Unreferenced date July 2009 The quadratojugal is a small jaw bone that is present in most amphibians, reptiles, and birds, but has been lost in mammals. It is connected to the jugal as well as other bones, though these may vary with species. Category Vertebrate anatomy Veterinary med stub fr Os quadratojugal la Os quadratoiugale pt Osso quadradojugal ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Mergeto Zygomatic bone date August 2009 Image Gegenbaur 1870 skull homology color.png thumb Diagram showing homologous bones of the skulls of a Monitor lizard and a Crocodile . Jugal bone labelled Ju , in pale green, at centre left. The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptile s, amphibian s, and bird s. In mammal s, the jugal is often called the malar or zygomatic bone Zygomatic . It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla , as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, in the case of creatures, as with dinosaur s in paleontology , whose entire skull has not been found. Category Vertebrate anatomy Category Bird anatomy Musculoskeletal stub Veterinary med stub ca Jugal es Yugal fr Os jugal la Os iugale pt Osso jugal ... more details
Image Skull synapsida 1.png thumb 200px Sq squamosal The squamosal is a bone of the head of higher vertebrate s. It is the principal component of the cheek region in the skull, lying below the temporal series and otic notch and bounded anteriorly by postorbital. Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates with the posterior elements of the palatal complex, namely the quadrate and pterygoid . The squamosal is bordered anteroventrally by the jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal . In many mammals, including humans, it fuses with the periotic bone and the auditory bulla to form the temporal bone . References reflist Roemer, A. S. 1956. Osteology of the Reptiles . University of Chicago Press. 772 pp. Category skull Category Vertebrate anatomy musculoskeletal stub Veterinary med stub ca Os esquamosal de Schuppenbein es Escamosal fr Squamosal la Os squamosum pl Ko uskowa uk ... more details
premaxillary tooth, left postorbital , left quadratojugal , incomplete left squamosal , right Quadrate ... process, orbital process on postorbital, T shaped quadratojugal, centrodiapophyseal lamina on dorsals ... than rounded T shaped rather than L shaped quadratojugal elongate neural spine posterior caudal ... more details
italictitle Taxobox fossil range Early Cretaceous , Fossil range 120 earliest 146 latest 100 regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Reptile Reptilia superordo Dinosaur ia ordo Ornithischia subordo Thyreophora familia Ankylosauridae genus Shamosaurus genus authority Tumanova, 1983 subdivision ranks Species subdivision S. scutatus small Tumanova, 1983 Type species type small Shamosaurus is the name given to a genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous . It was an ankylosaurid dinosaur from Mongolia . Shamosaurus and Gobisaurus Shamosaurus scutatus shares many Skull cranial similarities with Gobisaurus domoculus , including a rounded squamosal, large elliptical orbital fenestrae and external nares , a Kite geometry deltoid Dorsum biology dorsal profile with a narrow rostrum anatomy rostrum , quadratojugal protuberances, and caudolaterally directed paroccipital processes. But the two taxa may be distinguished by differences in the length of the maxillary tooth row, an unfused basipterygoid pterygoid process in Gobisaurus , the presence on an elongate vomerine premaxillary process in Gobisaurus , and the presence of cranial sculpting in Shamosaurus , but not in Gobisaurus . References No footnotes date March 2009 Matthew K. Vickaryous, Anthony P. Russell, Philip J. Currie, and Xi Jin Zhao. 2001. A new ankylosaurid Dinosauria Ankylosauria from the Lower Cretaceous of China, with comments on ankylosaurian relationships. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Rev. can. sci. Terre 38 12 1767 1780. Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel 2004. Chapter Seventeen Ankylosauria. in The Dinosauria 2nd edition , Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., and Osm lska, H., editors. University of California Press. External links http www.nhm.ac.uk jdsml nature online dino directory detail.dsml?Genus Shamosaurus Shamosaurus in the Dino Directory Portal Dinosaurs Category Ankylosaurs Category Cretaceous dinosaurs Category Dinosaurs of Asia Dinosaur stub cs Shamosaurus de Shamosaurus es Shamo ... more details
