category Condensed matter physics ... more details
Quantum healing is a metaphysical claim that the mind can heal the body. Details Quantum mysticism Category Quantum mysticism Newage stub ... more details
http nanohub.org resources 4778 Online lecture on An Introduction to Quantum Computing, Edward Gerjuoy 2008 http www.wcl.ece.upatras.gr ai resources demo quantum simulation Online Web based ... block of quantum computers. A quantum computer is a device for computation that makes direct use of quantum mechanical phenomena , such as quantum superposition superposition and quantum entanglement entanglement , to perform operations on data . Quantum computers are different from traditional computers based on transistor s. The basic principle behind quantum computation is that quantum properties .... ref http phm.cba.mit.edu papers 98.06.sciam 0698gershenfeld.html Quantum Computing with Molecules article in Scientific American by Neil Gershenfeld and Isaac L. Chuang ref A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine , also known as the universal quantum computer. Although quantum computing is still in its infancy, experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed on a very small number of qubits quantum bits . Both practical and theoretical research continues, and many national government and military funding agencies support quantum computing research to develop quantum computer s for both civilian and national security purposes, such as cryptanalysis . ref http qist.lanl.gov qcomp map.shtml Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmap for a sense of where the research is heading. ref If large scale quantum computers can be built ... currently known algorithms for example integer factorization using Shor s algorithm or the Quantum algorithm Quantum Simulation simulation of quantum many body systems . Furthermore, there exist quantum ... classical algorithm. ref name Simon1994 Citation title On the power of quantum computation year ... simulate an arbitrary quantum computer. Hence, ignoring computational and space constraints, a quantum ... a one or a zero. A quantum computer maintains a sequence of qubit s. A single qubit can represent a one ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Quantum Space was the first play by email game offered as part of a major commercial online service. It ran on AOL from 1989 to 1992. The game was developed by Stormfront Studios , designed and programmed by Don Daglow and produced by Kathi McHugh . In 1990 91 Quantum Space was the highest rated text based area of AOL other than chat rooms and message boards. Category Play by email video games Category Video games with textual graphics Category 1989 video games Videogame stub ... more details
wiktionarypar quantumQuantum theory may mean In science Quantum mechanics , an umbrella term for describing all quantum physics Old quantum theory under the Bohr model Quantum field theory , a generic type of relativistic quantum theory, which includes Quantum electrodynamics Quantum chromodynamics Electroweak interaction Quantum gravity , a general term for theories intended to quantize general relativity Quantum optics In popular culture Quantum Theory , the final song from Jarvis album , by Jarvis Cocker Quantum Theory video game is also the name of a console video game for PS3 and Xbox 360, released in 2010 See also Introduction to quantum mechanics Continuum theories , roughly opposite to quantum theories Quantum Cognition , using quantum probability theory to model human behavior disambig th ... more details
Quantum Philosophy may refer to Quantum Philosophy book , by Roland Omn s Quantum metaphysics disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
s Online Research Magazine Shrinking quantum dots to produce white light ref A color liquid crystal ... http www.newscientisttech.com article.ns?id dn9343&feedId online news rss20 Quantum dots device ...Nanomat Image QD mini rainbow.jpg thumb Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different sized quantum dots emit different color light due to quantum confinement. A quantum dot is a semiconductor ... CdSe Quantum Dots, PhD thesis, MIT year 1995 accessdate 2009 07 07 ref ref cite journal author ... Quantum size effect in three dimensional microscopic semiconductor crystals journal JETP Lett ... solutions. The term quantum dot was coined by Mark Reed physicist Mark Reed . Researchers have studied quantum dots in transistor s, solar cell s, light emitting diode LEDs , and laser diode diode lasers . They have also investigated quantum dots as Stain agents for medical imaging and hope to use them as quantum computing qubits . Stated simply, quantum dots are semiconductors whose electronic ... red to blue in the light emitted. In addition to such tuning, a main advantage with quantum dots is that, because ... url http www.evidenttech.com quantum dots explained how quantum dots work.html title www.evidenttech.com How quantum dots work. year 2009 accessdate 2009 10 15 ref Quantum dots of different sizes can be assembled into a Gradient Multi Layer nanofilm gradient multi layer nanofilm . Quantum confinement in semiconductors File QuantumDot wf.gif thumb 450px right 3D confined electron wave functions in a Quantum Dot. Here, rectangular and triangular shaped quantum dots are shown. Energy states in rectangular ... Soviet Physics Semiconductors USSR 16, no. 7 772 775 year 1982 ref . This effect is a form of quantum ... dimensions i.e. Quantum Dot other quantum confined semiconductors include quantum wire s, which confine electrons or holes in two spatial dimensions and allow free propagation in the third. quantum ... methods to produce quantum dots. In general, quantum wires, wells and dots are grown by advanced epitaxial ... more details
seeintro Quantum mechanics File QuantumHarmonicOscillatorAnimation.gif thumb 300px right Some trajectories of a harmonic oscillator a ball attached to a Hooke s law spring in classical mechanics A B and quantum mechanics C H . In quantum mechanics, the position of the ball is represented by a wave called ... physics, where the oscillator can have any energy. Quantum mechanics , also known as quantum physics or quantum theory , is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of Wave ... . Quantum mechanics describes the time evolution of physical systems via a mathematical structure ... in a given state at a given time. Quantum mechanics also allows one to calculate the effect ... . Quantum mechanics differs significantly from classical mechanics in its predictions when the scale of observations becomes comparable to the atomic and sub atomic scale, the so called quantum realm ... of quantum mechanics. Phenomena such as superconductivity , the properties of materials such as semiconductors ... momentum. In the context of quantum mechanics, the wave particle duality of energy and matter and the uncertainty ... scale objects. The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are abstract. Similarly, the implications ... of complex number s and linear functional s. The wavefunction treats the object as a quantum ... of quantum mechanics do not have models that are easily visualized in terms of classical mechanics for instance, the ground state in the quantum mechanical model is a non zero energy state that is the lowest ... anomalies remain. Historically, the earliest versions of quantum mechanics were formulated in the first ... can be viewed as quantum theories of matter and electromagnetic radiation. Following Schr dinger s breakthrough in deriving his wave equation in the mid 1920s, quantum theory was significantly reformulated away from the old quantum theory , towards the quantum mechanics of Werner Heisenberg , Max ... in quantum mechanics measurement , the statistical nature of our knowledge of reality, and philosophical ... more details
Quantum jump may refer to Atomic electron transition or similar transitions between quantum state s, which are scientific phenomena Quantum Jump , a British rock music band disambig ... more details
wiktionary quantum In general, a quantum plural quanta may refer to In physics, quantum is an elementary indivisible entity. In particular Quantum physics includes several types of theories which make use of quanta . It relates to quantum mechanics , various iterations of quantum theory disambiguation quantum theory and quantum field theory . The term quantum leap is often used metaphorically to refer to any kind of step change. In chemistry, theoretical quantum chemistry uses quantum theory In neuroscience , quantum refers to a discrete component of a physiological response In cognitive science the following concepts are used Quantum brain Quantum mind In computer science, quantum computer is a hypothetical computer which functioning is based on quantum theory Quantum may also refer to Quantum a ride at Thorpe Park Quantum of Solace , the 22nd James Bond adventure, with released in October and November 2008 Quantum James Bond , an organization featured in the above movie and Casino Royale Quantum of Solace game , a game based on the movie A time slice in computer Preemption computing Time slice pre emptive multitasking Quantum Magazine , a physics and science magazine Quanta Cura , a Papal encyclical Quantum Corporation , a manufacturer of computer data storage products Quantum comics , a comic book character Quantum album Quantum album , an album by Planet X Quantum compression , a file compression format Quantum TV series , a half hour science journalism series aired by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation between 1985 and 2001 Volkswagen QuantumQuantum Sports Cars , a British built low volume car manufacturer Quantum, a line of Maksutov telescope s that were manufactured by Optical Techniques Incorporated OTI Hobart Quantum , a service scale Quantum video game , an arcade game released by Atari in 1982 Quantum 2010 video game , an upcoming game developed by Team Tachyon and published by Tecmo for the PlayStation 3 Quantum Stream Ultraman Gaia s L style weapon ... more details
