- Quadtree
Image Point quadtree.svg thumb 300px A region quadtree with point data A quadtree is a tree data structure in which each internal node has exactly four children. Quadtrees are most often used to partition a two dimensional space by recursively subdividing it into four quadrants or regions. The regions may be square or rectangular, or may have arbitrary shapes. This data structure was named a quadtree by Raphael Finkel and J.L. Bentley in 1974. A similar partitioning is also known as a Q tree . All forms of Quadtrees share some common features They decompose space into adaptable cells Each cell or bucket has a maximum capacity. When maximum capacity is reached, the bucket splits The tree directory follows the spatial decomposition of the Quadtree. Types Quadtrees may be classified according ... types of quadtrees are The region quadtree The region quadtree represents a partition of space in two ... exactly four children, or has no children a leaf node . The region quadtree is not strictly a tree ... quadtree with a depth of n may be used to represent an image consisting of 2 sup n sup 2 ... leaf node represents a block of pixels that are all 0s or all 1s. A region quadtree may also be used ... may be stored as a quadtree, with each leaf node storing the average temperature over the subregion it represents. If a region quadtree is used to represent a set of point data such as the latitude and longitude .... Point quadtree The point quadtree is an adaptation of a binary tree used to represent two dimensional ... O log n time. Node structure for a point quadtree A node of a point quadtree is similar to a node of a binary ... coordinates value for example a name Edge quadtree Edge quadtree are specifically used to store lines ... Image representation br Image Quad tree bitmap.svg 380px Bitmap and its compressed quadtree ... lecture26.html A discussion of the Quadtree and an application http homepages.ge.ucl.ac.uk ... techniques de Quadtree es Quadtree fr Quadtree it Quadtree ja zh pl Drzewo czw rkowe ... more details
|
- Spatial index
Merge to Spatial database discuss Talk Spatial database Merge Spatial Index date June 2010 Unreferenced date June 2010 Spatial indexes are used by spatial database s databases which store information related to objects in space to optimize spatial query spatial queries . Indexes used by non spatial databases cannot effectively handle features such as how far two points differ and whether points fall within a spatial area of interest. Common spatial index methods include Grid spatial index Z order curve Quadtree Octree UB tree R tree Typically the preferred method for indexing spatial data. Objects shapes, lines and points are grouped using the minimum bounding rectangle MBR . Objects are added to an MBR within the index that will lead to the smallest increase in its size. R tree R tree Hilbert R tree X tree kd tree m tree an m tree index can be used for the efficient resolution of similarity queries on complex objects as compared using an arbitrary metric. references Category GIS software Category Database index techniques database stub fr Index spatial ja nl Meerdimensionale index pl Indeks przestrzenny ... more details
|
- Hashlife
forward. Hashing While a quadtree trivially has far more computational overhead overhead than other ... optimizations. As the name suggests, it uses hash table s to store the nodes of the quadtree. Many ... overhead associated with hash function hashing and building the quadtree tree but later, enough data ... patterns with a lot of entropy, or which contain subpatterns poorly aligned to the bounds of the quadtree ... quadtree is one References cite journal last Gosper first Bill year 1984 title Exploiting Regularities ... more details
|
- Raphael Finkel
Raphael Finkel born 1951 is an American computer science computer scientist and a professor at the University of Kentucky . He compiled the first version of the Jargon File . He is the author of An Operating Systems Vade Mecum , a textbook on operating system s, and Advanced Programming Language Design , an introductory book on programming paradigm s. Raphael Finkel and J.L. Bentley created the data structure called the quadtree . Biography Finkel was born in Chicago . He entered the University of Chicago , where he earned his Bachelor s degree BA in mathematics and Master s degree MA in teacher teaching . He then earned a Doctor of Philosophy PhD at Stanford University under the supervision of Vinton Cerf . Finkel obtained a position at the University of Wisconsin Madison after completing his doctorate, and remained there from 1976 until 1987, when he took a position at the University of Kentucky. External links http www.cs.uky.edu raphael Homepage at the University of Kentucky ftp ftp.cs.uky.edu cs manuscripts vade.mecum.2.pdf An Operating Systems Vade Mecum ftp ftp.aw.com cseng authors finkel apld Advanced Programming Language Design http goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au santhas research paper1 node4.html http www.genealogy.ams.org html id.phtml?id 82418 Academic genealogy of Raphael Finkel http www.cs.mu.oz.au info seminars 20010227 rfinkel.html Seminar notice including biography Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Finkel, Raphael ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1951 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Finkel, Raphael Category Living people Category 1951 births Category American computer scientists Category University of Chicago alumni Category Stanford University alumni Category University of Kentucky faculty ... more details