italictitle citations date July 2009 Taxobox name Tsagantegia fossil range Late Cretaceous , fossilrange 90 earliest 98 latest 83 regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Reptile Reptilia superordo Dinosaur ia ordo Ornithischia subordo Thyreophora infraordo Ankylosauria familia Ankylosauridae genus Tsagantegia genus authority Tumanova, 1993 subdivision ranks Species subdivision T. longicranialis small Tumanova, 1993 type species type small Tsagantegia Tumanova, 1993 etymology of Tsagan Teg , pron en s n te i is a genus of medium sized Ankylosauridae ankylosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Mongolia , during the Cenomanian stage. The holotype specimen GI SPS N 700 17 , a complete skull, was recovered from the Bayan Shireh Formation Cenomanian Santonian , at the Tsagan Teg White Mountain locality, Dzun Bayan, in the southeastern Gobi Desert , Mongolia. At this time, the genus is monotypic, including only the type species, T. longicranialis . Description The skull measures convert 30 cm in in length, with a maximum width of convert 25 cm in . Vickaryous et al. 2004 note that Unlike other ankylosaurs, in Tsagantegia the cranium cranial ornamentation is not subdivided into a mosaic of polygon s but is amorphous. The quadratojugal and squamosal bosses are poorly developed, in contrast with other ankylosaurs. The skull was long and flat, smooth and bearing small horns. Phylogenetics In their cladistic analysis of the Ankylosauria , Vickaryous et al. 2004 placed Tsagantegia at the base of the Ankylosauridae , as the sister group to all other ankylosaurids. References Tumanova, T. A. 1993. A new armored dinosaur from southeastern Gobi. Paleontological Journal 27 2 119 125. Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel 2004. Chapter Seventeen Ankylosauria. in The Dinosauria 2nd edition , Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., and Osm lska, H., editors. University of California Press. Portal Dinosaurs Category Ankylosaurs Category Dinosaurs of Asia Category Cretaceous d ... more details
Taxobox name Zatrachydidae image Dasyceps1DB.jpg image caption Dasyceps regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata superclassis Tetrapoda classis Amphibia ordo Temnospondyli subordo Euskelia superfamilia Eryopoidea familia Zatrachydidae familia authority Samuel Wendell Williston Williston , 1910 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Dasyceps br Stegops br Zatrachys The Zatrachydidae also spelt Zatracheidae are a family of Pennsylvanian late Carboniferous and Early Permian temnospondyli temnospondyl amphibians, known from North America and Europe. They are distinguished by lateral sideways bony protuberances of the Quadratojugal bone of the skull, and a large opening in the hard palate palate . The skull is flattened, with small Orbit anatomy orbits set far back. The opening in the palate may have housed a gland for producing a sticky substance so that prey would adhere to the tongue. If so, this indicates that these animals spent a large part of their time on land. file Acanthostomatops10.jpg thumb left Acanthostomatops vorax References Robert L. Carroll Carroll, R. L. 1988 , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution , W.H. Freeman & Co. Michel Laurin Laurin. M and Jean S bastien Steyer Steyer, J S , 2000 , http tolweb.org tree?group Temnospondyli Phylogeny and Apomorphies of Temnospondyls Tree of Life project Karl Alfred von Zittel von Zittel, K.A 1932 , Textbook of Paleontology, CR Eastman transl. and ed , 2nd edition, vol.2, pp.210 1, Macmillan & Co. Euskelia Category Temnospondyls ca Zatraqu did de Zatracheidae es Zatrachydidae it Zatracheidae ru ... more details
Taxobox name Hapsidopareiontidae fossil range Early Permian image image width 250px image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata subphylum Vertebrata superclassis Tetrapoda classis Amphibian Amphibia subclassis Lepospondyli ordo Microsauria subordo Tuditanomorpha familia Hapsidopareiontidae familia authority Daly, 1973 in paleontology 1973 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Hapsidopareion Llistrofus Ricnodon Saxonerpeton Hapsidopareiontidae is an extinct family biology family of Tuditanomorpha tuditanomorph microsaur s. Hapsidopareiontids are known from the Early Permian of the United States and possibly Germany and the Czech Republic . ref name CG78 cite journal last Carroll first R. L. coauthors and Gaskill, P. year 1978 title The Order Microsauria journal Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society volume 126 ref Hapsidopareiontids are characterized by a large temporal embayment near the cheek region in which the quadratojugal is greatly reduced or absent. Members of Ostodolepidae , another microsaur family, also possess temporal embayments, but they not as extensive as those of hapsidopareiontids, which extend into the skull roof . In hapsidopareiontids, the embayment may have provided space for an enlarged jaw adductor musculature, although certain characteristics of the skull do not support this idea. Hapsidopareion and Llistrofus both possess this embayment, but in Saxonerpeton , the temporal region is complete. The lack of a temporal embayment may exclude Saxonerpeton from Hapsidopareiontidae Bolt and Rieppel 2009 considered Hapsidopareiontidae to include only Hapsidopareion and Llistrofus because of this. ref name BR09 cite journal last Bolt first J.R. coauthors and Rieppel, O. year 2009 title http findarticles.com p articles mi qa3790 is 200905 ai n32127776 The holotype skull of Llistrofus pricei Carroll and Gaskill, 1978 Microsauria Hapsidopareiontidae journal Journal of Paleontology volume 83 issue 3 pages 471 483 doi 10.1666 08 076.1 ref Reference ... more details