In quantum mechanics , a quantum process is a somewhat ambiguous term which usually refers to the time evolution of an open quantum system open quantum system. Under very general assumptions, a quantum process is described by the quantum operation formalism also known as a quantum dynamical map , which is a linear map linear , completely positive map from the set of density matrix density matrices to itself. For instance, in quantum process tomography , the unknown quantum process is assumed to be a quantum operation. However, not all quantum processes can be captured within the quantum operation formalism ref Philip Pechukas, http prl.aps.org abstract PRL v73 i8 p1060 1 Reduced Dynamics Need Not Be Completely Positive , Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1060 1994 . ref in principle, the density matrix of a quantum system can undergo completely arbitrary time evolution. References references M. Nielsen and I. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information , Cambridge University Press, 2000 Category Quantum mechanics Quantum stub ... more details
Quantum praedecessores is a papal bull issued on December 1, 1145, by Pope Eugenius III , calling for a Second Crusade . It was the first papal bull issued with a crusade as its subject. The bull was issued in response to the Siege of Edessa fall of Edessa , in December of 1144 . Pilgrims from the east had brought news of the fall of Edessa to Europe throughout 1145, and embassies from the Principality of Antioch , the Kingdom of Jerusalem , and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Kingdom of Armenia soon arrived directly at the papal court at Viterbo . Hugh of Jabala Hugh , Bishop of Jabala , one of the dioceses of Jerusalem, was among those who delivered the news. As with most papal bulls, it had no specific title, and has come to be known by its opening words in Latin the first sentence read Quantum praedecessores nostri Romani pontifices pro liberatione Orientalis Ecclesiae laboraverunt, antiquorum relatione didicimus, et in gestis eorum scriptum reperimus in English, How much our predecessors the Roman pontiffs did labour for the deliverance of the oriental church, we have learned from the accounts of the ancients and have found it written in their acts. The bull, issued at Vetralla , briefly recounted the acts of the First Crusade , and lamented the loss of Edessa, Mesopotamia , one of the oldest Christianity Christian cities. The bull was addressed directly to Louis VII of France ... cgi bin History History idx?type browse&scope HISTORY.HISTCRUSADES available online . External links http www.fordham.edu halsall source eugene3 2cde.html Quantum praedecessores in English , from the Internet ... artflb databases efts PLD IMAGE1 Quantum praedecessores in Latin from the Patrologia Latina Category Crusades Category 1145 works Category 12th century papal bulls de Quantum praedecessores es Quantum praedecessores id Quantum praedecessores it Quantum praedecessores nl Quantum praedecessores sl Quantum praedecessores ... more details
Quantum technology is a new field of physics and engineering, which transitions some of the stranger features of quantum mechanics , especially quantum entanglement , into practical applications such as quantum computing , quantum cryptography , quantum simulation, quantum metrology , quantum sensing , and quantum imaging . The field of quantum technology was first outlined in a 1997 book by Gerard ... P. Dowling and Gerard J. Milburn , ref http journals.royalsociety.org content bdm1frlb9tfmr3ar Quantum Technology The Second Quantum Revolution , J.P.Dowling and G.J.Milburn, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 361, 3655 2003 ref ref http arxiv.org abs quant ph 0206091 Quantum Technology The Second Quantum Revolution ..., Philosophy, and Quantum Technology , D.Deutsch in the Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing, Shapiro, J.H. and Hirota, O., Eds. Rinton Press, Princeton, NJ. 2003 ref The field of quantum technology has benefited immensely from the influx of new ideas from the