|
- List of computer graphics and descriptive geometry topics
This is a list of computer graphics and descriptive geometry topics , by article name. 2D computer graphics 2D geometric model 3D computer graphics 3D projection Alpha compositing Anisotropic filtering Anti aliasing Axis aligned bounding box Axonometric projection B zier curve B zier surface Bicubic interpolation Bilinear interpolation Binary space partitioning Bitmap graphics editor Bounding volume Bresenham s line algorithm Bump mapping Collision detection Color space Colour banding Computational geometry Computer animation Computer generated art Computer painting Convex hull Curvilinear perspective Cylindrical perspective Data compression Digital raster graphic Dimetric projection Distance fog Dithering Elevation Engineering drawing Flat shading Flood fill Geometric model Geometric primitive Global illumination Gouraud shading Graphical projection Graphics suite Heightfield Hidden face removal Hidden line removal High dynamic range rendering Isometric projection Lathe graphics Line drawing algorithm Linear perspective Mesh generation Motion blur Orthographic projection Orthographic projection geometry Orthogonal projection Perspective graphical Phong reflection model Phong shading Pixel shaders Polygon computer graphics Procedural surface Projective geometry Projection Projective geometry Projective geometry Quadtree Radiosity Raster graphics Ray tracing graphics Raytracing Rendering computer graphics Reverse perspective Scan line rendering Scrolling Technical drawing Texture mapping Trimetric projection Vanishing point Vector graphics Vector graphics editor Vertex shaders Volume rendering Voxel See also List of geometry topics List of graphical methods Category Mathematics related lists Computer graphics and descriptive geometry Category Descriptive geometry Category Computing lists Computer graphics and descriptive geometry topics Category Indexes of articles Computer graphics and descriptive geometry topics ... more details
|
- Octree
, will yield approximately the required number of colors. See also Quadtree Bounding Interval Hierarchy ... more details
|
- Grid (spatial index)
area cells are deemed of prime importance. Quadtree s are a specialised form of grid in which the resolution ... Geocode Quadtree R tree Alpha numeric grid References references http www.star.le.ac.uk cgp ag skyindex.html ... more details
|
- Earth3D
Unreferenced date March 2009 Infobox Software name Earth3D screenshot File earth3d.jpg caption Screenshot of Earth3d running under Linux developer Dominique Andre Gunia released August 2004 latest release version 1.0.5 release date 2006 02 00 programming language C , Java operating system Microsoft Windows Windows Windows 2000 2000 , Windows XP XP & Windows Vista Vista , Mac OS X , Linux language english genre Virtual globe license GPL website http www.earth3d.org Earth3D was developed as part of a diploma thesis of Dominique Andre Gunia at Braunschweig University of Technology ref http sourcepole.ch assets 2010 9 10 foss4g2010 virtual globes.pdf Comparison of Open Source Virtual Globes ref to display a virtual globe of the earth. It was developed before Google bought Keyhole, Inc and changed their product into Google Earth . Earth3D downloads its data satellite imagery and height data from a server while the user navigates around. The data itself is saved in a Quadtree . It uses data from NASA , USGS , the CIA and the city of Osnabr ck . One of the strengths of Earth3D is the capacity of showing metereological phenomena, like Low pressure area s, anticylone s, etc in near real time. ref name cuadernalia http www.cuadernalia.net spip.php?article4255 Earth3D Visor interactivo 2D, 2.5D y 3D para Andaluc a ref The original version of Earth3D was developed using Trolltech s Qt toolkit QT framework. Later a version built with Java and JOGL was developed. ref http www.earth3d.org Welcome to Earth3D ref But the demand for a Java based version was very little. This may be because NASA s WorldWind also has an open source Java version. So most people wanted to use a C based globe in their applications. That was the reason why a minimalized version, the Earth3dlib was developed. It contains only the most necessary functions to display the earth itself and to add own visualizations to it. All these three projects can be retrieved from Sourceforge s CVS C or Subversion Java repo ... more details
|
- R* tree