Other uses Quadrate disambiguation Image Skull anapsida 1.svg thumb 300px Anapsid skull, Quadrate bone marked q The quadrate bone is part of a skull in most tetrapods , including amphibians , sauropsids reptiles , birds , and early synapsids . In these animals it connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal in the skull, and forms part of the jaw joint the other part is the articular bone at the rear end of the lower jaw . Evolutionary variation In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very mobile, and contributes greatly to their ability to swallow very large prey items. In mammals the articular and quadrate bones have migrated to the middle ear and are known as the malleus and incus . In fact, Palaeontology paleontologists regard this modification as the defining characteristic of mammalian hearing structures. ref cite web url http www.palaeos.com Vertebrates Units Unit420 420.000.html title Mammaliformes Overview publisher Palaeos accessdate January 2010 ref This migration was first described by Karl Bogislaus Reichert Reichert in 1837. In pig embryos he discovered that the mandible ossifies on the side of Meckel s cartilage , while the posterior part of that cartilage is ossified and then detaches from the rest of the cartilage to enter the middle ear where it becomes the malleus. ref name Scott Scott 2000, Paragraph starting with The original jaw bones changed also. ... ref See also Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles Notes reflist References cite book url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov bookshelf br.fcgi?book dbio&part A69 A71 title Developmental Biology chapter The anatomical tradition Evolutionary Embryology Embryonic homologies first Scott F. last Gilbert location Sunderland MA publisher Sinauer Associates, Inc. National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI date c2000 accessdate January 2010 External links BiowebUW zoolab Table of Contents Lab 9b Bird Skeleton 1 Bird Skeleton 1a bird skeleton 1a.htm Image cite web url http campus.murraystate ... more details
italictitle Taxobox fossil range Late Cretaceous , Fossil range 92 image Gobisaurus.jpg image width 200px regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Reptile Reptilia superordo Dinosaur ia ordo Ornithischia subordo Thyreophora familia Ankylosauridae genus Gobisaurus genus authority Vickaryous et al. , 2001 subdivision ranks Species subdivision G. domoculus small Vickaryous et al. , 2001 Type species type small Gobisaurus Vickaryous et al. 2001 is an ankylosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Turonian Ulansuhai Formation Nei Mongol Zizhiqu of China . The holotype IVPP V12563 consists of a skull and as yet undescribed postcranial remains. Along with its sister taxon Shamosaurus , Gobisaurus is nested deep within the ankylosaurid lineage as the first successive outgroup to the subfamily Ankylosaurinae Vickaryous et al., 2004 . This is a large ankylosaur, with a skull measuring convert 46 cm in in length and convert 45 cm in across. The name means Gobi Desert lizard, referring to its discovery by the Sino Soviet Expeditions 1959 1960 in the Gobi Desert . The genus is monotypic , containing only G. domoculus . Gobisaurus and Shamosaurus Gobisaurus domoculus shares many Skull cranial similarities with Shamosaurus scutatus , including a rounded squamosal, large elliptical orbital fenestrae and external nares , a Kite geometry deltoid Dorsum biology dorsal profile with a narrow rostrum anatomy rostrum , quadratojugal protuberances, and caudolaterally directed paroccipital processes. But the two taxa may be distinguished by differences in the length of the maxillary tooth row, an unfused basipterygoid pterygoid process in Gobisaurus , the presence on an elongate vomerine premaxillary process in Gobisaurus , and the presence of cranial sculpting in Shamosaurus , but not in Gobisaurus . References Matthew K. Vickaryous, Anthony P. Russell, Philip J. Currie, and Xi Jin Zhao. 2001. A new ankylosaurid Dinosauria Ankylosauria from the Lower Cretaceous of China, with comments on an ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Nodocephalosaurus image image width 200px image caption A reconstruction of Nodocephalosaurus . regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Sauropsid a superordo Dinosaur ia ordo Ornithischia subordo Thyreophora infraordo Ankylosauria familia Ankylosauridae genus Nodocephalosaurus species N. kirtlandensis binomial Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis binomial authority Sullivan, 1999 Nodocephalosaurus is an ankylosaurid ankylosaur from New Mexico . The holotype was recovered from the Upper Cretaceous Late Campanian De na zin Member of the Kirtland Formation and consists of an incomplete skull . Nodocephalosaurus