field of quantum information processing , particularly quantum computing . Disparate areas of quantum physics , such as quantum optics , atom optics , quantum electronics , and quantum nanomechanical devices , have been unified under the search for a quantum computer and given a common language, that of quantum information theory. References reflist External links http www.sciencenews.org articles 20011208 bob16.asp Gadgets from the Quantum Spookhouse , Science News, Vol ... Timing Quantum linked photons coordinate clock ticks , Science News, Vol. 166, No. 13, Sept. 25, 2004 ... full 412417a0.html Quantum enhanced positioning and clock synchronization , Nature 412, 417 419 26 July 2001 . http minty.stanford.edu Collective Quantum Feedback Control and Metrology with Cold Atoms http www.fi.infn.it GGI grav space EGS w pdf kasevich.pdf Quantum Atomic Gravity Gradiometer http www.scienceagogo.com news 20050110221715data trunc sys.shtml Real World Quantum Effects Demonstrated ... more details
00 655128 9 . Final chapter on the quantum mind. Pharaoh, M.C. online . http homepage.ntlworld.com ... Stuart Hameroff s Quantum Consciousness site http consc.net online 2.7b Online papers on the quantum ...The quantum mind or quantum consciousness hypothesis proposes that classical mechanics cannot explain consciousness , while quantum mechanical phenomena, such as quantum entanglement and Quantum superposition ... of an explanation of consciousness. There are several quite distinct quantum mind theories, and these are discussed in the sections below. Description of main quantum mind theories David Bohm David Bohm took the view that quantum mechanics quantum theory and theory of relativity relativity contradicted ... universe. ref Reference idBohm2005 Bohm 2005 ref He claimed that both quantum theory and relativity ... Reference idBernroider2005 Bernroider 2005 ref The main thrust of his paper was the argument that quantum ... revealed structure to speculate about the possibility of quantum coherence in the ion channels ... in the K channel could only be understood at the quantum level. Taking this as their starting point ... quantum entangled sub systems, which they then equate to a quantum computational mapping. The ions ... of the oxygen atoms. It is further proposed that the separate ion channels could be quantum entangled ... of ways in which quantum mechanics might relate to consciousness . quote One possibility is that instead ... that some theorists but not all, hold that quantum mechanics does. ref name consc.net http consc.net ... to be correlated with the total quantum state of a system, with the extra constraint that conscious ..., the physical and phenomenal states of the system will be correlated in a nonsuperposed quantum ... decided that the random choice of position etc. that occurs when a quantum wave collapses into a particle ... suggests that each quantum superposition has its own piece of spacetime curvature, and when these become ... for how quantum processing could be implemented in the brain. Subsequently, Hameroff read Penrose ... more details
Quantum leap may refer to Atomic electron transition or similar transitions between quantum state s, which are scientific phenomena Quantum Leap TV series Quantum Leap TV series , a science fiction television series Sinclair QL , a 1980s personal computer made by Sinclair Research wiktionary quantum leap an abrupt change per Wiktionary Wiktionary quantum leap disambig ... more details
Quantum hydrodynamics QHD is most generally the study of hydrodynamic systems which demonstrate behavior implicit in quantum mechanics quantum subsystems usually quantum tunneling . They arise in semiclassical semiclassical mechanics in the study of semiconductor devices, in which case being derived from the Boltzmann equation Wigner Boltzmann equation . In quantum chemistry they arise as solutions to chemical kinetics chemical kinetic systems, in which case they are derived from the Schr dinger equation by way of Madelung equations . An important system of study in quantum hydrodynamics is that of superfluidity . Some other topics of interest in quantum hydrodynamics are quantum turbulence , quantized vortices , first sound first , second sound second and third sound , and quantum solvent s. The quantum hydrodynamic equation is an equation in Bohm interpretation Bohmian mechanics , which, it turns out, has a mathematical relationship to classical fluid dynamics see Madelung equations . This is a rich theoretical field. Some common experimental applications of these studies are in liquid helium He 3 and He 4 , and of the interior of neutron star s and the quark gluon plasma . Many famous scientists have worked in quantum hydrodynamics, including Richard Feynman , Lev Davidovich Landau Lev Landau , and Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Pyotr L. Kapitsa . References Wyatt R.E. Quantum Dynamics with Trajectories Introduction to Quantum Hydrodynamics Springer, 2005 Category Quantum mechanics it Idrodinamica quantistica quantum stub ... more details