quadtree points rtrees.html R tree Demo http www.cs.duke.edu TPIE The TPIE Library contains ... more details
|
- Space partitioning
of space partitioning data structures Common space partitioning systems include BSP tree s Quadtree ... more details
|
- Book:Data structures
saved book title Data structures subtitle cover image Btree.svg cover color Data structures Introduction Data structure Linked data structure Succinct data structure Implicit data structure Compressed data structure Search data structure Static and dynamic data structures Persistent data structure Concurrent data structure Abstract data types Abstract data type List computing List Stack data structure Stack Queue data structure Queue Double ended queue Deque Priority queue Associative array Map Bidirectional map Multimap Set computer science Set Tree data structure Tree Arrays Array data structure Row major order Dope vector Iliffe vector Dynamic array Hashed array tree Gap buffer Circular buffer Sparse array Bit field Bit array Bitboard Parallel array Lookup table Lists Linked list XOR linked list Unrolled linked list VList Skip list Jump list Self organizing list Binary trees Binary tree Binary search tree Self balancing binary search tree Tree rotation Weight balanced tree Threaded binary tree AVL tree Red black tree AA tree Scapegoat tree Splay tree T tree Rope computer science Rope Top Tree Top Trees Tango Trees Van Emde Boas tree Cartesian tree Treap B trees B tree B tree B tree B sharp tree Dancing tree 2 3 tree 2 3 4 tree Queaps Fusion tree Bx tree Heaps Heap data structure Heap Binary heap Binomial heap Fibonacci heap 2 3 heap Pairing heap Beap Leftist tree Skew heap Soft heap Ternary heap D ary heap Tries Trie Radix tree Suffix tree Suffix array Compressed suffix array FM index Generalised suffix tree B trie Judy array Directed acyclic word graph Multiway trees Ternary search tree And or tree a,b tree a,b tree Link cut tree SPQR tree Spaghetti stack Disjoint set data structure Space partitioning trees Space partitioning Binary space partitioning Segment tree Interval tree Range tree Bin computational geometry Bin Kd tree Implicit kd tree Min max kd tree Adaptive k d tree Quadtree Octree Linear octrees Z order curve Z order UB tree R tree R tree R tree Hilb ... more details
|
- Binary space partitioning
to quadtree s and octree s, which divide each region into four or eight subregions, respectively. class wikitable Relationship Table Name p s Binary Space Partition 1 2 Quadtree 2 4 Octree ... a quadtree or octree, but is useful in any number of dimensions, is the kd tree k d tree . Timeline ... more details
|
- List of data structures
geometry Bin Kd tree Implicit kd tree Min max kd tree Adaptive k d tree Kdb tree Quadtree Octree ... more details
|
- List of graph theory topics
tree Quadtree Terminology Node graph theory Node Child node Parent node Leaf node Root node Root computing ... more details
|
- Quad
A Dual Meet consisting of 4 teams. Also called a Quadangular. Technology Quad core Quadtree ... more details
|
- GiST
In computing, GiST or Generalized Search Tree, is a data structure and API that can be used to build a variety of disk based Tree search algorithm search trees . GiST is a generalization of the B tree , providing a concurrent and recoverable height balanced search tree infrastructure without making any assumptions about the type of data being stored, or the queries being serviced. GiST can be used to easily implement a range of well known indexes, including B tree s, R tree s, hB tree s, RD tree s, and many others it also allows for easy development of specialized indexes for new data types. It cannot be used directly to implement non height balanced trees such as Quadtree quad trees or trie prefix trees tries , though like prefix trees it does support compression, including Lossy data compression lossy compression . GiST can be used for any data type that can be naturally ordered into a hierarchy of superset s. Not only is it extensible in terms of data type support and tree layout, it allows the extension writer to support any query predicates that they choose. The most widely used GiST implementation is in the PostgreSQL relational database it was also implemented in the Informix Universal Server, and as a standalone library, libgist. GiST is an example of software extensibility in the context of database systems it allows the easy evolution of a database system to support new tree based indexes. It achieves this by factoring out its core system infrastructure from a narrow API that is sufficient to capture the application specific aspects of a wide variety of index designs. The GiST infrastructure code manages the layout of the index pages on disk, the algorithms for searching indexes and deleting from indexes, and complex transactional details such as page level locking for high concurrency and write ahead logging for crash recovery. This allows authors of new tree based indexes to focus on implementing the novel features of the new index type &mdash for exampl ... more details
|