Ancient Greek Greek nodus knob, kephale head and sauros lizard is a monotypic genus , including only the type species , Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis . Description and classification The pattern of cranial ornamentation present in this ankylosaurid is distinguished by semi inflated to bulbous, polygonal, cranial osteoderm s that are bilaterally and symmetrically arranged on the frontonasal region of the skull Sullivan, 1999 , and includes deltoid quadratojugal flange s and pyramid shaped squamosal bosses. Commented out because image was deleted File nodoceph.jpg left thumb Holotype skull of Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis The type description noted the taxon s similarity to the Monogolian ankylosaurids Saichania chulsanensis and Tarchia gigantea , and suggested that these three taxa form a clade within the subfamily Ankylosaurinae. However, Vickaryous et al. 2004 , consider this assignment provisional and list the genus as Ankylosaurinae incertae sedis . There is also evidence of a paranasal sinus cavity in the maxilla . Sullivan 1999 also noted that material previously collected from the Kirtland Formation and assigned to the taxa Euoplocephalus or Panoplosaurus might actually represent additional remains of Nodocephalosaurus . References Sullivan, R. 1999. Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis , gen et sp nov., a new ankylosaurid dino ... more details
Taxobox name Eosuchia fossil range Permian Triassic image Hovasaurus BW.jpg image width 200px image caption Hovasaurus . regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Sauropsid a subclassis Diapsida ordo Eosuchia ordo authority Robert Broom Broom , 1914 Eosuchians are an extinct Order biology order of diapsid reptiles. Depending on which taxa are included the order may have ranged from the late Carboniferous to the Eocene but the consensus is that eosuchians are confined to the Permian and Triassic . Eosuchia was initially defined to include all thecodontian reptiles which did not have an antorbital fenestra but did retain tabulars, postparietals and a large pineal foramen Broom, 1914 . Broom coined the term as a new suborder for Youngina . A definition for inclusion in the order is difficult it is almost easier to list the primitively diapsid reptiles that have not been included at one time or another. The order has almost been treated as a dustbin for diapsids that are not obviously lepidosaurian or archosaurian . One consequence has been Romer s suggestion of the alternative order Younginiformes to be applied strictly to those forms with the primitive diapsid form, in particular, a complete lowermost arch as the quadratojugal and jugal bones of the skull meet. ref http tolweb.org articles ?article id 465 For example and discussion ref The one constant eosuchian has been Youngina , a small lizard shaped reptile from the Upper Permian of South Africa . This and a couple of other genera, which may or may not be synonymous with Youngina , make up the family Younginidae . The tangasaurid s, a family that includes forms apparently adapted for swimming in fresh water, is also usually included. ref http www.fmnh.helsinki.fi users haaramo metazoa Deuterostoma Chordata Reptilia Neodiapsida.htm Phylogeny treating Eosuchia in its strict sense ref In some phylogenies Eosuchia has been treated probably erroneously as a sister lepidosaur taxon to Squamata and Rhynchocephali ... more details
Italictitle Taxobox name Chenanisuchus fossil range Fossil range 70? 65? 55 Late Palaeocene image Chenanisuchus BW.jpg image caption Chenanisuchus lateroculi image width 260px regnum Animal ia phylum chordate Chordata classis Reptile Sauropsida subclassis Diapsida infraclassis Archosauromorpha superordo Crocodylomorpha unranked familia Mesoeucrocodylia unranked familia Neosuchia familia Dyrosauridae genus Chenanisuchus binomial Chenanisuchus lateroculi binomial authority Jouve et al. 2005 Chenanisuchus Chenane crocodile is a genus of Dyrosauridae dyrosaurid Crocodyliformes crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Mali and the Late Palaeocene of Sidi Chenane in Morocco . It was described in 2005, after expeditions uncovered it in 2000. The type species is C. lateroculi lateralis , lateral oculi , eyes , in reference to the laterally facing eyes. Material Two specimens of C. lateroculi OCP DEK GE 262 holotype , nearly complete skull with mandibular fragments and OCP DEK GE 61 nearly complete skull come from the Sidi Chenane area in Morocco, which is Late Palaeocene Thanetian in age. ref Jouve et al. , 2005. ref Fossils of Chenanisuchus were also found in Maastrichtian age strata in Mali , what shows that Chenanisuchus survived the Cretaceous Tertiary extinction event . ref name AMN08 Cite journal author Hill, Robert V. McCartney, Jacob A. Roberts, Eric Bouar , Mohamed Sissoko, Famory and O Leary, Maureen A. year 2008 title Dyrosaurid Crocodyliformes Mesoeucrocodylia Fossils from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene of Mali Implications for Phylogeny and Survivorship across the K T Boundary journal American Museum Novitates volume 3631 pages 1 19 doi 10.1206 598.1 ref Systematics Chenanisuchus lateroculi is referred to Dyrosauridae by Jouve et al. 2005 , based on three morphological characters Presence of occipital tuberosities Presence of an anterolateral postorbital process Large participation of the quadratojugal and surangular to the jaw joint Palaeobiology Chenanis ... more details