unencyclopedic July 2010 refimprove June 2010 Image Quantum & Woody TPB001 00fc.jpg thumb 275px Quantum & Woody Director s Cut Trade Quantum and Woody are the title characters of the award winning popular comic book series published by Valiant Comics . To date Quantum and Woody has sold almost one ..., Quantum and Woody is written by Christopher Priest comic book writer Christopher Priest and illustrated ... catalog for 65 million in 1994, Quantum and Woody was introduced to the Valiant Universe and quickly gained a dedicated fanbase. Quantum and Woody was one of the first comics to market online with writer Priest s online participation. The characters have guest starred in many Valiant titles most ... including Quantum and Woody . Wizard Magazine said Quantum and Woody is The World s FUNNIEST superhero ... and scenarios... The Lethal Weapon of comics... 5 out of 5. Quantum and Woody has also ... 100463205871893.htm, Whatever Happened to... Quantum & Woody??, December, 2007 ref the funniest, most ... bin gcolumn.pl?id 224, Holiday Gift Guide, 12 September 2005 ref Quantum and Woody were childhood friends ... Eric Henderson Quantum is a decorated Army tactical officer. Every move this Type A African American ... will break apart and their bodies will fade away. Eric takes the code name Quantum to work undercover ... the world? Characters Eric Henderson a.k.a. Quantum Eric and Woody were best friends ever since ... no accident, they take it upon themselves to unearth the truth. As Quantum, Eric dons a self styled ... are picking up chicks and bugging Eric. Terrence Magnum Once one of Quantum & Woody s prime ... device that could decode U.S. military codes. Thanks to Quantum and Woody, Magnum was arrested. Since ... and scenarios ... Quantum and Woody is the LETHAL WEAPON of comics. 5 out of 5 Wizard Magazine ... re a fan of the superhero genre and well developed characters, I highly encourage you to seek out Quantum and Woody. Brandon Thomas, Comics Bulletin Quantum and Woody remains one of the bright examples ... more details
Quantum tomography or quantum state tomography is the process of reconstructing the quantum state density matrix for a source of quantum systems by measurements on the systems coming from the source. ref Quantum State Tomography. http research.physics.uiuc.edu QI Photonics Tomography what is tomography ref The source may be any device or system which prepares quantum states either consistently into quantum ... In quantum process tomography on the other hand, known quantum states are used to probe a quantum process to find out how the process can be described. Similarly, quantum measurement tomography works to find out what measurement is being performed. The general principle behind quantum state tomography is that by repeatedly performing many different measurements on quantum systems described ... with a given momentum. For quantum mechanical particles the same can be done. The only difference is that the Heisenberg ... in quantum related states. By measuring one of the quadratures of a large number of identical quantum ... density is needed to characterize the particle s quantum state, which is the whole point of quantum tomography. File MarginalDistribution.PNG right Figure 3 Marginal Distribution What quantum state tomography is used for Quantum tomography is applied on a source of systems, to determine what the quantum state is of the output of that source. Unlike a measurement on a single system ... a measurement alters the quantum state , quantum tomography works to determine the state s prior to the measurements. Quantum tomography can be used for characterizing optical signals, including measuring the signal gain and loss of optical devices, ref G. Mauro D Ariano et al. Quantum tomography as a tool ... ref as well as in quantum computing and quantum information theory to reliably determine the actual states of the qubits . ref name RBKohout Robin Blume Kohout. Optimal, reliable estimation of quantum ... variable optical quantum state tomography. http arxiv.org abs quant ph 0511044v2 ref One can ... more details