- Spatial database
Graph database that can build 1D and 2D indexes as Btree , Quadtree and Hilbert curve directly ... more details
|
- JTS Topology Suite
Spatial index structures including quadtree and R tree STR tree Planar graph structures and algorithms ... more details
|
- Grid file
Grid spatial index Index database , Quadtree , Kd tree , UB tree , R tree , range tree as alternatives ... more details
|
- Scene graph
such as heightfield s and polygon meshes tend to employ quadtree s and octree s, which are specialized ... elements are reached is efficient and natural. A quadtree is simply a 2D octree. Standards PHIGS ... more details
|
- T-tree
, UB tree DSW algorithm Dancing tree Fusion tree kd tree Octree Quadtree R tree Radix tree Skip list ... more details
|
- Z-order curve
distinguish Z curve Z order File Four level Z.svg 300px thumb Four iterations of the Z order curve. File Lebesgue 3d step2.png 150px thumb File Lebesgue 3d step3.png 150px thumb Z order curve iterations extended to three dimensions. In mathematical analysis and computer science , Z order , Morton order , or Morton code is a space filling curve which maps multidimensional data to one dimension while preserving locality of the data points. It was introduced in 1966 by G. M. Morton . ref citation first G. M. last Morton title A computer Oriented Geodetic Data Base and a New Technique in File Sequencing series Technical Report publisher IBM Ltd. location Ottawa, Canada year 1966 ref The z value of a point in multidimensions is simply calculated by interleaving the Binary code binary representations of its coordinate values. Once the data are sorted into this ordering, any one dimensional data structure can be used such as binary search tree s, B tree s, skip list s or with low significant bits truncated hash table s. The resulting ordering can equivalently be described as the order one would get from a depth first traversal of a quadtree because of its close connection with quadtrees, the Z ordering can be used to efficiently construct quadtrees and related higher dimensional data structures. ref citation first1 M. last1 Bern first2 D. last2 Eppstein authorlink2 David Eppstein first3 S. H. last3 Teng title Parallel construction of quadtrees and quality triangulations journal Int. J. Comp. Geom. & Appl. volume 9 issue 6 pages 517 532 year 1999 doi 10.1142 S0218195999000303 . ref Coordinate values The figure below shows the Z values for the two dimensional case with integer coordinates 0 x 7, 0 y 7 shown both in decimal and binary . Interleaving the binary coordinate values yields binary z values as shown. Connecting the z values in their numerical order produces the recursively Z shaped curve. File Z curve.svg 400px center ... more details
|
- Klee's measure problem
quadtree s. In 1988, Mark Overmars and Chee Yap proposed an math O n d 2 log n math algorithm for d ... more details
|
- Deep Zoom
Infobox Software name Deep Zoom logo File Microsoft deep zoom.jpg screenshot Microsoft Deep Zoom Logo caption developer Microsoft latest release version 0.9.000.5 latest release date release date and age 2008 10 13 latest preview version latest preview date operating system Microsoft Windows Media language genre Multimedia license Proprietary software Proprietary website http msdn.microsoft.com en us library cc645050 VS.95 .aspx MSDN Overview for Developers Deep Zoom is an implementation of the open source technology, provided by Microsoft, for use in for image viewing applications. It allows users to pan around and zoom in a large, high resolution image or a large collection of images. It reduces the time required for initial load by downloading only the region being viewed and or only at the resolution it is displayed at. Subsequent regions are downloaded as the user pans to or zooms into them animations are used to hide any jerkiness in the transition. The libraries are also available in other platforms including java and flash. History The deep zoom image format is very similar to the google maps image format where images are broken into tiles and then displayed as required. The tiling typically follows a quadtree pattern of increasing resolution of image in other words twice the zoom and twice the resolution . The main difference is that with google maps the actual details on the image change from one zoom level to another, with deep zoom images the same image is displayed at each zoom level. Seadragon Software , formerly Sand Codex, first created the Seadragon technology and its implementation of what is now called deepzoom. This technology was then absorbed into the Microsoft Live Labs when Seadragon Software was acquired. Engineers from Seadragon now work with Microsoft to integrate their work into technology such as Silverlight and Photosynth ref http blogs.msdn.com jaimer archive 2008 03 31 a deepzoom primer explained and coded.aspx Jaime Rodriguez A deepz ... more details
|
- Dyadic cubes
. See also Quadtree References reflist Category Harmonic analysis ... more details
|
Encyclopedia
top