to a splint. Jeholosaurus had enlarged laterodorsal nasal foramina quadratojugal fenestra more than 25 maximum quadratojugal length quadratojugal less than 30 of skull height predentary almost ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Hungarosaurus regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Sauropsid a ordo Ornithischia subordo Ankylosauria familia Nodosauridae genus Hungarosaurus species H. tormai binomial Hungarosaurus tormai binomial authority si, 2005 Overview Hungarosaurus tormai hungar named for Hungary, Greek sauros lizard, species named for Andr s Torma si, 2005 is a nodosaurid ankylosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Santonian Csehb nya Formation of the Bakony Mountains of western Hungary . It is presently the most completely known ankylosaur from the Cretaceous of Europe . Cladistic analysis on the taxon indicates that it is a basal member of the Nodosauridae , more derived than Struthiosaurus another European nodosaurid , yet still more primitive than North American forms such as Silvisaurus , Sauropelta , and Pawpawsaurus . The length of Hungarosaurus is estimated to have been about 4 meters. The skull of this dinosaur is estimated to have been 32 36 cm. in length. Like all nodosaurids, Hungarosaurus was herbivorous . Ankylosaur material has been known from Europe since the 19th century, with finds having been previously made in England , Austria , western Romania , France , and northern Spain . Holotype Four specimens of Hungarosaurus tormai are known, all collected from an open pit bauxite mine near the village of Ihark t, Veszpr m County, in the Bakony Mountains Transdanubian Range of western Hungary. The quarry exposes the Csehb nya Formation which overlies the Halimba Formation, also Cretaceous in age , which is a floodplain and channel deposit consisting largely of sandy clays and sandstone beds. The specimen designated as the holotype is MTM Gyn 404 in the collections of the Magyar Term szettudom nyi M zeum, Budapest , Hungary and consists of 450 bones, including portions of the skull premaxilla, left prefrontal, left lacrimal, right postorbital, jugal and quadratojugal, left frontal, pterygoid, vomer, the right quadrate and a fragment of the ... more details
italictitle Automatic taxobox name Kyrinion fossil range Late Carboniferous authority Clack, 2003 in paleontology 2003 subdivision ranks Species subdivision extinct K. martilli small Clack, 2003 Type species type small Kyrinion is an extinct genus of baphetid tetrapod from the Late Carboniferous of England . It is known from a skull that was found in Tyne and Wear county dating back to the Westphalian stage Westphalian stage. Along with the skull is part of the lower jaw, an arch of the Atlas anatomy atlas bone the vertebra that connects to the skull and a rib possibly belonging to a cervical neck vertebra. The type species K. martilli was named from this material in 2003. Description The holotype skull of Kyrinion is well preserved with the back of the skull and both stapes, or ear bones, intact. The orbit anatomy orbits , or eye sockets, are somewhat triangular in shape. Areas connecting the palate with the jaws and braincase make the skull inflexible. Lateral lines, used for sensory perception in aquatic environments, are present on the quadratojugal bone behind the eyes. The lower jaw lacks the distinctive features of some other baphetids, such as teeth on the parasymphysial plate, a piece of bone that overlies the Symphysis menti dentary symphysis . ref name CJA03 cite journal last Clack first J.A. year 2003 title A new baphetid stem tetrapod from the Upper Carboniferous of Tyne and Wear, U.K., and the evolution of the tetrapod occiput journal Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences volume 40 issue 4 pages 483 498 doi 10.1139 e02 065 ref Classification Kyrinion is a member of the family Baphetidae, a group of large aquatic tetrapods that somewhat resembled salamanders. Among baphetids, Kyrinion is most closely related to Loxomma and Megalocephalus . In 2009, all three genera were placed within the newly erected subfamily Loxommatinae. ref name MMW09 cite journal last Milner first A.C. coauthors Milner, A.R. and Walsh, S.A. year 2009 title A new specimen of Baphetes ... more details
for the quadratojugal is displaced downwards. The quadrate of P. longirostris is not very well ... main shaft ridge and its upward directed ventral articulation ridge s forward center. Its quadratojugal ... more details
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