Quantum imaging ref http www.iop.org EJ abstract 1464 4266 4 3 372 Quantum Imaging , L A Lugiato et al. 2002 J. Opt. B Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 4 S176 S183. ref , ref http www.informaworld.com openurl?genre issue&issn 0950 0340&volume 53&issue 5 Special Issue on Quantum Imaging , Edited by Jonathan Dowling, Alessandra Gatti and Alexander Sergienko, Journal of Modern Optics, Volume 53 No. 5 2006 . ref , ref http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpl freeabs all.jsp?arnumber 4303053 Quantum Imaging , Yanhua Shih, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 13 2007 1016. ref is a new sub field of quantum optics that exploits quantum correlations such as quantum entanglement of the electromagnetic field in order to image objects with a optical resolution resolution or other imaging criteria that is beyond what is possible in classical optics . Examples of quantum imaging are quantum ghost imaging , quantum lithography , and quantum sensing . Quantum imaging may someday be useful for storing patterns of data in quantum computers and transmitting large amounts of highly secure encrypted information. Quantum mechanics has shown that light has inherent uncertainties in its features, manifested as moment to moment fluctuations in its properties. Controlling these fluctuations which represent a sort of noise can improve detection of faint objects, produce better amplified images, and allow workers to more accurately position laser beams. ref http newswise.com articles view 541666 Newswise Physicists Produce Quantum Entangled Images Retrieved on June 12, 2008. ref External links http www.quantiki.org wiki index.php Quantum imaging Quantum Imaging Overview at Quantiki . References Reflist Category Quantum information science Category Quantum mechanics ... more details
Quantum mechanics cTopic Background Quantum topology is a branch of mathematics that connects quantum mechanics with low dimensional topology . Dirac notation provides a viewpoint of quantum mechanics which becomes amplified into a framework that can embrace the amplitudes associated with topological space s and the related embedding of one space within another such as knots and links in three dimensional space. This Bra ket notation of kets and bras can be generalised, becoming maps of vector space s associated with topological space s that allow tensor product s. ref Quantum Topology and Quantum Computing by Louis H. Kauffman ref Topological Tangle mathematics entanglement involving Link knot theory linking and Braid theory braiding can be intuitively related to quantum entanglement . ref Quantum Topology and Quantum Computing by Louis H. Kauffman ref See also Topological quantum field theory References Quantum topology by Louis H. Kauffman and Randy A. Baadhio, World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 1993 reflist External links http www.ems ph.org journals journal.php?jrn qt Quantum Topology at EMS Publishing House. Category Quantum mechanics Category Topology zh ... more details
Quantum heterostructure is a heterostructure in a substrate usually a semiconductor material , where size restricts the movements of the charge carrier s forcing them into a quantum confinement. This leads to the formation of a set of discrete energy levels at which the carriers can exist. Quantum heterostructures have sharper density of states than structures of more conventional sizes. Quantum heterostructures are important for fabrication of short wavelength light emitting diode s and diode laser s, and for other optoelectronic applications, eg. high efficiency photovoltaic cell s. Examples of quantum heterostructures confining the carriers in quasi two, one and zero dimensions are Quantum well s Quantum wire s Quantum dot s See also http www.ecse.rpi.edu schubert Light Emitting Diodes dot org chap04 chap04.htm phys stub Category Quantum electronics Category Nanomaterials Category Semiconductor structures ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Quantum levels are fixed levels with a logarithmic scale logarithmic , descending quantum pattern in the visible spectrum of light that can be observed through a spectrometer while looking at intense flows of electricity through the various halides on the periodic table in a vacuum tube . They also have some use in chemistry when dealing with the movement of electron s to different atomic orbital orbital levels around the atom and the energy levels involved in such action. Quantum mechanics Absorption spectrum Emission spectrum Category Quantum mechanics quantum stub ... more details
context date September 2010 Quantum algebra is one of the top level mathematics categories used by the arXiv . Subjects include Quantum group s Skein theories Operadic algebra Diagrammatic algebra Quantum field theory External links http arxiv.org list math.QA current Quantum algebra at arxiv.org mathematics stub Category Quantum groups ... more details
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